CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

» An anti-social acts that place the actor the focus of the criminal justice professionals

» A behavior which is criminal in nature

» A behavior which violates a law

» The conduct of an offender leading the commission of an unlawful act

ORIGINS OF CRIMINALL BEHAVIOR

» Biological – It emphasizes genetic predisposition towards antisocial conduct

» Personality Disorder – act exhibiting pattern of disregard for the rights of others from childhood to
adulthood

» Learning – criminal behavior is learned primarily by observing or listening

SERIAL KILLER BEHAVIOR TRAITS

» With history of sexual and physical abuse during childhood

» Biological father had left before 12 years old or was abusive

» Acts of cruelty to animals, pyromania, theft were present during childhood

TYPES OF SERIAL KILLER

» Act Focused – doesn’t kill for psychological gratification

˃ Visionary – hears a voice

˃ Missionary – on mission to eradicate people

» Processed Focused – they kill for enjoyment, they take their time and go slowly

˃ Gain – killing someone for profit

˃ Thrill – makes them feel alive

˃ Power – pleasure comes from dominating

˃ Lust – sexual gratification is their main motivation

THE LUST KILLERS

» Fantasy – killing act out over and over in the mind

» The Hunt – focusing the victim

» The Kill – victim is lured into the trap and killer makes real of his fantasy

» Post-Kill – unless caught, killer starts all over again

STRESS

Refers to the consequence of the failure of an organism (human or animal) to respond appropriately to
emotional or physical threats, whether actual or imagined

What is Depression?

O Sadness

O Feeling helpless

O Hopeless O Worthless; last for many days and keep you from functioning normally, your depression
maybe something more than sadness. It may very well be clinical depression, a treatable condition.

How do I know If I have Depression?

O A depressed mood during most of the day, particularly in the morning

O Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day

O Feelings of worthlessness or guilt almost every day

O Impaired condition, indecisiveness O Insomnia or hypersomnia

O Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities nearly every day

O Recurring thoughts of death or suicide

O A sense of restlessness or being slowed down

O Significant weight loss or gain

The key sign

O The key sign of depression is either depressed mood or loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed

FRUSTRATION

O Frustration is an emotion that occurs in situations where a person is blocked from reaching a desired
outcome.

O The more important the goal, the greater the frustration and resultant anger or loss of confidence
Frustration is not necessarily bad since it can be a useful indicator of the problems in a person’s life and,
as a result, it can act as a motivator to change. O However, when it results in anger, irritability, stress,
resentment, depression and a feeling of giving up, frustration can be destructive

Coping Mechanism

O Coping is expending conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems and seeking to
master, minimize or tolerate stress or conflict

O Psychologically speaking it is termed as coping strategies or coping skills

O The term coping generally refers to adaptive or constructive strategies

Defense Mechanism

O An unconscious process, as denial, that protects an individual from unacceptable or painful ideas or
impulses

O In order to deal with conflict and problems in life, ego employs a range of defense mechanisms
(Freud)

What is Emotion?

O Feelings affective responses as a result of physiological arousal, thoughts and beliefs, subjective
evaluation and bodily expression.

O Characterized by facial expressions, gesture, posture and subjective feelings.

O Associated with mood, temperament, personality and disposition.

Etymology of “emotion”

O émovoir – French

O emovere – Latin

O e – “out”

O movere – move

James-Lange theory

O Emotion results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment

O Changed situation leads to a changed bodily state

O Emotion occurs after physiological reaction

O James further claims that “we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we
tremble, and neither have we cried, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry or fearful as the
case may be”

Cannon-Bard theory

O Suggest that people feel emotions first and act upon them

O Emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously

O Based on the premise that one reacts to a specific stimulus and experiences the corresponding
emotion simultaneously

O Cannon and Bard posited that one is able to react to a stimulus only after experiencing the related
emotion and experience

Two Factor theory

O Schachter and Singer

O This theory explains that emotion is the cognitive interpretation of a physiological response.

