Introduction to Anatomy

Dr.Jagadeesh
Objective & Topic outcomes
Objectives: The objective of the lecture is to discuss the
anatomical terms, anatomical positions, regions of the
body, organ systems, ways of describing and visualising
the human body.
Topic Outcomes:
1.1 Explain the importance of Anatomy in the curriculum and
discuss the subdivisions of anatomy.
1.2 Describe how a human body is studied by the process of
dissection of cadaver.
1.3 Explain the concept of normal anatomical position and
describe the planes in the study of anatomy, different
anatomical terms of position and movement.
1.4 Explain the scope of regional and systemic anatomy.
1.5 Classify the joints with examples.
Anatomy-Definition & Importance in the curriculum
 Anatomy is derived from Greek word ANATOME (Ana
– up, tome – cutting).
 Traditionally, study of anatomy was made by - cutting
up or dissecting of organisms.
 Anatomy is the study of structure (morphology) of the
human body and its parts.
 Anatomy forms the basis for the entire medical field.
Knowledge of anatomy is essential to know the body
parts & its components in order to ensure safe clinical
practice by clinicians, especially in the fields of surgery
and imaging.
Cadaver

 Cadaver is a preserved dead body, especially intended for dissection to

teach/train the medical students. Derived from Latin word “cadere” - to fall
Embalming

 Embalming is the process to treat the cadaver with

preservatives in order to prevent decay.
 Embalming has three goals: disinfection,
preservation and restoration.
 Embalming has been part of the funeral process.
The Egyptians embalmed for religious reasons,
Today we embalm our dead for preservation and
restoration to a more pleasing appearance.
 Embalming was done in 1861 by Dr. Thomas
Holmes, Father of modern embalming.
 In modern embalming, arsenic was injected through
the arterial system. Arsenic effectively killed all
microorganisms that contributed to decomposition
but was banned in the early 20th century due to its
significant health risks.
 Now formalin is used in the Anatomy for embalming.
Gross Anatomy

 Study of the part and structure of the body with naked eye.
Also known as macroscopic Anatomy.

 How to study ?

- Dissection

- Study with the dissected preserved specimens

- Models

- Diagrams

- Lectures / Tutorials and other class room activities.

Anatomy – sub divisions

 Histology or microscopic anatomy- Study of the

minute structure of the various component parts
of the body using microscope.
 Embryology - Study of the various stages of
intrauterine development from the fertilized ovum
up to birth.
Anatomy – sub divisions

 Osteology- Study of bony system or skeleton.

 Myology - Study of the muscles.
 Arthrology – Study of joints.
 Syndesmology - Study of the articulations or joints.
 Angiology - Study of the vascular system, comprising the
heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph
glands.
 Neurology- Study of the nervous system.
 Splanchnology- study of the visceral organs.
Anatomical Position-Normal

Normal anatomical position - Standing erect, facing the observer,

feet slightly apart, arms are at the sides with palms facing forward.

 Body erect,
 Feet slightly apart,
 Palms facing forward,
 Thumbs point away
from the body.
Anatomical terms

Relative Positions:
 Terms of relative position are used to describe the location
of a part relative to another part.
 Terms of relative position include:
Superior, inferior.
Anterior, posterior.
Medial, lateral.
Proximal, distal.
Superficial (peripheral) and deep.
Terms of position
Terms of position
Terms of position
Anatomical terms - position
Body planes
Body Planes
Body Planes

 Sagittal plane – divides the body into right

and left parts.
 Midsagittal plane – sagittal plane that lies
on the midline.
 Coronal or frontal plane – divides the body
into anterior and posterior parts.
 Transverse or horizontal plane (cross
section) – divides the body into superior
and inferior parts.
 Oblique section – cuts made diagonally.
Body Planes

Frontal or Coronal
Plane

←Transverse
Plane

← Sagittal Plane
Levels of organization
Regional Anatomy
Regional Anatomy

Regions of the body

1. Head & Neck

2. Trunk

3. Upper limb

4. Lower limb

The trunk is subdivided into-

 Thorax

 Abdomen
- Abdomen proper
- Pelvis
- Perineum
Regional Anatomy

 Upper limb consists of

- Shoulder
- Arm
- Forearm
- Hand
 Lower limb consists of
- Gluteal region (buttock)
- Thigh
- Leg
- Foot
Systemic Anatomy
The study of group of organs / structures
concerned with the same / similar
functions.
Organ systems of the body:
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Cardio-vascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
- Endocrine system
- Nervous system
- Integumentary system
Terms of movement

