ICC-International Crisis Committee

Agenda: Middle Eastern Crisis

Introduction to committee

The International Crisis Committee (ICC) is a diplomatic forum within the United Nations that
addresses urgent global issues and conflicts. Comprising representatives from various nations,
the ICC focuses on finding diplomatic solutions to crises, promoting international cooperation,
and fostering peace and stability on a global scale. Its role is crucial in mitigating conflicts,
responding to emergencies, and shaping collective strategies to address pressing challenges.

Introduction to agenda

The phrase "Middle Eastern Crisis" refers to a complex and multifaceted set of challenges,
conflicts, and issues affecting the Middle East region. These crises can include political
instability, armed conflicts, humanitarian concerns, economic challenges, and geopolitical
tensions. Specific examples include conflicts in countries like Syria, Yemen, and Iraq, as well as
broader regional issues such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The Middle Eastern Crisis
agenda aims to explore and understand the various dimensions of these challenges to provide a
comprehensive perspective on the issues facing the region.

The Israel-Palestine conflict.

Brief history:

1. Pre-20th and Early 20th Century:

In the pre-20th century, Israel and Palestine were part of the Ottoman Empire, with a diverse
population. The Balfour Declaration in 1917 supported a Jewish homeland in Palestine. After
World War I, Britain administered Palestine, causing tensions due to increased Jewish
immigration. This set the stage for the ongoing conflict between Jewish and Arab communities.

2. Post World War II and the UN partition (1947- 1958):

After World War II, the UN proposed a partition plan for Palestine in 1947. Although opposed by
Arab states, Jewish leaders accepted it. In 1948, Israel declared independence, sparking the
Arab-Israeli War and leading to the establishment of Israel, causing the displacement of many
Palestinians. The aftermath, including armistice agreements and the status of Jerusalem, laid
the foundation for enduring tensions in the Israel-Palestine conflict, shaping diplomatic
negotiations and the regional geopolitical landscape.

3. Post 1948 and Arab-Israeli wars:

After the establishment of Israel in 1948, Arab states rejected its existence, leading to conflicts
like the War of Independence (1948-1949), resulting in Israel gaining territories and creating a
lasting Palestinian refugee crisis. Armistice agreements failed to resolve core issues,
maintaining a fragile status quo. Subsequent conflicts, including the Suez Crisis (1956) and the
Six-Day War (1967), altered territorial control, with Israel gaining strategic areas. These conflicts
established patterns of occupation, refugee displacement, and ongoing geopolitical tensions in
the Israel-Palestine conflict.

4. Post-1967, Oslo Accords (1980s-1990s) and Post-1967, Oslo Accords (1980s-1990s)

After the Six-Day War in 1967, Israel gained control of the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and
Gaza. Tensions led to increased international calls for a negotiated peace. In the 1980s, the
Oslo Accords facilitated direct talks between Israel and the PLO, aiming for a two-state solution
with limited Palestinian self-rule. The Palestinian Authority was established, and Israeli forces
withdrew from parts of the West Bank and Gaza. Despite initial optimism, challenges arose,
leading to failed negotiations and the Second Intifada in the early 2000s. This period reflects
both moments of hope for peace and persistent complexities in resolving the Israel-Palestine
conflict.

5. Recent Developments (2010s-2020s):

In the 2010s and 2020s, the Israel-Palestine conflict witnessed a continuation of entrenched
challenges and sporadic escalations. Settlement expansion in the West Bank persisted,
contributing to heightened tensions. Jerusalem, with its religious and political significance,
remained a focal point of contention. The United States' recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's
capital in 2017 further fueled unrest. Regional dynamics shifted with the Abraham Accords in
2020, normalizing relations between Israel and some Arab states. However, this development
did not directly address the core Israeli-Palestinian issues. The conflict flared again in May 2021
with an escalation in violence, marked by rocket attacks from Gaza and Israeli airstrikes. The
complexities of security concerns, territorial disputes, and the status of Jerusalem continued to
challenge efforts toward a comprehensive and lasting resolution. As of the 2020s, the
Israel-Palestine conflict remains a deeply rooted and multifaceted issue with significant
implications for regional stability.

Past UN resolutions:

1. UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (1947): Proposed the partition plan for the
establishment of Jewish and Arab states with international administration for Jerusalem.
The Arab states rejected this plan.