O Most people consider this to be the “common sense theory” to explain physiological changes as a
result of their emotion

Conflict

O The stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between incompatible or
contradictory alternatives

O It is a negative emotional state caused by an inability to choose between two or more incompatible
goals or impulse

Types of Conflict

O Psychological conflict (internal) – unconscious id battling superego and further claim that our
personalities are always in conflict (instinct may be at odds with values)

Social conflict –

O Interpersonal; me against you

O Inter-group struggles; us against them

O Individual Opposing a Group; me against them

O Intra-group; against each other

O Approach-Avoidance – things we want and we do not want

O Approach-Approach (u want both)

O Avoidance-Avoidance (u don’t want either) O Approach-Avoidance (u want but necessitates negative

outcome)

O Multiple-Approach-Avoidance (complex combinations)

Functional VS Dysfunctional

O Conflict is responsive and innovative aiding in creativity and viability

O Conflict disrupt, hinders job performance and upset psychological functioning

FAMILY

❑The first and the most important social unit to affect children

❑The first social world the child encounters

❑The primary source for teaching children self-control

❑A major point of delinquency

❑Development of moral virtue or good character is effectively formed or left unformed

❑The primary provider of the material well-being of their members

STRUCTURE

➢Family size

➢Child’s Birth order

Note: the strongest predictive factor for delinquency is having a criminal parents

FAMILY MODEL

❑Corporate model – father makes the most of the decisions for the family

❑Team model – father is the head

❑Military model – punishment is swift

❑Boarding School model – parents are but to teach and test their children

❑Theatrical model – father is the father

QUALITY OF HOME

❑Broken home ❑Single parent

PARENTING STYLES

❑Authoritative parents – deal with child in a rational, issueoriented manner and engaged in discussion
and explanation

❑Authoritarian parents – place high value on obedience and conformity

❑Indulgent parents – passive in matters of discipline giving the child high degree of freedom to act
❑Indifferent parents – fairly unresponsive to their child’s demands

VIEWS ON FAMILY AND DELINQUENCY

❑The Alarmist view – believe in the myth of declining family.

❑Fewer people wants marriage

❑Fewer people wants larger family

❑Fewer housewives

❑Hedonism

❑Reassuring view – contradict the belief of declining family

❑Family is vital in the nation

❑Declining family is part of modernization

❑Family improve when economy stabilizes

CHILD ABUSE

❑Causing or permitting any harmful or offensive contract on a child’s body

❑Any communication or transaction of any kind which humiliates shames or frightens the child

❑Act or omission which fails to nurture or in the upbringing of the children

TYPES OF CHILD ABUSE

❑Physical Child abuse – inflicting physical injuries

❑Emotional/Psychological Child abuse – demeans the child’s worth or dignity

❑Child Neglect – failure to provide child’s basic need

❑Sexual Child abuse – molesting the child sexually either consummated or not

TYPOLOGY OF CHILD ABUSERS

❑Mentally ill – with defective mental ability

❑Parentally incompetent – discipline based on childhood experience

❑Situational – when confronted with particular situation

❑Accidental – poor judgment in parenting decisions

❑Subcultural – who share common values and norms

❑Self-identified – abusive but want to stop abusing

❑Institutionally prescribed – grounded with beliefs

PEERS

❑Research shows that peer group relationships are closely tied to delinquent behaviours

❑Youths who are loyal to delinquent friends are most likely to commit crimes and engage in violence
❑The earlier the youngsters develop relationships with delinquent peers and the closer those
relationships become, the more likely the youth will become a delinquent

PEER REJECTION/PEER ACCEPTANCE

❑Rejected kids who have attention and hyperactivity problems are more likely to suffer later conduct
problems

❑Helps shield kids from crime producing inducements in their environment

What is Insanity?

A legal term pertaining to a defendant’s

 inability to determine right from wrong when a crime is committed. Mental illness of such a severe
nature that a

 person cannot distinguish fantasy from reality, cannot conduct his/her affairs due to psychosis or is
subject to uncontrollable impulsive behavior. Insanity is a concept discussed in court to

 help distinguish guilt from innocence Its informed by mental health professionals,

 but the term today is primarily legal , not psychological. US Federal Court defines it as the inability of

 a person to appreciate the nature and quality or wrongfulness of one’s acts.

What is mental retardation?

Also known as limited mental ability

 Those with low IQ usually below 70

 Characterized by below average intelligence

 or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day-to-day living “People with intellectual disabilities
can and do learn new skills, but they learn them more slowly

McNaughton rule?

A man is not responsible for an act if “ he

 does not know what he is doing, no more.. A wild beast” The rule created the presumption of sanity,

 unless the defense proved that; “at the time of committing the act, the accused was labouring under
such a defect of reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he
was doing or if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong”.

