D.

The Teacher and the Teaching Profession Beyond the ASEAN

1. China

• Teachers in china form the largest teaching force in the world.

• The educational system is highly centralized.
• Syllabi are written by scientists and professors hired by the National Educational Commission.
• The subject matter and instructional contents are uniform for all.
• New educational system includes:
Primary grades – the first six years (focus on cognitive skills)
High School – six years (cover all topics in order to pass national examinations). Three years of junior
middle school, three years of senior middle school Six Years of University

Varieties of technical and vocational schools

Two main categories of teacher

1. Gongban (state-paid) –they are teachers who earn salary comparable with other state employees in state-owned
enterprises. - they are categorized into grades according to their years of service and their standard performance.

• Super-grade teachers – highest level which occupy the upper level of 5% of the teaching force.
• Senior-grade teachers occupy 6% of the teaching force in 1990 where most of the primary level teachers
belong.
• Third-grade teachers
• Second-grade teachers include the majority of the secondary teachers
• First-grade teachers – some of the newly hired primary
• teachers

2. Minban (community-paid) – they are teachers who paid by local community depending on the community
income.

China’s Teacher Licensing

• The examination are standardized for the secondary teachers by the central government, while
examination for the elementary teachers are the responsibility of each provinces.
• Primary teachers should have at least graduated from secondary normal schools or senior secondary
school while the junior secondary teachers should at least have a teaching diploma from junior teacher
colleges. The senior secondary teacher colleges and holder of degree from tertiary institutions.

Chinese Teachers Enjoy Unquestionable Authority

• The teacher tell the single and absolute truth, and the job of the students is to absorb the knowledge
conveyed by the teacher without question. In English and Mathematics subject, questioning is determined
by the teacher.
• Students are guided by the following tenets:
- Important knowledge comes from teachers and textbooks.
- Learning involves listening, thinking and silent practice.
- Knowledge espoused by the teacher and the textbook is not to be challenged.
• China Ranked 1 in the Global Teacher Status Index, where teaching profession is regarded equal to the
doctor.

2. Japan
 • Japanese education system is highly centralized and is administered by the Mombusho or Ministry of
Education.
• Education is free and compulsory for children from 6 to 15 years.
• Classes are large and teaching methods are usually lectures.
• Japanese students 243 days a year in school.
• Standard curriculum includes Japanese language, social studies, math and science along with art, music,
home economics, physical education, with the greatest emphasis on learning the Japanese language.

Five Basic Levels in Japanese Educational System

1. Kindergarten
2. Elementary school (Grade1 to Grade 6
3. Lower secondary school (Grade 7 to Grade 9)
4. Upper secondary school (Grade 10 to Grade 12) – offer academic, technical and vocational program
5. University (usually around four years)

The Teaching Profession in Japan

• Major responsibilities are entrusted upon the Japanese teachers for moral education and character
development and for instilling values, attitudes and living habits in students at all levels.
• Teaching is one of few lifetime profession career opportunities readily available to women in Japan.
• The average annual salary of teachers is equivalent to $43,775.00 annually, which is second to Singapore

Teacher Certification in Japan

First Class Certificate – issued to teach in the preschool, elementary or secondary teachers with basic qualification
of having earned a Bachelor’s Degree. To teach in the upper secondary level, the basic qualification is Master’s
degree.

Second Class Certificate - a basic qualification of 2 years of study (62 credit units) in a university or other post-
secondary institution. While to teach secondary level, without a Master's degree, the Second Class Certificate will
be issued.

Becoming Employed as a Teacher

• Prefectural play an important role in the selection and hiring of teachers.

 In addition to completing a degree, the teacher applicant must secure a license to teach from the
prefectural board of education,
• Teacher applicant is required to take prefectural appointment examination (Written tests and interview)
Teacher applicant must be under the age of 30.
 Teachers get promoted on the basis of seniority.
• Teachers are rotated from one school to another within the prefecture on various schedules.

3. United States of America

American Educational System has greatly influenced the Philippine Educational System specifically the making of
the Filipino teacher.

The coming of the first American teachers called the Thomasites and the opening of the normal schools in different
provinces of the country provided a very strong foundation for teacher education.

• Levels of Education in the USA

1. Pre-primary education-kindergarten, nursery schools, preschool programmes, child/day care centers. Age
level is 4-6 years old and the duration is 2 years.
2. Primary Education (elementary school) - there are varied levels of schooling in primary education.
3. Middle school education - Grade 4-6, 5-7, or 6-8.
4. Secondary education (high school) - Grades 7-12 or 8-12
5. Junior high school-Grade 7-8, 7-9, Or 8-
6. Senior high school - Grade 9-12, or 10-12
 Duration of compulsory education is from entry of 6 years old to exit of 18 years old.

Becoming a Professional Teacher in the USA Earning Teaching Certificates

• USA has a decentralized educational system and each State Education Agency (SEA) has its own guidelines
ad requirements for earning and maintaining a teaching certificate.
• National Teacher Examination (NTE) or on Praxis I or Praxis II competency examination for prospective
teachers
• Teachers are require to renew their certification by continuing to take "renewal credits".
• Permanent certification is granted if the teacher performs adequately according to the standards
established by the state.

Recruitment of Teachers

• After following the successful completion of an application process, a superintendent approves the
applicant and then forwards a recommendation to hire to the local school board. Once signed, a teacher
has a legally binding contract to work, unless guilty of a crime, fails to show teaching competency, or
demonstrates egregious professional conduct. He/She is expected to complete teaching during the term of
his/her contract, with exception for pregnancy medical leaves and unforeseen emergencies. Salaries of
Teachers
• Salary range for teachers is determined by education and experience as by locale.
• Teachers who have earned "masters plus 30 doctorate units earn more than those with master's degrees,
while teachers with master's degree receive a higher salary than the bachelor's degree holder.
• Merit pay has been adopted by some school districts. The Average income of teachers is $44,917.00