2. UN Security Council Resolution 242 (1967): Called for Israel's withdrawal from occupied
territories and recognized the right of all states in the region to live in peace.
 3. UN Security Council Resolution 338 (1973):.Reinforced the principles of Resolution 242
after the Yom Kippur War.

4. UN Security Council Resolution 465 (1980): Called on Israel to dismantle settlements in

the occupied territories, declaring them a violation of international law.

5. UN Security Council Resolution 478 (1980):.Condemned Israel's annexation of East

Jerusalem and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from the
city.

6. UN General Assembly Resolution 3236 (1974):.Reaffirmed the inalienable rights of the

Palestinian people, including self-determination and the right to establish an independent
state.

7. UN Security Council Resolution 1397 (2002): Called for the creation of a Palestinian
state and an end to violence.

8. UN General Assembly Resolution ES-10/15 (2004): Declared the construction of the

Israeli West Bank barrier illegal.

9. UN Security Council Resolution 1860 (2009):.Called for an immediate ceasefire in the

Gaza Strip following the 2008-2009 Israel-Gaza conflict.

10. UN Security Council Resolution 2334 (2016): Condemned Israeli settlement activities in
the West Bank and East Jerusalem as a violation of international law.

While these resolutions express diverse aspects of the international community's stance on the
conflict, their impact has been varied, with challenges in enforcement and compliance
contributing to the ongoing complexities of the Israel-Palestine conflict.

The recent escalation of violence:

Cause:

In early October 2023, a significant escalation unfolded in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict as war
erupted between Israel and Hamas, the militant Islamist group in control of Gaza since 2006.
The conflict saw Hamas launching rockets into Israel and conducting incursions into southern
Israeli cities, resulting in over 1,300 Israeli casualties and a swift, deadly retaliatory response
from Israel. The Israeli cabinet formally declared war against Hamas on October 8, leading to a
directive for a complete siege of Gaza.

Impact:
The ensuing weeks involved daily rocket exchanges, with Israel instructing the evacuation of
over a million Palestinian civilians in northern Gaza. A ground invasion began on October 28,
encircling Gaza City and intensifying pressure on Hamas. Despite widespread displacement,
hundreds of thousands remained in the besieged city. Gazan health officials reported 10,000
Palestinian casualties, including 4,000 children. The territory faced severe shortages of water,
fuel, and supplies, exacerbated by Israeli restrictions on aid and rejected humanitarian pauses.

Response from the international community:

Various countries have criticized Israel's actions in the recent conflict with Gaza:

1. Algeria: Condemned Israel's attacks, calling for international intervention to protect

Palestinian rights.

2. African Union: Urged both parties to end hostilities, emphasizing the denial of Palestinian
rights as a root cause.

3. Belize: Called for immediate de-escalation, supporting a Palestinian state with East
Jerusalem as its capital.

4. Brazil: Expressed dismay over Israel's evacuation call, citing potential misery for civilians, and
called for an end to violence.

5. Colombia: Emphasized the need for negotiation, drawing historical comparisons, and called
for a two-state solution.

6. Cuba: Condemned the violence, attributing it to the long-standing violation of Palestinian

rights.

7. Indonesia: Urged an immediate end to violence, pointing to the Israeli occupation as the
conflict's root cause.

8. Iraq: Called the attacks a continuation of Palestinian oppression under Israeli occupation.

9. Iran: Described Palestinian resistance as a natural reaction to Israeli provocations.

10. Ireland: Condemned Israel's actions as a violation of international humanitarian law.

11. Kuwait: Expressed concern, called for international intervention, and warned against
undermining peace efforts.

12. Morocco: Voiced deep concern, called for an immediate cessation of violence, and
emphasized support for Palestine.
13. Malaysia: Called for an end to violence, highlighting the prolonged occupation and suffering
of the Palestinian people.

14. Maldives: Expressed concern about escalating violence, advocating for a two-state solution
based on pre-1967 borders.

15. Norway: Criticized the total blockade of Gaza as unacceptable, emphasizing adherence to
international law.

16. Oman: Called for restraint, and international intervention, and highlighted the importance of
a two-state solution.

17. Pakistan: Condemned Israeli bombing as "genocide" and emphasized the unacceptable
equating of Israel with the Palestinian struggle.