What is Durham rule

“an accused is not criminally responsible if

 his unlawful act is the product of mental disease or defect” “Irresistible impulse” – ill individuals may

 respond correctly but may be unable to control their behavior.

What is Behavior?

❑ Refers to the actions of an organism or system, usually in relation to its environment

❑ The response of the organism or system to various stimuli or inputs, either internal or external,
conscious or subconscious, overt or covert and voluntary or involuntary

❑ Anything that you do that can be directly observed, measured and repeated What is Human
Behavior? Human behavior is the term used to describe a

 person’s actions and conduct

Imagine a wrapped present.

You can’t see what’s inside, but there are clues available to you:

❑Size and shape of the package

❑The sound it makes when you shake it

❑How heavy it is

❑Whether it feels solid or soft

How do we recognize Abnormal Behavior?

❑ Deviation from Statistical norm – “away from the norm”

❑ Deviation from the Social norm – vary from one society to another

❑ Maladaptive behavior – this is how the behavior affects the well-being of the individual
❑Maladaptive to one’s self

❑Maladaptive to society

❑ Personal Distress – considers abnormality in terms of individual’s subjective feelings rather than
behavior Symptoms of Abnormal Behavior

❑ Long period of discomfort – distressing feeling persist for an extended period of time

❑ Impaired functioning – prolonged inefficiency which seems unexplainable

❑ Bizarre behavior – behavior with no rational basis

❑ Disruptive behavior – impulsive, disrupts the lives of others, characteristic of a severe psychological
disorder Mental Disorder – impairment in psychological functioning

❑ Psychosis – severe mental disorder characterized by a retreat from reality through social withdrawal
❑ Organic mental disorder – mental or emotional problem caused by brain diseases or injuries

❑ Substance related disorder – abuse of a mood altering drug

❑ Mood disorder – disturbance in mood such as depression or mania

❑ Anxiety disorder – disruptive feeling of fear or distortion in behavior ❑ Somatoform – physical

symptom that mimics a disease

❑ Dissociative disorder – a psychological disorder that involves a sudden loss of memory or change in
identity

❑ Personality disorder – maladaptive personality pattern resulting from improperly developed

personality in childhood

❑ Sexual and gender identity disorder – difficulties in sexual identity, deviant sexual behavior

❑ Neurosis – involves impaired social, intellectual and vocational functioning without disorganization or
loss contact with reality

WHO ARE JUVENILE?

Individuals younger than the statutory age of majority

General considerations:
Immature

 Held to a standard of behavior different from adults

 Required to attend school

 Expected to obey their parents

 Forbidden to buy alcohol or cigarettes

 They may not marry without parental permission

 They cannot enter into business or financial contracts

 They are not permitted to vote

DEFINE JUVENILE DELINQUENCY.

An anti-social act or behavior of minors Criminologists, juvenile delinquency encompasses all public
wrongs committed by young people between the ages of 12 and 20. Sociologists, view the concept
more broadly, believing that it covers a multitude of different violations of legal and social norms, from
minor offences to serious crimes, committed by juveniles.

WHAT ARE STATUS OFFENSE?

Refers to offenses which discriminate only against a child, while an adult does not suffer any penalty for
committing similar acts.

(RA9344) A particular action or behaviour is considered a violation of the law only if it is committed by
a juvenile

NATURE OF DELINQUENCY WHY DELINQUENCY EXIST?

❖ Whether or not behavior is a manifestation of an emotional problem.

❖ Whether or not negative social and socioeconomic factors becomes the basis of a delinquent
personality.

DELINQUENCY VERSUS CHILD’S EMOTION

❖ Delinquent behavior is a symptom of some underlying emotional disorders

❖ Symptomatic behavior of emotional disturbance

❖ Emotional disorder may not be related to the delinquent behavior

❖ Emotional disorder is caused by delinquent behavior

STAGES OF DELINQUENCY
❖ Emergence ❖ Exploration ❖ Explosion ❖ Conflagration

WHAT ARE MOOD DISORDERS?