 Flexion, extension.
 Abduction, adduction.
 Medial rotation, lateral rotation.
 Circumduction.
Upper limb -
 Pronation.
 Supination.
Pectoral girdle -
 Protraction, retraction.
Foot-
 Inversion and eversion.
Flexion & Extension
Flexion & Extension
Elbow flexion & extension
Abduction & adduction
Pronation & supination
Deviation
Inversion & Eversion
Musculoskeletal system

Components:
 Muscles
 Bones
 Joints
Muscular system

 Composed of
muscles and
tendons.
 Allows movement
and helps in
locomotion.
 Maintains posture.
 Produces heat.
Muscle tissue properties

 Excitability or irritability:
Ability to respond to a
stimulus.
 Contractility:
Ability to shorten forcibly.
 Extensibility:
Muscle fibers can be
stretched.
 Elasticity:
Resume its normal length
after being shortened.
Muscle tissue types

 Skeletal muscle:
Striated,voluntary.
 Cardiac muscle:
Heart, striated,
involuntary.
 Smooth muscle:
Nonstriated,
involuntary.
Joints
General features of Joints

 Joints are the junctions of two or

more bones.
 Joints are made of flexible
connective tissues that hold bones
together allowing movement.
 Range of movements:
- Some joints allow a great degree
of movement ,while some joints do not
permit any movement.
Classifications of joints

Joints are classified based on

1. Movement.
2. Axis of movement.
3. Structure between the bones.

According to movement :

1.Synarthrosis-
-Immovable joint- Example - skull

2.Amphiarthrosis-
-Slightly movable joint-Example-elbow, knee

3.Diarthrosis-
- Freely movable joint – Example- shoulder
Classification of joints

According to axis of movement:

 Uniaxial joints:
- Hinge joints

 Biaxial joints:
- Ellipsoid joints & saddle joints

 Multiaxial joints:
Plane joints & Ball and socket joint.
Classification of joints

According to their structure:

 Fibrous joints - Joints connected by fibrous
structures like ligaments- immovable.
 Cartilaginous joints - Bones connected by cartilages
- immovable or slightly movable.
 Synovial joints - More mobile.
Fibrous joint
Cartilaginous joint
Synovial joint
Synovial joint - Structure

Articular surfaces of bones are

covered by articular cartilage,
made up of hyaline cartilage.
 Articular capsule, a fibrous
membrane covers and protects
the articular surfaces of bones.
 Synovial membrane lines the
joint cavity, secretes synovial
fluid which lubricates the joint.
Types of synovial joint

1. Plane joint
2. Hinge joint
3. Pivot joint
4. Condyloid joint
5. Ellipsoid joint
6. Saddle joint
7. Ball & socket joint
Plane joint

 The opposed articular

surfaces are flat and
permits only sliding
movements.
 Eg.Acromioclavicular
joint
Hinge joint

 Resemble the hinge

on a door and allows
movement in one
axis.
 Eg.Elbow,knee &
ankle.
Pivot joint

 A central bony pivot is

surrounded by bony
ligamentous ring.

 Eg.Atlanto axial &

superior radio ulnar
joints.
Condyloid joint

 Have convex
surfaces
articulating with
concave surfaces.
 Slight rotation
possible.
 Eg.Metacarpo
phalangeal joints
of fingers.
Ellipsoid joint

 Elliptical convex
surface
articulating with
elliptical concave
surface.
 No rotation.
 Eg.Wrist joint
Saddle joint

 Articular surfaces are

reciprocally concavo
convex like a saddle
on horse back.
 Rotation is possible.
 Eg.Carpo metacarpal
joint of thumb.
Ball and socket joint

 A ball shaped head

of one bone
articulates with the
socket like cavity of
another bone.
 Capable of free
movements around
number of axes.
 Eg. Shoulder & hip
joints
Summary
Summary

 Anatomy- definition
 Subdivisions of anatomy
 Planes of human body
 Terms of position
 Terms of movement
 Regional and systemic anatomy
 Joints
Anatomical terms - position
 Normal anatomical position - Standing erect,
facing the observer, arms are at the sides with
palms facing forward.
 Superior - toward the head.
 Inferior - away from the head.
 Anterior (ventral) - front of the body or body part.
 Posterior (dorsal) - back of the body or body part.
 Median - located in the midline.
 Medial - toward the midline that divides left and
right.
 Lateral - to the side away from the midline.
 Proximal - closer to the body.
 Distal - farther away from the body.
Body planes
Thank You