Chapter 2 | Lis ting-Order Paragraphs 53 PART 2 | Sentence Structure Compound __In Chapter 1, you learned about simple sentences. Another kind of sentence is a Sentences compound sentence. ‘A compound sentence is two simple sentences connected by a comma and a coordinating conjunction ‘This is the basic formula for a compound sentence: Simple sentence, ‘coonDINaTING simple sentence. ‘CONJUNCTION These are compound sentences: Coordinating Simple Sentence Conjunction Simple Sentence My family goes camping every summer, and we usually have fun. Last year we went camping at Blue Lake, but we had a terrible time. Next year we will go to the beach, or perhaps we will stay at home. We want to buy a house soon, so we need to save money. Command sentences can also be compound. Remember that the subject “you” is not expressed in commands. (eu) Come visit us again soon, and ‘you bring your family with you (¥e) Have a good time, but you don't stay out too late. Here are three important points to know about compound sentences: 1. A comma and a coordinating conjunction connect the two halves of a compound sentence. 2. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. Remember them by the phrase “fan boys.” In this book, you will practice four of them: and, but, or, and so. 3. Don’t confuse a compound sentence with a simple sentence that has a compound verb. The first sentence in each of the following pairs of sentences is simple and doesn’t need a comma. The second one is compound and requires a comma.54 First Steps in Academic Writing “Formulas” ‘Simple sentence with | My family goes camping every svV compound verb ‘summer and usually has fun. ‘Compound sentence | My family goas camping every SV,andSV summer, and we usually have fun. Simple sentence with | Last year we went camping but svv compound verb | had a terrible time, ‘Compound sentence | Last year we went camping, but everyone | SV, but SV had a terrible time, Simple sentence with | Next year we will go to the beach or svv compound verb | perhaps stay at home, Compound sentence | Next year we will go to the beach, or SVorsV perhaps we will stay at home. Corts Pm A. Identify simple and compound sentences. Simple versus Step 1 Analyze each sentence in the following paragraphs. Underline the Compound subjects with one line and the verbs with two lines. Sentences : i Step 2 Circle coordinating conjunctions (and, but, of, so) that separate two simple sentences. Step 3 Write simple or compound in the space to the left of each sentence, and write the formula for each: SV, and SV, SVV, or SSV, and so on. Step 4 Add a comma to compound sentences. simple sv 1. The summers were hot and humid in my childhood hometown. compound _- SV, so SSV_ 2. Every evening it was too hot to sleep, so my sisters and I played outside until dark. 3. Our parents sat in chairs on the grass and watched us play our children’s games. 4, We played games such as hide-and-seek and tag or we just sat on the grass and told stories. 5. We also caught fireflies.’ _ 6. We put the fireflies into a glass jar and our father punched air holes in the metal lid. "fireflies: insects with tails that shine in the darkChapter 2 | Listing-Order Paragraphs 55 7. My sisters were afraid of most bugs but they loved fireffies. —____ _______ 8. We usually went to bed at nine o'clock but we stayed up until ten on really warm evenings. 9. Around ten o'clock our mother and father told us to come inside, 10. “Come inside now but leave the fireflies outside, please,” our mother always said. B. Identify simple and compound sentences in a paragraph. / Step 1 Analyze each sentence in the following paragraph. Underline the subjects with one line and the verbs with two lines. Step 2 Write simple or compound in the numbered spaces. Step 3 Then write the formula for each sentence. Step 4 Add commas wherever they are needed. (You should add seven commas.) Teenagers “Teenagers fing many ways to drive their parents crazy. *First, they dye their hair purple, or they shave their heads bald.’ “They also tattoo their skin and wear rings in their noses. ‘In addition they spend hours at the shopping mall and on the phone. ‘They have time to watch TV but they don't have time. (continued on next page) ald: no hair at all56 First Steps in Academic Writing to do their homework. “Also they're always too busy to clean up! their rooms: but they're never too busy to clean out the refrigerator by eating everything in it. “Finally they are old enough to drive but too young to pay for gas. "They are usually broke" so they always return the family car with an empty gas tank. "It's hard to be a teenager but it's even harder to be the parent of one. 1. _simple sv 6. 