❑ Characterized by extreme and unwanted disturbances in feeling or mood

❑ Major disturbances in one’s condition or emotion, such as depression and mania

❑ Also known as affective disorder

TYPES OF MOOD DISORDER

❑ Bipolar disorder

➢ Formerly known as manic depression

➢ Swings in mood

➢ Extreme happiness to extreme sadness

PHASES OF BIPOLAR

❑ Manic Phase

➢ Show excessive excitement

➢ Poor judgment and recklessness

➢ May be argumentative and have unrealistic ideas

➢ Speak rapidly and jump from subject to subject

➢ May not be able to sleep or sit still for long

❑ Depressive Episode

➢ Often sleep more than usual

➢ Lethargic

➢ May show irritability and withdrawal

➢ Speaks slowly and monotonously

➢ Has low self-esteem

DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (EXTENDED UNEXPLAINABLE SADNESS)

❑ Major Depressive Disorder

➢ Depressed mode in most of the day

➢ Lost of interest

❑ Single Episode

➢ Strikes in one dramatic episode only

❑ Recurrent

➢ Extended pattern of depressed episodes

PERSONALITY DISORDERS

❑ Chronic maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into the
individual’s personality and that are troublesome to others or whose pleasure sources are either
harmful or illegal

❑ Cluster A, B, and C

➢ Class A – Odd or Eccentric behavior

➢ Class B – Dramatic, Emotional or Erratic behavior

➢ Class C – Anxious or Fearful behavior

CLASS A (ECCENTRIC BEHAVIORS)

❑ Schizoid Personality Disorder

➢ Referred as “loners”

❑ Paranoid Personality Disorder

➢ Prone to unjustified angry or aggressive outburst

➢ Emotionally cold or excessively serious

❑ Schizotypal Personality Disorder

➢ Characterized by both odd or paranoid beliefs and a need for isolation

CLASS B (DRAMATIC, EMOTIONAL, ERRATIC)

❑ Anti-social Personality Disorder

➢ Characterized by lack of empathy or conscience

➢ Difficulty in controlling impulses and manipulative behaviors

➢ Conduct disorder (less than 18 years old)

❑ Borderline Personality Disorder

➢ Interferes with an individual’s ability to regulate emotion

➢ Highly sensitive to emotion

➢ Tend to have unstable self-image

➢ Expresses anger or dismay through self mutilation

❑ Narcissistic Personality Disorder

➢ Characterized primarily by grandiosity

➢ Tend to be extremely self-absorbed

➢ Insensitive to others needs

➢ Seeks excessive admiration from others

➢ Believing to be special and superior to others

❑ Histrionic Personality Disorder

➢ Exhibit a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality

➢ Strive to be the center of attraction

➢ Tend to be overly flirtatious

➢ May talk in dramatic style

➢ Display exaggerated emotional reactions

CLASS C (ANXIOUS, FEARFUL)

❑ Avoidant Personality Disorder

➢ Hypersensitive to rejection

➢ Unwilling to take risks

➢ Displays a high level of social discomfort

➢ Fear of criticism

➢ Avoids activities that involve interpersonal contact

❑ Dependent Personality Disorder

➢ Exhibits a pattern of needy and submissive behavior

➢ Rely on others in making decisions for them

➢ They feel uncomfortable by themselves

➢ Having severe and disabling emotional dependency on others

❑ Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

➢ Focused on order and perfection

➢ Preferring the control of working alone

➢ Preoccupation on details, orderliness, perfection and control

➢ Devote excessive amount of time to work and productivity and fail to take time for leisure and
friendships

What is Personality?

❑ The sum total of typing ways of acting, thinking and feeling that makes each person unique.

❑ It includes all of the patterns of thought and emotions that causes us to do and say things in a
particular way.

Dimensions of Personality

❑ Energy – subjective measure of strength or intensity of personality which is very tangible to

observation and experience but extremely difficult to define and measure.

❑ Direction – refers to whether the person is good or bad.

❑ Values – what is most important or valuable to a person

❑ Depth – the degree to which these layers are formed in the person(as an onion skin) Manners-
Behavior-Character-Personality-Individuality

❑ Manners – superficial, external forms of formalized response, a subset of social or interpersonal skills
❑ Behavior – capacity of a person for directed activities based on conscious understanding and intensity
❑ Character – fixed attributes reflecting values that have become fully organized and internalized

❑ Personality – capacity for expansive or creative initiative that transcend the limitation imposed by
character

❑ Individuality – center of uniqueness, independent of social conditioning, personal experience and

character
❑ Consciousness – the relative development and predominance of the physical, vital and mental parts
or levels of consciousness

❑ Physical ❑ Vital ❑ Mental

❑ Strength – level of intensity which is distinct from the vital or mental energy represented by overall
capacity to influence others Types of Personality

❑Introvert – attention is focused inward

❑Extrovert – attention is directed outward Approaches to Personality

❑ Psychoanalytic Approach – argues that people’s unconscious minds are largely responsible for
important differences in their behavior styles.

