1 ® ESSAY 2eceere ESSAY ® 1 ESSAY ‘Time — 25 minutes ‘The essay'gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can develop and express ideas. You should, therefore, take care to develop your point of view, present your ideas logically and clearly, and use language precisely. ‘Your essay must’be writen on the ines provided on your answer sheet — you will receive no other paper on which to write ‘You will have-enough space if you write on every line, avoid wide margins, and keep your handwriting to a reasonable size Remember that people who are not familiar with your handwriting will read what you write. Try to write or print so that what you are writing is legible to those readers. Important Reminders: i *+ A pencil is required for the essay. An essay written in ink will receive a score of zero. ‘+ Do not write your essay in your test book. You will receive credit only for what you write on your answer sheet. ‘+ An off-topic essay will receive a score of zero, + Ifyour essay does not reflect your original and individual work, your scores for the entire test may be canceled. *+ Anclectronic copy of your essay will be made avaitable to each of your designated score recipients: colleges, universities, and scholarship programs. ‘You have twenty-five minutes to write an essay on the topic assigned below ‘Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below. ‘The idea of caring about only the people of one's own country seems outdated. Some people still defend this atitude, claiming that if we are going to expend resources to help people, we should help those of our own country first. But national boundaries are meaningless lines that shift over time. There i no reason why a citizen of one country should not feel just as responsible for the well-being of people in other countries as for the well-being of those in his, or her own country Assignment: Should we care just as much about people in other countries as we do about people in our own country’? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue, Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations. BEGIN WRITING YOUR ESSAY ON PAGE 2 OF THE ANSWER SHEET ish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. ce Do not turn to any other section in the test.1 ® ESSAY seesszzers ESSAY ESSAY ‘Time — 25 minutes “The essay gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can develop and express ideas, You should, therefore, take care to develop your point of view, present your ideas logically and clearly, and use language precisely ‘Your essay must be written on the lines provided on your answer sheet—you will receive no other paper on which 10 write, You will have enough space if you write on every line, avoid wide margins, and Keep your handwriting toa reasonable size. Remember that people who are not familiar with your handwriting will read what you write, Try to write or print so that what ‘you ate writing is legible to those readers. Important Reminders: + A pencil is required for the essay ‘An essay written in ink will receive a score of zero. + Do not write your essay in your test book. You will receive credit only for what you write on your answer sheet. + An off-topic essay will receive a score of zero. ‘+ Ifyour essay does not reflect your original and individual work, your scores for the entire test may be canceled. + An electronie copy of your essay will be made available to each of your designated score recipients: colleges, universities, and scholarship programs, You have twenty-five minutes to write an essay on the topic assigned below. [Pink carey abou sue presented inthe following excerpt andthe ssigment below Assignment: Some say that high achievers —people who reach their ambitious goals because of their ‘determination and skills —always get ahead at the expense of others. When one political candidate is elected, others are defeated; when someone wins in any kind of competitive event, others lose. But this view of achievers is too negative. By improving the world around them and providing an example forall to follow, achievers benefit others as well as themselves. Do the actions of high achievers benefit all people? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations. BEGIN WRITING YOUR ESSAY ON PAGE 2 OF THE ANSWER SHEET If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test.1 ® ESSAY vessees ESSAY ESSAY Time — 25 minutes ‘The essay gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can develop and express ideas. You should, therefore, take ‘care to develop your point of view, present your ideas logically and clearly, and use language precisely ‘Your essay must be written on the lines provided on your answer sheet — you will receive no other paper on which to write. You will have enough space if you write on every line, avoid wide margins, and keep your handwriting to a reasonable size. Remember that people who are not familiar with your handwriting will read what you write, Try to write or print so that what ‘you are writing is legible to those readers. Important Reminders: ‘+A pencil is required for the essay. An essay written in ink will receive a score of zero, ‘+ Do not write your essay in your test book. You will receive credit only for what you write on your answer sheet. + Am off-topic essay will receive a score of zero. + Ifyour essay does not reflect your original and individual work, your scores for the entire test may be canceled. + An electronic copy of your essay will be made available to each of your designated score recipients: colleges, universities, and scholarship programs. You have twenty-five minutes to write an essay on the topic assigned below. [thnk carta bout he sue presented inthe following excerpt and he assignment below. People tend to consider the past unimportant. Afterall, why waste time dwelling on what already happened? There is no way t0 go back and change events or their outcomes. But this ‘way of thinking is wrong. People are too focused on the present; they should pay more and closer attention to past events. The lessons learned from examining the past are much more valuable than any lessons that people can learn from the present 1 \wnite an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning | Assignment: Do people lea more ftom examining events in the past than from focusing only on