18. Qatar: Called for de-escalation, held Israel responsible for violations, and reiterated support
for a two-state solution.

19. Russia: Stressed the need for a political solution, called for an immediate ceasefire, and
emphasized the creation of an independent Palestinian state.

20. Syria, South Africa, and Venezuela:Expressed support for Palestinian rights, and criticized
Israel's actions.

Countries standing in solidarity with Israel:

1. United States:
Following Hamas' attack, President Joe Biden affirmed unequivocal support for Israel, stating,
"We stand with Israel" in strong terms.

2. Major European Powers (France, Germany, Italy, Britain):

Leaders of these countries issued a joint statement expressing "steadfast and united support
to the state of Israel" and condemning Hamas' "appalling acts of terrorism."

3. Other Western Nations (Australia, Canada, New Zealand):

These nations condemned Hamas and expressed solidarity with Israel in separate
statements.

4. European Union:
The EU released a statement supporting Israel and announced a review of the assistance
provided in Palestinian territories, including aid to refugees.

5. India:
 Offered support for Israel in the aftermath of the conflict.

Refugee crisis:

The situation presented a dilemma for Egypt and Jordan, historically accepting Palestinian
refugees but hesitant during the current conflict. Concerns included the potential denial of return
for displaced Gazans and fears of security repercussions. Negotiations yielded limited success,
with only 1,100 people exiting Gaza through the Rafah border to Egypt. The remaining 1.5
million displaced Gazans, constituting 70% of the population, confronted dire living conditions
and heightened security risks.

War crime allegations; breaking international laws:

The recent conflict between Hamas and Israel has led to accusations of both sides violating
international law, with the United Nations collecting evidence of war crimes. The rules of armed
conflict, governed by international laws and agreements such as the Geneva Conventions and
the UN Charter, outline the humane treatment of civilians, wounded, and prisoners during
wartime. Hamas has been accused of war crimes for firing rockets at Israeli towns, attacking
civilians, including children and the elderly, and kidnapping individuals. Israel's response,
including airstrikes and blockades in Gaza, faces criticism for allegedly collectively punishing the
population. The legal aspects of both parties' actions are subject to ongoing scrutiny and
debate.

The International Committee of the Red Cross criticizes Israel for instructing people to leave
their homes while imposing a complete siege. The Israeli army defends its actions, targeting
alleged militants. Human Rights Watch accuses Israel of using white phosphorus, denied by the
Israeli Defense Force. The International Criminal Court is urged to investigate, but some
countries don't recognize its jurisdiction. Other international courts and domestic courts may
hear cases. Legal initiatives, including complaints in French courts, are underway, while
breaches of international law could lead to sanctions or U.N.-authorized intervention.

Sanctions, economic repercussions, and accountability measures:

Boycott, divestment, and sanctions movement (BDS):

BDS, a global nonviolent protest movement, aims to pressure Israel to comply with international
law and change its policies towards Palestinians through economic and cultural boycotts,
divestment, and sanctions. Inspired by anti-apartheid movements, it started in 2005 with a call
to boycott Israel. The core demands include ending the occupation, granting rights to
Palestinian citizens, and allowing refugees to return. BDS targets companies like HP, accusing
them of aiding Israeli policies. The impact of BDS on the Israeli economy is uncertain. A 2015
Rand Corporation report estimated a $15 billion loss in GDP due to nonviolent resistance,
including BDS. However, this is a small fraction of Israel's current GDP, exceeding $550 billion.
The movement urges global action, especially from the US, a major aid provider to Israel.

Humanitarian emergency in Gaza:

The humanitarian crisis in Gaza has worsened, with rising civilian casualties, unprecedented
killings of UN aid workers, and entire neighborhoods destroyed by continuous bombing. Millions
are struggling to access necessities like food, water, and medicine. The electricity grid was shut
down on October 11, plunging the entire strip into darkness. Israel imposed a blockade in
response to a large-scale attack by Hamas on October 7, causing significant casualties.

Despite a partial lift of the siege, fuel is denied entry due to concerns about military use by
Hamas. The US reports a four-hour daily humanitarian pause for civilians to flee and aid to
enter, but this is deemed insufficient. The Rafah crossing, designed for pedestrians, is
inadequate for truckloads of aid. Advocacy is made to reopen the Kerem Shalom crossing. The
situation is dire, with 20 out of 36 hospitals in Gaza non-functional, and the remaining ones
providing only minimal services.