❑ Trait Approach – attempts to learn and explain the traits that make up personality, the differences of
people in terms of their personal characteristics and how they relate to actual behavior.

❑ Biological Approach – it is a perspective that emphasizes the role of biological processes and heredity
as the key to understanding behavior.

❑ Humanistic Approach – this perspective focuses on how humans have evolved and adopted behaviors
required for survival against various environmental pressures over the long course of evolution.

❑ Behavioral/Social Learning Approach – explains consistent behavior patterns as the result of

conditioning and expectations (environmental).

Freud believed that people develop in a series of stages.

 When abnormalities occur, the person is more likely to experience conflict.

Four Elements of Freud’s theory

❑ Human nature is inherently anti-social

❑ Good behavior comes through effective socialization

❑ The life-long personality features originates in early childhood

❑ Delinquent behavior is the result of defective superego.

Psychoanalytic Theory

ID – the unconscious portion of personality

 dominated by drives for pleasure and by inborn sexual and aggressive impulses.

Ego – the rational part of the personality and it represents problem solving dimensions.
Super ego – it represents the moral code, norms and values. It is responsible for the feeling of guilt and
shame.

Parts of Human Personality

 People with low intelligence are easily led into law-breaking activities by the wiles of more clever
people People with low intelligence are unable to realize that committing offenses in a certain way
often leads to getting caught

Low – IQ Theory Juvenile Delinquency is caused by

❑ immaturity and hyperactivity ❑ Short attention span ❑ Day dreaming ❑ Sluggishness ❑

Preoccupation ❑ Impulsiveness

What is Schizophrenia

➢ Greek words; “schizein – split / phren – mind”

➢ Splitting apart of the patient’s affective and cognitive functioning

➢ A group of disorders characterized by loss of contact with reality, marked disturbances of thought
and perception, and bizarre behavior

Characteristics of Schizophrenia

❑ Disturbance of Thought and Attention

➢Cannot think logically

❑ Disturbances in Perception

➢People say that the world appears different to them

➢Cannot recognize themselves in a mirror

❑ Disturbance of Affect

➢Fail to show normal emotions

➢Lack of correlation between saying and expressing

❑ Withdrawal from Reality

➢Absorbed in his inner thoughts and fantasies

❑ Delusions and Hallucinations

➢Exaggerations or distortions of reasoning, as well as false interpretation of things and events

Kinds of Schizophrenia

❑ Paranoid Schizophrenia

➢Very suspicious of others

➢Has great scheme of persecution

➢Displays psychotic symptoms

❑ Residual Schizophrenia

➢Having no motivation or interest in everyday

❑ Disorganized Schizophrenia (Hebephrenic)

➢Incoherent to his feeling

➢Expressing emotions that are not appropriate to the situation

❑ Catatonic Schizophrenia

➢Extremely withdrawn, isolated and has obvious psychomotor disturbances

➢Almost immobile and exhibit agitated purposeless movement

❑ Undifferentiated Schizophrenia

➢Exhibits more than one of the above mentioned types but without a clear predominance of a
particular set of diagnostic characteristics Two Forms of Schizophrenia

❑ Reactive Schizophrenia

➢Sudden and seems to be a reaction to some life crisis

❑ Process Schizophrenia

➢Characterized by lengthy periods of its development with a gradual deterioration and exclusively
negative symptoms

➢Associated with “loners” who are rejected by society and tend not to develop social skills How
Schizophrenia develops?