2, _compound SV. or SV 1 3 8. _ 4. 9. 5. Coordinating Conjunctions: and, but, or, so In compound sentences, and, but, or, and so have these meanings: ‘And connects two sentences with similar ideas. The sentences can be positive or negative My roommate is an art student, and her boyfriend plays in a rock band. She doesn't like rock music, and he doesn't like art. Tm Remember to use or, not and, in a negative simple sentence. To refresh your memory, turn back to Chapter 1, page 23. He doesn't like art or classical music. But connects two sentences with contrasting or opposite ideas. She likes classical music, but she doesn’t like rock. She likes country music, but he hates it. Or connects two sentences that express alternatives or choices. Every Friday night, they go to a classical concert, or they visit an art gallery. Every Saturday night, he practices with his band, or they go to hear ‘a rock concert. ‘clean up: make clean and neat by removing things that make it look messy 2elean out: make clean and neat by removing things: the slang expression clean out can mean remove everthing as in The robbers cleaned out the cash drawer broke: having no moneyChapter 2 | Listing-Order Paragraphs 57 ‘So connects a reason and a result. Reason Result They both like jazz, _so they go to jazz concerts together. He works a lot, ‘so they don't go out very often, ESTerrer EE Fill in the blanks with one of these four coordinating conjunctions: and, but, Sd but, or oF; so. You may want to review the use of and, but, or, and so in simple sentences on page 53 before you do this exercise, and so in Simple and SB pound 1, The waitress said, “Today we have two specials: fried chicken _and Sentences meatloaf. 2. Lordered meatloaf, my friend ordered fried chicken. 3. After an hour, the waitress came back to our table and said, “I made a mistake. We don’t have chicken. meatloaf.” 4. I wanted to leave the restaurant immediately, my friend wanted to stay. 5. He ordered a hamburger__french fries, _I didn’t order anything, 6. My new neighbors are vegetarians, they don’t eat meat. 7. They don’t eat meat chicken, sometimes they eat a litle fish. 8. I wanted to be friendly, 1 invited them to my house for dinner. 9. They came brought their young son. 10. He is just a baby, ___ he can’t talk yet. 11, They don’t drink coffee _ tea, 1 served lemonade with our meal. 12, For dessert, I offered them a choice of chocolate cake __ apple pie. 13, ‘The husband wanted both cake and pie, ___ the wife didn't want either, A. Write compound sentences. Writing Step 1 Connect the two simple sentences in each pair to make a compound Compound sentence. Connect them with and, but, or, or so—whichever best fits Sentences the meaning. There may be more than one possible choice. Step 2 Add a comma to each sentence. 1. Canada has two official languages. Everything is printed in both English and French, Canada has two official languages, so everything is printed in both English and French, (continued on next page) ‘meatloaf: dish made from ground mest, breadcrumbs, egg, and spices and baked in a pan like a loa of bread58 First Steps in Academic Writing 2. There are several hundred languages in the world. Not all of them have a written form. 3. Chinese is spoken by more people. English is spoken in more countries. 4, Russian is the third most spoken language in the world. Spanish is the fourth. 5. There are about one million words in English. Most people use only about ten thousand of them. 6. Chinese has many different dialects.' Chinese people cannot always understand each other. 7. French used to be the language of international diplomacy. Now it is English. 8. International companies are growing. They will soon need more bilingual workers. 9. Young people should know a second language. They will be at a disadvantage in the international job market. “aalects: variations ofthe standard languageChapter 2 | Listing-Order Paragraphs 59 B. Make compound sentences by adding a second simple sentence to each item. 1. My brother and I look like twins, but _our personalities are very different 2. We are both medium tall, and 3. He is an extrovert,’ but 4, Lam younger, so 5. Our mother used to tell us, “Stop fighting, or 6. We fought a lot as children, but now 7. We married two sisters, so Two Sentence Two sentence errors that writers sometimes make are run-ons and comma splices. Errors: ‘These mistakes happen most often when the two sentences are related in meaning. Run-ons + Arrun-on is two simple sentences incorrectly joined with no and Comma coordinating conjunction and no comma. Splices WRONG: — My roommate wants to win the Tour de France someday he spends hours riding his bicycle. WRONG: — Write