Over 100 UNRWA staff members have been killed, an unprecedented toll. The UN High
Commissioner of Rights calls for justice, accountability, and an end to indiscriminate attacks on
civilians by both sides.

The extensive Israeli bombardment in densely populated areas is criticized for its severe
humanitarian and human rights impact, with a demand to cease such methods immediately.

Efforts for crisis mediation:

Ongoing tense negotiations at the United Nations Security Council aim to resolve the deadlock
over Gaza's conflict. Malta's ambassador, Vanessa Frazier, proposes a child-focused resolution.
Despite previous failures, there is optimism with new compromise attempts and a shift in the US
stance. Disagreements over wording persist, particularly regarding "pause" or "ceasefire." The
Maltese resolution raises questions about the duration of fighting pauses. The UN General
Assembly's non-binding call for a humanitarian truce adds moral weight. Past UNSC failures to
agree on a Gaza ceasefire involve vetoes, with the US often protecting Israel. Historical context
shows a shift in US behavior prior to the 1970s. The question is whether Israel would comply if a
resolution passes, citing past instances of non-compliance. If a resolution is violated, punitive
actions can be taken, but challenges exist in enforcing them, especially with pushback from
Russia and China. The UN's historical peacekeeping efforts involving Israel are outlined,
emphasizing their limitations without UNSC consensus. Ongoing ICC investigations gather
evidence, though challenges remain in holding leaders accountable.
Other crises in the Middle East:

Syrian Civil War:

Brief History:

1. Background (2011):
- Inspired by the Arab Spring, protests erupted in Syria in March 2011, initially demanding
political reforms and the release of political prisoners.

2. Escalation (2011-2012):
- The Syrian government, led by President Bashar al-Assad, responded to protests with force,
leading to increased unrest.
- Defections from the Syrian military formed the Free Syrian Army (FSA), marking the
militarization of the conflict.

3. Expansion (2012-2013):
- Opposition groups grew in number and strength, and jihadist elements, including Al-Qaeda
affiliates, became more prominent.
- The conflict evolved into a multi-sided war, with Kurdish forces also becoming significant
players.

4. Chemical Weapons and International Involvement (2013-2014):

- In 2013, a chemical weapons attack near Damascus prompted international concern, leading
to a diplomatic agreement for the removal of Syria's chemical weapons.
- Regional and international powers became involved, supporting various factions.

5. Rise of ISIS (2014-2015):

- The Islamic State (ISIS) exploited the chaos and seized large portions of Syria and Iraq in
2014.
- International efforts, including the U.S.-led coalition, targeted ISIS in both countries.

6. Russian Intervention (2015):

- In response to a request from the Syrian government, Russia intervened militarily in 2015,
supporting Assad's forces.

7. Aleppo and Ceasefires (2016-2017):

- The battle for Aleppo in 2016 marked a significant turning point.
- Ceasefires were attempted but often short-lived, and the conflict remained protracted.

8. Astana and Geneva Talks (2017-2018):

- Negotiations in Astana (sponsored by Russia, Iran, and Turkey) and Geneva aimed at
finding a political solution, but progress was slow.
9. Idlib and Lasting Tensions (2019-present):
- The province of Idlib became a focal point as the last major rebel stronghold.
- Tensions continued with intermittent violence, and the situation remains complex and
challenging.

The Syrian Civil War involves numerous actors with divergent interests, making it one of the
most intricate conflicts of recent times.

The humanitarian crisis caused by the war:

The Syrian Civil War has led to a severe and protracted humanitarian crisis, impacting millions
of people. Key aspects of this crisis include:

1. Displacement:
- Millions of Syrians have been internally displaced, forced to flee their homes due to violence
and insecurity. Many have sought refuge in other parts of Syria or neighboring countries.

2. Refugees:
● The conflict has resulted in a significant refugee crisis, with millions of Syrians seeking
asylum in neighboring countries like Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan, and beyond. This has
strained the resources and infrastructure of host nations.