❑ Genetic cause ➢Usually lies in a person’s having relative with history of schizophrenia or other
psychiatric disorder ➢Researchers consider schizophrenia to be highly heritable (70%)

❑ Environmental/Social cause

➢Stress may trigger episodes of schizophrenia psychosis

➢Turbulent families and stressful life events have shown to be some of the risk factors

❑ Prenatal cause

➢Come together in early neurodevelopment

➢ More likely to be born in winter or spring (curious findings)

❑ Substance Abuse cause

➢Illegal drugs ➢Smoking

» SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION

» PARAPHILIA

» GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS

» A persistent or recurrent problem that causes marked distress and interpersonal difficulty and that
may involve any or some combination thereof; ˃ Sexual arousal or pleasure associated with sex

˃ Orgasm

» A disturbance in any phase of the Human Sexual Response Cycle

» Excitement Phase

❑Arousal period

❑Initial excitement phase

❑The first stage of human sexual response cycle

❑Result of any erotic physical or mental stimulation

❑Characterized by an erection in males and a swelling of the clitoris and vaginal lubrication in females »
Plateau Phase

❑Period of sexual excitement prior to orgasm

❑Further increases in circulation and heart rate

❑Increased sexual pleasure and stimulation

❑Increased muscle tension

❑Male and female may begin to vocalize involuntarily » Orgasmic Phase

❑The conclusion of the sexual response cycle

❑Accompanied by quick cycles of muscle contraction in the lower pelvic muscles

❑Women also experience uterine and vaginal contractions » Resolution Phase (Refractory Period)
❑Occurs after orgasm and allow muscles to relax

❑Blood pressure slows down

❑Further stimulation may cause a return to the plateau stage

» Dysfunctions of Sexual Desires

» Dysfunction of Sexual Arousal

» Dysfunction of Orgasm

» Sexual Pains

» Hyper Sexuality

» Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder

❑Marked by lack of sexual drive

❑Characterized by a persistent, upsetting loss of sexual desire » Sexual Aversion Disorder

❑Characterized by a desire to avoid genital contact with a sexual partner

❑Persistent feelings of fear, anxiety or disgust about engaging in sex » Male Erectile Disorder

❑ Inability to maintain or achieve erection (impotence)

» Female Sexual Arousal Disorder

❑ None responsiveness to erotic stimulation both physically, emotionally and mentally (frigidity)

» Premature Ejaculation

❑Unsatisfactory brief period between sexual stimulation and the occurrence of ejaculation

» Male Orgasmic Disorder

❑Inability to ejaculate during sexual intercourse » Female Orgasmic Disorder

❑Difficulty in achieving orgasm

» Vaginismus

❑Involuntary muscle spasm at the entrance to the vagina that prevents penetration

» Dyspareunia (painful intercourse)

❑Painful coitus that may either an organic or psychological basis

» Nymphomania ❑ A female psychological disorder characterized by an overactive libido and obsession

with sex

» Satyriasis

❑ A male psychological disorder characterized by an overactive libido and obsession with sex

» Greek; ‘para’ – over / ‘philia’ – friendship

» A rare mental health disorder term used to indicate sexual arousal in response to sexual objects or
situations that are not part of societal normative arousal/activity patterns

» Characterized by intense, sexually arousing fantasies or sexual urges involving a specific art

❑Exhibitionism

➢Known as flashing

➢A behavior that involves the exposure of private parts

➢ Flashing ✓ Display of bare breast or buttocks by a woman with an up and down lifting of the shirt

➢ Mooning ✓ Display of bare buttocks while pulling down the trousers and underwear

➢ Anasyrma ✓ Lifting up of the skirt when not wearing underwear to expose genitals

➢ Martymachlia ✓Involves sexual attraction to having others watch the execution of a sexual act.
❑Fetishism

✓Experience sexual urges and behavior associated with non-living objects

✓Object of the fetish could be an article of female clothing like underwear

✓Usually fetish begins in adolescence and tends to be quite chronic into adult life

➢ Transvestism

➢ Most practitioners are male who are aroused by wearing, fondling or seeing female clothing

➢ Foot Fetishism

➢Pronounced fetishistic sexual interest in human feet

➢Sexually aroused by viewing, handling, licking or kissing the feet and toes of another person

➢ Tickling Fetishism ✓A specific sexual thrill from either tickling a sex partner or being subjected to
tickling themselves
➢ Wet and Messy Fetish ✓A person is aroused by substances applied on the body like mud, shaving
foam or sauce.