your signature on the line print your name below it. + A comma splice is two simple sentences incorrectly joined with a comma alone. wrons: — My roommate wants to win the Tour de France someday, he spends hours riding his bicycle. WroNs: — Write your signature on the line, print your name below it. ‘There are two ways to fix these errors, 1. Separate the sentences with a period. RIGHT: My roommate wants to win the Tour de France someday. He spends hours riding his bicycle. RIGHT: Write your signature on the line. Print your name below it. meone who is active and confident and who enjoys being with other people60 First Steps in Academic Writing on 2. Add (or keep) the comma and add a coordinating conjunction. ricHt: My roommate wants to win the Tour de France someday, so he spends hours riding his bicycle. ricHt: Write your signature on the line, and print your name below it. PSeTETTO SETI Find and correct the sentence errors Fixing Run-ons and Comma Splices Step 1 Put an X in the space next to the sentences that are comma splices or run-ons Step 2 Correct the sentences that you marked. Use either method | or 2 (from pages 59-60) to correct them. _X__ 1. Some people like cats, others prefer dogs. Some people like cats, Others preter do oR Some people like cats, and others prefer dogs. oR Some people like cats, but others prefer dogs, —— 2. Kittens are cute, they like to play. —— 3. Dogs are good companions, and they can also protect you.Chapter 2 | Listing-Order Paragraphs 61 —— 4. It’s acceptable for dogs to bark at strangers they shouldn’t bite them, however, —— 5. Lions are also good protectors, but they eat too much —— 6. Penguins' always wear tuxedos? they are good pets for people who like to go to fancy parties. —— 7.A pet elephant can fan you with his ears and spray you with his trunk,’ you won’t need air-conditioning or a shower. — 8. Goats eat lots of grass, so you will never have to cut your lawn —— 9. A giraffe can reach things on high shelves, it can see over the heads of people at parades. — 10. Keep a boa constrictor! as a pet if you enjoy being alone then no one will ever visit you. han’ Tong nose ‘lawn: grass in a garden Som constrictor: very large sake62. First Steps in Academic Writing ‘Try It Out! Step 1 Combine the sentences in each group to make one sentence. Some of your sentences will be simple, and some will be compound. There may bbe more than one possible correct way to combine each group. Step 2 Write the sentences as a paragraph. Add listing-order transition signals, to each main point and a conclusion signal to the concluding sentence. (Hint: There are three main points.) The “Weaker” Sex 1. Itis often said that women are the weaker sex, but women are actually superior to men in several ways. (Don't change this sentence.) . Women live longer than men. Women stay healthier than men. . They do this in all countries of the world, This difference starts at birth. This difference continues until old age. On the average, women live seven years longer than men. . They do this in the United States. . There are 105 boys to every 100 girls at birth. ‘There are twice as many women as men at age 80. (Use but.) 6. a, Women are better than men at things. . These things involve the five senses. (Change these things to that.) oR oP TP Ose s 7. a, Women have a sharper sense of taste. | b. Women have a sharper sense of smell. 8. a, Men are physically stronger than women. b. Women are mentally stronger. 9. a. For example, more men than women hiad emotional problems. b. This happened during bombing attacks on London. This happened in World War TI 10. Do you still believe that women are “the weaker sex"? (Don’t change this sentence.) Paragraph The “Weaker” Sex It is often said that women are the weaker sex but women are actually rior to men in several ways. Women live longer and stay healthier than men _in all countries of the world.Chapter 2 | Listing-Order Paragraphs 63 PART 3 | Writing Review Check your understanding of the important points in this chapter by answering Questions the following questions. Organization . What is clustering? How do you do it? . What is listing order? . What are the three parts of a paragraph? ‘What are the two parts of a topic sentence? 5. What does the controlling idea do? . What are transition signals? What are some listing-order transition signals? . What is unity in a paragraph? . What are two ways to write a concluding sentence? . What is an outline? How does an outline help writers? AVAwNE Sentence Structure 10. What is the formula for compound sentence? 11. Where do you put a comma in a compound sentence? 12. What are two common sentence errors? 13. What are two ways to correct them?