3. Casualties and Injuries:

● The conflict has caused a staggering number of civilian casualties, including deaths
and injuries. Targeting of civilian areas and the use of indiscriminate weapons have
contributed to the toll on non-combatants.

4. Humanitarian Access:
● Humanitarian organizations face challenges in accessing affected areas due to security
concerns and bureaucratic obstacles. This limits their ability to provide aid to those in
need.

5. Healthcare System:
● The Syrian healthcare system has been severely impacted, with medical facilities being
targeted or rendered non-functional. Access to essential healthcare services has
become a major challenge for many Syrians.

6. Food Insecurity:
● Widespread displacement, disruptions in agriculture, and economic hardships have led
to food insecurity. Many Syrians struggle to access an adequate and reliable food
supply.

7. Education Disruption:
 ● The conflict has disrupted the education of millions of children. Schools have been
damaged or repurposed for other uses, and the overall education infrastructure has
suffered.

8. Trauma and Mental Health:

● The prolonged conflict has resulted in widespread trauma and mental health challenges,
particularly among children who have grown up amidst violence and displacement.

9. Chemical Weapons Attacks:

● The use of chemical weapons has caused additional humanitarian concerns, leading to
immediate health crises and long-term environmental and health hazards.

The humanitarian crisis in Syria is multifaceted and requires a coordinated international

response. Humanitarian organizations, despite facing challenges, continue to work to alleviate
the suffering of those affected by providing food, shelter, medical assistance, and other essential
services. The situation is fluid, and ongoing efforts are crucial to addressing the evolving needs
of the affected population.

Past UN resolutions:

1. Resolution 2118 (2013):

- This resolution, adopted by the UN Security Council in September 2013, aimed to eliminate
Syria's chemical weapons. It outlined a plan for the destruction of Syria's chemical weapons
stockpile and production facilities.

2. Resolution 2254 (2015):

- Adopted in December 2015, this resolution laid out a roadmap for a political process in Syria.
It called for a ceasefire, political negotiations, a new constitution, and free and fair elections.

3. Resolution 2401 (2018):

- Passed in February 2018, this resolution demanded a 30-day ceasefire across Syria to allow
for the delivery of humanitarian aid and medical evacuations. However, the implementation
faced challenges, and the fighting continued in several areas.

4. Resolution 2504 (2020):

- Adopted in January 2020, it renewed the authorization for cross-border humanitarian aid
delivery into Syria, allowing UN aid to reach millions of people in need across borders without
requiring approval from the Syrian government.

5. Resolution 2533 (2020):

- Adopted in July 2020, it extended the authorization for cross-border humanitarian aid
delivery for one year, maintaining the mechanism for delivering assistance to areas not under
the control of the Syrian government.
Yemeni Civil War:

Brief history:

1. Background and Early Tensions (Before 2011):

The roots of the Yemeni Civil War can be traced back to longstanding political and tribal
tensions in Yemen. Before 2011, dissatisfaction with then-President Ali Abdullah Saleh's rule,
economic challenges, and regional disparities fueled discontent.

2. Arab Spring and Political Unrest (2011-2014):

Inspired by the Arab Spring, Yemen witnessed widespread protests against President Saleh's
three-decade-long rule. In 2011, a transitional government was established, but the political
transition faced obstacles, contributing to the power vacuum that allowed Houthi rebels to gain
strength.

3. Houthi Takeover and Escalation (2014-2015):

In September 2014, Houthi rebels captured Sana'a, forcing President Hadi to flee. The conflict
intensified as Houthi forces expanded their control, leading to clashes with rival factions and
triggering the involvement of external actors.

4. Saudi-led Coalition Intervention (2015-Present):

Concerned about Houthi influence and Iran's alleged support, a Saudi-led coalition, with the
backing of the United States and others, intervened in 2015 to restore Hadi's government. The
conflict escalated into a multifaceted war, with airstrikes, ground battles, and a blockade
contributing to a dire humanitarian crisis.

5. Stalled Peace Negotiations and Ongoing Humanitarian Crisis (2016-2022):

Despite multiple attempts at peace talks, including the UN-led efforts, a comprehensive
resolution has remained elusive. The conflict has resulted in widespread displacement, famine,
and a severe humanitarian crisis. International calls for a ceasefire and diplomatic solutions
persist, but the situation remains complex and volatile.