❖Messy ❖Wet ❖Quicksand ❖Underwater

➢ Pygmalionism ➢A sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual desire for statues

➢ Incendiarism ➢A sexual deviation whereby a person derives sexual pleasure from setting fire
❑Frotteurism (Frottage) ➢ Sexual gratification by rubbing genitals against others in public place
❑Pedophilia

➢ Sexual urges towards a child (sexual abuse)

❑Masochism

➢ Derives sexual excitement from being humiliated or beaten

❑Sadism ➢ Sexual pleasure is through infliction of pain upon a person

❑Voyeurism (Peeping Tom) ❑Sexual pleasure is attain by watching subject from a distance
❑Scatologia ❑Sexual gratification is obtained through compulsive use of obscene language
❑Nechrophilia ❑Sexual attraction to corpse

❑Coprophilia ❑A paraphilia involving pleasure from feces

❑Zoophilia ❑ Sexual desire towards animals

❑Also known as bestiality ❑Urophilia

❑Sexual arousal is attained by being urinated or drinking urine

❑Gerontophilia ❑Sexual inclination towards the elders

❑Mysophilia ➢Sexual gratification is obtain by filthy surrounding

❑Hypoxyphilia ➢Desire to achieve an altered state of consciousness as an enhancement to the

experience of orgasm (choking, electric shock, drugs)

» Heterosexual ˃ Sexual desire towards the opposite sex

» Homosexual ˃ Sexual desire towards members of his/her own gender + Overt – conscious of their
homosexual cravings + Latent – may or may not be aware of their homosexual tendencies

» Autosexual ˃ Form of self-abuse ˃ Achievement of orgasm by manual or mechanical stimulation +

Conscious type – manual or mechanical means of sexual excitement + Unconscious type – release of
tension through nocturnal stimulation
» Oralism – the use of mouth as a way of sexual gratification ˃ Fellatio ˃ Cunnilingus » Sodomy ˃ Sexual
act through anus

» Uranism ˃ Attainment of sexual pleasure by fingering, fondling with the breast or licking parts of the
body

» Partialism ˃ Special affinity to certain parts of the body » Triolism ˃ Perversion in which three person
are participating

» Pluralism ˃ Form of sexual deviation in which a group of person participates in the sexual orgies »
Transvestism ˃ A sexual deviation wherein a male individual derives pleasure from wearing a female
apparel

» Transexualism ˃ Dominant desire in some person to identify themselves with the opposite sex as
completely as possible to discard forever their anatomical sex

» Intersexuality ˃ A genetic defect wherein an individual shows characteristic of sexes including physical
form, reproductive organs and sexual behavior

Somatoform disorders

❑A mental disorder characterized by physical symptoms that mimic physical disease or injury for which
there is no identifiable physical cause

❑Symptoms are due to mental factors

❑People become very worried about their health because the doctors are unable to find cause for their
health problems

Major Types of Somatoform

❑Conversion Disorder (Hysteria)

➢Patient display neurological symptoms even though no neurological explanation is found

➢Symptoms are due to the patient’s psychological response to stress

✓Sensory – excessive sensitivity to strong stimulation or loss of the sense of pain

✓Motor – tremor and disorganized mobility or paralysis on muscle group such as arms or legs
✓Visceral – symptoms include trouble swallowing or vomiting all carried to uncommon extreme
❑Hypochondriasis

➢Person are preoccupied with their health

➢Convinced that they have some serious disorder despite reassurance from the doctor to the contrary
➢They believe that minor complaints are signs of very serious medical problems ( headache – brain
tumor)
❑Somatization Disorder

➢Psychiatric diagnosis applied to patient’s who chronically and persistently complain of varied physical
symptoms that have identifiable physical origin

➢Symptoms involve several different organs and systems and patient may report a combination of
pain, neurological problems gastrointestinal complaint and sexual symptoms

❑Body Dysmorphic Disorder

➢Referred to as body dysmorphia/dysmorphic syndrome

➢Psychological disorder in which the affected person is excessively concerned about the defect in
his/her physical features

❑Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder

➢Including these disorder are false pregnancy and mass psychogenic illness

➢A less specific version of somatization disorder

❖ A disorder in which, under stress, one losses the integration of consciousness, identity and memories
of important personal events

❑Psychogenic Amnesia

✓Also known as Dissociative Amnesia

✓Temporary or permanent loss of a part or all of the memory

✓Most often associated with catastrophic events Sub-Categories of Psychogenic Amnesia

