Suez university
Faculty of Technology and Education
Electrical Department
Name : Karim Mohamed Mohamed Abdel Hamid
Fourth-Year
DR. Hany
2023-2024
Flexible Ac Transmitter System using TSR
for Controlling Voltage and Current
ABSTRACT
➢The project aims at achieving FACTS by using TSR (Thyristor Switch Reactance).
It is done when there is very low or minor load at receiving end while charging the
transmission line.
➢Since the presence of low load, Small current flows through transmission line
therefore the shunt capacitance becomes more prominent. Due to this voltage
amplification or Ferranti Effect occurs and the voltage at receiving end increases
two times than the voltage at sending end. For this reason, to compensate, shunt
inductors are automatically connected across the transmission line
INTRODUCTION
➢Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) refer to a family of technologies that enhance the
efficiency, controllability, and stability of electrical power transmission and distribution systems.
One of the key technologies within FACTS is the Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor (TSR). TSR
plays a significant role in improving the performance of power systems by controlling the
impedance of transmission lines.
➢The primary purpose of TSR is to regulate the line impedance and thus the line voltage of a
transmission system. It consists of a series reactor connected in line with the transmission
network and thyristor-based switching devices that control the reactor impedance. By adjusting
the impedance, TSR allows the system operators to manage power flow, voltage regulation, and
stability.
➢A thyristor switched reactor is used in electrical power transmission systems. It is a reactance
connected in series with a bidirectional thyristor value. The value of thyristor is phase-controlled,
which allows the value of delivered reactive power to be adjusted to meet changing system
conditions.
➢TSR can be used to limit the voltage rises on lightly loaded transmission lines. The current in TSR
is varied from maximum to zero by varying the firing delay angle.
➢TSR can be used to limit the voltage rises on lightly loaded transmission lines. The current in TSR
is varied from maximum to zero by varying the firing delay angle
Components used:
1- Thyristor
2- Thyristor Switched Reactor
3- Potential Transformer
4- Current Transformer
5- ZMCT103C AC Sensor
6) Capacitor
7) Voltage regulator
Components used
8- LCD
9- Arduino Uno
10- Zero-Crossing Detector
11- PCB and Breadboards
12- Cables and Connectors
13- Lamp
14- Switch
Block Diagram of FACTS using TCR
Power supply required for Thyristor Controlled Reactance
Software simulation of ZCD
Simulation Of Power Supply Circuit
Traic Side
Simulation Result
PCB Layout
Complete Setup of Flexible AC Transmission Using TSR
Advantages
a) FACTS increase the reliability of AC grids
b) They reduce power delivery costs.
c) They supply inductive or reactive power to the grid and improve
transmission quality and efficiency of power transmission.
d) There is fast voltage regulation.
Dis Advantages
a) Complexity and Cost
b) High Initial Investment
c) Limited Voltage Control Range
d) Maintenance and Reliability
Applications
a) Grid integration of renewable power.
b) Implementation of HVDC converter terminal performance.
c) Load compensation.
d) Alleviation of voltage instability.
e) Limit short circuit current.
f) Mitigation of sub synchronous resonance.
g) Improvement of system transient stability limit
Coding (Flexible Ac Transmitter System Using TSR)
• // include the library code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
• // initialize the library by associating any needed LCD interface pin
// with the arduino pin number it is connected to
const int rs = 13, en = 12, d4 = 11, d5 = 10, d6 = 9, d7 = 8;
LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);
• int lead = 3;
int triac = A4;
int button = A1;
• void setup()
{
// set up the LCD’s number of columns and rows:
lcd.begin(16, 2);
Serial.begin(9600);
• // Print a message to the LCD.
pinMode(lead,INPUT);
pinMode(button,INPUT);
pinMode(triac,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(triac,LOW);
}
void loop()
{
// set the cursor to column 0, line 1
// (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0):
int duration = pulseIn(lead,HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(10, 1);
//lcd.print(duration);
float duration1=(duration/1000);
float si=(duration1/20);
float phi=(si*360);
float power_factor=abs(cos(phi/57.2));
Serial.print(“phi:”);Serial.println(phi);
Serial.print(“power_factor:”);Serial.println(power_factor);
if(duration < 2000)
{
//lcd.setCursor(5, 1);
//lcd.print(” 1 “);
//lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
//lcd.print(“PF:”);
//delay(20);
//lcd.clear();
}
else
{
// print the number of seconds since reset:
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print(“PF:”);
lcd.setCursor(4, 1);
lcd.print(power_factor);
int read_button = digitalRead(button);
if(read_button == HIGH)
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(” Normal Mode”);
digitalWrite(triac,LOW);
delay(20);
}
else
{
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print(“Compensation Mode”);
digitalWrite(triac,HIGH);
delay(20);
}
}}
REFRENCES
• Text Books Reference:
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi
and Janice Gillespie Mazidi , Pearson Education
Thank
you