6. Evolving Dynamics and Current Status (2023):

The Yemeni Civil War continues with sporadic violence, ongoing peace efforts, and the
persistent challenge of addressing the humanitarian crisis.

Past UN resolutions

1. Resolution 2216 (2015): Adopted in April 2015, this resolution demanded the Houthi rebels
withdraw from territories they had seized, relinquish arms, and comply with previous UN
Security Council resolutions. It also imposed an arms embargo on Houthi leaders.
2. Resolution 2266 (2016): This resolution extended the mandate of the UN Verification and
Inspection Mechanism for Yemen and reiterated the call for a ceasefire and peace talks.

3. Resolution 2342 (2017): Renewed the targeted sanctions and arms embargo on individuals
and entities involved in activities that threatened the peace, security, and stability of Yemen.

4. Resolution 2402 (2018): Called for a ceasefire and unhindered humanitarian access,
particularly in Hodeidah. It supported the UN Special Envoy's efforts to resume peace talks.

5. Resolution 2452 (2019): Established the United Nations Mission to support the Hodeidah
Agreement (UNMHA) to oversee the ceasefire and redeployment of forces in Hodeidah.

6. Resolution 2534 (2020): Renewed the sanctions regime and established the Yemen Panel of
Experts to assist in monitoring the implementation of sanctions.

These resolutions reflect the international community's efforts to address the Yemeni Civil War,
promote peace, and alleviate the humanitarian crisis.

Libyan Crisis:

Brief history:

1. Pre-2011: Gaddafi's Regime

- Muammar Gaddafi ruled Libya for four decades, characterized by authoritarian control and
political repression.

2. 2011: Arab Spring and Civil War

- Widespread protests erupted, leading to a civil war.
- International intervention, including NATO airstrikes, aimed at protecting civilians.
- Gaddafi was ousted and killed in October 2011.

3. Post-2011: Political Instability

- Power vacuum and the emergence of rival governments in the East and West.
- Challenges in forming a unified government and addressing security concerns.

4. 2014-2019: Escalation and Fragmentation

- Rise of armed groups and militias competing for influence.
- Attempts at peace agreements faced difficulties, contributing to ongoing instability.

5. 2019-Present: Haftar's Offensive and External Involvement

- Khalifa Haftar's offensive against the UN-recognized Government of National Accord (GNA).
- Increasing involvement of external actors, including Turkey and Russia.
- Humanitarian concerns and a complex political landscape persist.
Humanitarian emergencies caused by the Libyan Crisis:

The Libyan Crisis has resulted in severe humanitarian emergencies, impacting the lives of
civilians in various ways:

1. Displacement:
- Ongoing conflict has forced a significant number of Libyans to flee their homes, leading to
internal displacement and migration to other countries.

2. Refugees and Migrants:

- Libya has been a key transit point for migrants and refugees attempting to reach Europe.
The crisis has heightened the risks for these vulnerable populations, subjecting them to human
trafficking, exploitation, and abuse.

3. Lack of Basic Services:

- The breakdown of governance structures has impeded the provision of essential services
such as healthcare, education, and sanitation, leaving many in dire conditions.

4. Humanitarian Access Challenges:

- Ongoing violence and insecurity have created obstacles for humanitarian organizations to
reach affected populations, limiting their ability to deliver aid and assistance.

5. Economic Hardship:
- The conflict has disrupted economic activities, leading to job losses and economic instability,
exacerbating poverty and increasing the vulnerability of communities.

6. Health Crisis:
- The healthcare system has been severely strained, with shortages of medical supplies and
personnel. This has resulted in challenges in addressing health needs, including the treatment
of injuries and diseases.

7. Psychological Impact:
- Prolonged conflict and displacement have taken a toll on the mental health of individuals and
communities, leading to trauma, anxiety, and other psychological challenges.

Addressing these humanitarian emergencies requires coordinated international efforts to

provide aid, protect vulnerable populations, and work towards a sustainable resolution to the
crisis. The situation may have evolved since my last update in January 2022, and it is advisable
to consult more recent sources for the latest information.

Past UN resolutions:

1. Resolution 1970 (2011):

- Adopted on February 26, 2011.
 - Imposed an arms embargo on Libya.
- Imposed targeted sanctions on individuals and entities associated with the Gaddafi regime.