❑Localized Amnesia

❑Outcome of a particular event

❑Unable to recall the details of a usually traumatic event

❑Selective Amnesia

❑The memory retained is very selective

❑A person can remember certain general occurrences but not specific

❑Generalized and Common Amnesia

✓A person either forget the details of his/her entire life

✓In case of a continuous amnesia, the person can’t recall details prior to a certain point in time,
including the present

❑Psychogenic Fugue

✓Generalized amnesia of a flight from family, problem or location

✓Person may create an entirely new life

❑Multiple Personality Disorder

✓Also know as Dissociative Identity Disorder

✓The occurrence of two or more personalities within the same individual

❑Depersonalization Disorder

✓Continued presence of feelings that the person is not himself/herself or that he/she can’t control
his/her actions

✓Labelled as disorder when it is recurrent and impairs social and occupational function

Refers to the consequence of the failure of an organism (human or animal) to respond appropriately to
emotional or physical threats, whether actual or imagined.

Depression

What is Depression?

O Sadness

O Feeling helpless

O Hopeless

O Worthless; last for many days and keep you from functioning normally, your depression maybe
something more than sadness. It may very well be clinical depression, a treatable condition.

How do I know If I have Depression?

O A depressed mood during most of the day, particularly in the morning

O Fatigue or loss of energy almost every day

O Feelings of worthlessness or guilt almost every day

O Impaired condition, indecisiveness

O Insomnia or hypersomnia
O Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in almost all activities nearly every day

O Recurring thoughts of death or suicide

O A sense of restlessness or being slowed down

O Significant weight loss or gain The key sign

O The key sign of depression is either depressed mood or loss of interest in activities you once enjoyed.

FRUSTRATION

O Frustration is an emotion that occurs in situations where a person is blocked from reaching a desired
outcome.

O The more important the goal, the greater the frustration and resultant anger or loss of confidence

O Frustration is not necessarily bad since it can be a useful indicator of the problems in a person’s life
and, as a result, it can act as a motivator to change.

O However, when it results in anger, irritability, stress, resentment, depression and a feeling of giving
up, frustration can be destructive. Coping Mechanism

O Coping is expending conscious effort to solve personal and interpersonal problems and seeking to
master, minimize or tolerate stress or conflict

O Psychologically speaking it is termed as coping strategies or coping skills

O The term coping generally refers to adaptive or constructive strategies Defense Mechanism

O An unconscious process, as denial, that protects an individual from unacceptable or painful ideas or
impulses

O In order to deal with conflict and problems in life, ego employs a range of defense mechanisms
(Freud)

EARLY THEORIES

❖Demonological Theory – an individual should not be held responsible for the evil things they have
done because their body is possessed by evil spirits.

❖Classical Theory – this was based on the assumption that people are rational being and have free will.
This is also based on the notion that people by nature are hedonistic. • Hedonism – a doctrine which
states that pleasure is the highest good in life and that moral duty is fulfilled through the pursuit of
pleasure or happiness.

CLASSICALREASONS
❖General Deterrence – punishment of delinquents strikes fear in the hearts of other people.

❖Specific Deterrence – punishment strikes fear in the hearts of the wrongdoers.

❖Incapacitation – imprisoned wrongdoers cannot commit further offence making them incapacitated.
❖Retribution – delinquents should be punish because they deserve it. Punishment is morally right and
just and it has no positive effect or purpose on the minds of other people.

❖Positive or Italian Theory – promoted the idea of determinism as a way of explaining crime and
delinquency. Causes of juvenile delinquency could be identified through the application of scientific
method.

❖Critical Theory – this theory blames delinquency on the imbalance of power within the society. Critical
criminologist and sociologist view juvenile delinquency as a by product of existing social arrangements.

BIOLOGICAL THEORIES

❖Lombrosian Theory (atavistic) - criminals have many stigmata (distinctive physical features) - criminals
are atavistic (having mentality of primitive people) - criminals are epileptic, insane and inborn

❖General Inferiority/Hooton’s Theory (Earnest Hooton) - crime is the result of the impact of
environment upon the lower class people - crime exist because there are some inferior people
❖Somatotyping Theory (William Sheldon) - body type affects a person’s entire personality and
temperament

✓ endomorphs – people who are fat, round and soft with short arms and legs

✓ mesomorphs – athletic and muscular physique

✓ ectomorphs – skinny, lean and fragile body

❖Genetic Theory – delinquency is committed by people who have abnormal genetic structure or
chromosomal abnormalities