2. Resolution 1973 (2011):

- Adopted on March 17, 2011.
- Authorized the use of force, including a no-fly zone, to protect civilians in Libya.
- Established a ban on all flights in the airspace of Libya.

3. Resolution 2009 (2011):

- Adopted on September 16, 2011.
- Extended the mandate of the UN Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) to assist in post-conflict
reconstruction.

4. Resolution 2040 (2012):

- Adopted on March 12, 2012.
- Extended the mandate of UNSMIL and the Panel of Experts assisting the Security Council's
Libya Sanctions Committee.

5. Resolution 2095 (2013):

- Adopted on March 14, 2013.
- Extended the mandate of UNSMIL and the Panel of Experts.

6. Resolution 2144 (2014):

- Adopted on March 12, 2014.
- Extended the mandate of UNSMIL and the Panel of Experts.

7. Resolution 2213 (2015):

- Adopted on March 27, 2015.
- Extended the mandate of UNSMIL and the Panel of Experts.

8. Resolution 2278 (2016):

- Adopted on March 31, 2016.
- Extended the mandate of UNSMIL and the Panel of Experts.

9. Resolution 2362 (2017):

- Adopted on June 29, 2017.
- Extended the mandate of UNSMIL and the Panel of Experts.

These resolutions reflect the international community's efforts to address the Libyan Crisis,
promote peace, and support the country's recovery.

Iraqi Insurgency

Brief history:
1. Post-Invasion Phase (2003-2014):
- Emergence of early resistance from elements of Saddam Hussein's disbanded military.
- Formation of insurgent groups, including Al-Qaeda in Iraq.
- Escalation of violence and instability.

2. Rise of ISIS (2014-2017):

- ISIS captured significant territory in Iraq.
- Coalition-led efforts to counter ISIS, leading to its territorial defeat in 2017.
- Persistence of ISIS remnants engaging in insurgent activities.

3. Ethno-Sectarian Tensions and Governance Challenges:

- Ongoing ethno-sectarian tensions contributing to insurgency.
- Political instability and governance challenges affecting the security landscape.

Humanitarian emergencies caused by the Iraqi insurgency:

The Iraqi insurgency has led to significant humanitarian emergencies, impacting the lives of
civilians in various ways:

1. Displacement and Refugees:

- Large numbers of Iraqis have been internally displaced due to conflict, often forced to flee
their homes in search of safety.
- The rise of ISIS in 2014 prompted a massive displacement crisis, with millions seeking
refuge within Iraq and neighboring countries.

2. Casualties and Injuries:

- The conflict resulted in a high number of civilian casualties and injuries, with civilians caught
in the crossfire and targeted by insurgent groups.

3. Destruction of Infrastructure:
- Ongoing violence has led to the destruction of critical infrastructure, including homes,
hospitals, schools, and utilities, exacerbating the humanitarian crisis.

4. Humanitarian Access Challenges:

- Ongoing security concerns and control of certain areas by insurgent groups have hindered
humanitarian organizations' access to affected populations, limiting the delivery of aid and
assistance.

5. Healthcare and Education Impacts:

- The conflict has strained healthcare services, affecting the availability of medical care for
those in need.
- Disruptions to education have occurred due to damaged schools, displacement, and
insecurity.
6. Psychosocial Impact:
- Prolonged exposure to violence, displacement, and loss have taken a toll on the mental
health and well-being of affected individuals, particularly children.

7. Humanitarian Response Challenges:

- Humanitarian organizations face challenges in providing effective assistance due to security
risks, resource constraints, and the dynamic nature of the conflict.

8. Explosive Remnants of War:

- The presence of explosive remnants of war, including improvised explosive devices (IEDs),
poses an ongoing threat to civilians, hindering safe return and reconstruction efforts.

Addressing the humanitarian consequences of the Iraqi insurgency requires sustained efforts in
conflict resolution, reconstruction, and support for affected populations.

Past UN resolutions:

1. UN Security Council Resolution 1483 (2003):

- Addressed the post-invasion situation in Iraq, including the establishment of the United
Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) and the lifting of economic sanctions.

2. UN Security Council Resolution 1546 (2004):

- Authorized the presence of the multinational force in Iraq and outlined the political transition
towards Iraqi sovereignty.

3. UN Security Council Resolution 1637 (2005):

- Called for cooperation in resolving the issue of missing Kuwaiti and third-country nationals
and the return of Kuwaiti property.

4. UN Security Council Resolution 1723 (2006):

- Extended the mandate of the multinational force in Iraq.

5. UN Security Council Resolution 1770 (2007):

- Renewed the mandate of UNAMI and expressed support for the Iraqi government's efforts
towards political reconciliation.

6. UN Security Council Resolution 2107 (2013):

- Focused on the humanitarian situation in Iraq, particularly addressing the needs of
vulnerable groups, including refugees and internally displaced persons.

7. UN Security Council Resolution 2367 (2017):

- Extended the mandate of UNAMI, emphasizing support for Iraq's efforts in post-conflict
stabilization and reconstruction.
Regional tensions with Iran:

Proxy wars: Iran has been involved in various proxy wars in the Middle East, leveraging
non-state actors to advance its interests and influence in the region. One of the most prominent
examples is Iran's support for groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon. Hezbollah, established in the
early 1980s, has received substantial financial, military, and political support from Iran. This
support has allowed Hezbollah to become a powerful force in Lebanese politics and a significant
military actor in the region.

In Syria, Iran has played a key role in supporting the Assad regime during the Syrian Civil War.
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and its elite Quds Force have been actively
involved in providing military assistance, training, and advisory support to Syrian government
forces and various Shia militias fighting alongside them.

In Yemen, Iran has been accused of supporting the Houthi rebels, providing them with weapons,
training, and financial aid. This support has intensified the conflict in Yemen, contributing to the
ongoing humanitarian crisis.

These proxy activities reflect Iran's strategy of projecting influence and securing its geopolitical
interests in the Middle East. The involvement in proxy wars has also fueled tensions with
regional rivals and drawn international scrutiny.

Non- proliferation and relationship with the international community:

Iran's relationship with the international community concerning non-proliferation has been a
subject of significant diplomatic contention. The primary focus has been on Iran's nuclear
program, with concerns raised about the potential military dimensions of its activities. The
international community, particularly the P5+1 (the United States, United Kingdom, France,
Germany, Russia, and China, plus the European Union), engaged in negotiations with Iran to
address these concerns.

The landmark Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), reached in 2015, marked a
diplomatic effort to curb Iran's nuclear ambitions. Under the JCPOA, Iran agreed to limit its
nuclear activities, enhance monitoring mechanisms, and allow inspections by the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in exchange for relief from economic sanctions.

However, tensions escalated when the United States, under the Trump administration,
unilaterally withdrew from the JCPOA in 2018, asserting that the deal did not adequately
address broader regional and non-nuclear concerns. This withdrawal led to renewed sanctions
on Iran.

With the change in the U.S. administration, there have been efforts to revive the JCPOA, but
negotiations faced challenges. Iran's relationship with international actors on non-proliferation
remains dynamic, reflecting the delicate balance between nuclear agreements, regional stability,
and geopolitical considerations. The ongoing dialogue seeks to find a mutually agreeable path
forward, balancing Iran's rights to peaceful nuclear activities with the global imperative for
non-proliferation.

Past UN resolutions:

Several United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions have been passed concerning the
non-proliferation of Iran's nuclear program. Some key resolutions include:

1. UNSC Resolution 1696 (2006): The first resolution addressing Iran's nuclear activities, calling
for Iran to suspend its uranium enrichment program.

2. UNSC Resolution 1737 (2006): Imposed sanctions on Iran, targeting individuals and entities
involved in its nuclear and missile programs.

3. UNSC Resolution 1747 (2007): Expanded sanctions on Iran, including an arms embargo and
additional designations related to its nuclear activities.

4. UNSC Resolution 1803 (2008): Strengthened existing sanctions, emphasizing concerns

about Iran's nuclear and missile programs.

5. UNSC Resolution 1929 (2010): Imposed additional sanctions, including measures against
Iran's Revolutionary Guard and ballistic missile-related activities.

These resolutions reflected international concerns about Iran's nuclear program and aimed at
preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons. It's important to note that these resolutions
were passed before the conclusion of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015,
which temporarily addressed these concerns through diplomatic means. The status and impact
of these resolutions have evolved over time with changing geopolitical dynamics.

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