the presen? Plan and | anc examples taken fom your reading, studies, experience, or observations BEGIN WRITING YOUR ESSAY ON PAGE 2 OF THE ANSWER SHEET. If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. ‘Do not turn to any other section in the test.ESSAY sewers ESSAY ESSAY Time — 25 minutes ‘The essay gives you an opportunity to show how effectively you can develop and express ideas. You should, therefore, take care 0 develop your point of view, present your ideas logically and clearly, and use language precisely Your essay must be written on the lines provided on your answer sheet—you will receive no other paper on which to write. ‘You will have enough space if you write on every line, avoid wide margins, and keep your handwriting to a reasonable size. Remember that people who are not familiar with your handwriting will read what you write. Try to write or print so that what you are writing is legible to those readers. Important Reminders: + A pencil is required for the essay, An essay written in ink will receive a score of zero, + Do not write your essay in your test book. You will receive credit only for what you write on your answer sheet + An off-topic essay will receive a score of zero. + Ifyour essay does not reflect your original and individual work, your scores for the entire test may be canceled. + Ancelectronic copy of your essay will be made available to each of your designated score recipients: colleges, universities, and scholarship programs. You have twenty-five minutes to write an essay on the topic assigned below. | ‘Think carefully about the issue presented in the following excerpt and the assignment below. Sra of evi cen ae primary on wis, anit compos, and cenit Poil | Tears reno usually considered tobe very creative Indeed, i someies sai that it ord thing that leaders in general are not very retv, since an exoes of creativity, especially Sn leaders who have to enforce rls, woUld oly lead to Wouble. Yet surely some degre of Greatly is desable nal walk of ie {Adapted from Thomas G. West, Inthe Mind's Eye | Assignment: Do all people need to be creative? Plan and write an essay in which you develop your point of view on this issue. Support your position with reasoning and examples taken from your reading, studies, experience, or observations. BEGIN WRITING YOUR ESSAY ON PAGE 2 OF THE ANSWER SHEET. If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. | Do not turn to any other section in the test.200 OC seven OOOo2 SECTION 2 Time — 25 20 Questions [Turn to Section 2 (page 4) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Directio For this section, solve each problem and decide which is the best of the choices given. Fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. You may use any available space for scratch work. 1 J} |The ws ofa calultr is permined 2. All numbers used are el numbers, | 3 Figs hat accompany problems in his est are intended to provide inonmation useful in sling the problems §] They are drawn as accurately as possible EXCEPT when itis stated in a speifc problem that the igre is not a drawn to scale. All figures lie in a plane unless otherwise indicated. 4. Unless otherwise specified, the domain of any funetion fi assumed to e the Set fal real numbers for which f(x) is a reat number. 5 ‘ : a : hn : nh oN we B|, 3fN? i Zin 9 é 7 b Sl a a ao ; gf are as ew Vth yearn 2 Spovial Righ Triangles $] The number of depres of ae in a circle i 360 =| The sum of the measures in degrees of the angles of a triangle is 180. A. Set N consists of all numbers that are both greater than =4 and less than 3. Which of the following numbers is NOT in set N? 2 @ 0 © -1 o 3 (E) For which of the following values of x is 3(x ~ 2) divisible by 9? “& @) © () © GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE >200 Oserme- 0 O oO 2 NUMBER OF WHALES TAGGED IN POPULATION STUDY. BY TYPE Be my ee = 10 whales i a = we gey = S whales 5) ar Ey Qe : Bee Soy Ce Ge 5 eS a Ge Blue Fin Gray Humpback Right ‘Type of Whale 3. A scientist is conducting a study to wack five different types of whales. The pictogram above shows how many whales have been tagged. by type, during the study. What fraction of the tagged whales are humpback whales? ww «By © ) ® 4. In the figure above, four lines intersect as shown and PORS is a rectangle. How many right angles are in the figure? w 4 B) 8 OR (D) 16 (&) 20 5. If 2x? = 8 which of the following is a possible value of 2x7 a 8 (B) -4 © 2 ) 3 ©) 6 GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE )2000 \Unoumonited copying or ceuse of ny pat ols ae Hoga OoOd 2 ‘6. Ata clothing store, John bought 2 equally priced shirts and | pair of pants. The price of the pants i was m dollars, and the total price forthe 3 items \was 75 dollars. What was the price, in dollars, of each’of the shirts in terms of mn? (A) 25-00 15 i ) Bon ( Bia 2 ) AB ¢ 7. On the number line above, x and y are the coordinates of points A and C,and AB = BC. What is the value ofv ty? (a) 25 (B) 50 (© 75 (D) 100 (B) 125 & Ihe and y =, wtih of te oowings ney @) xy ©» © »° ©) (oy) 9. A potato at room temperature is placed in an oven at 37°F. Afier m minutes in the oven, the potato’s temperature, P, in degrees Fahrenheit, is modeled by the function P(m) = 375 ~ 300(09)". According 10 the model, which of the following best approximates the temperature of the potato ater 4 minutes in the oven? (A) 100°F (B) 130° (©) 180°F (D) 20°F (&) 20°F GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE2000 Unaware copyag ot use ot ‘nye of ie pape wage 10, If w+2x+y=10 and 2w+2x+2y=10, whatis the value of x? ay 5 (B) 10 © 15 (D) 20 (&) 25 11. In the right circular cone above, point O is the iter ofthe base, What is the volume of the cone? (The volume of a cone with base radius r and height h isdethy (a) Re ®) is (© 16 o & © 6 gst 3 4+ {tf att 4 224-9 12345 6 Number of Books 12. The scatterplot above shows the number of books read and the number of videos watched by each of 12 students in one month. For how many of the students was the number of books read greater than the number of videos watched? (a) Three (B) Four (©) Five (D) Six (E) Seven Note: Figure not drawn to scale 13, Inthe figure above, tine segments AC and BD intersect at point . If y > 90, which ofthe following is NOT tne? x (B) x+y = 180 (C) y+2=180 ) x42<180 ©) r+ y42>200 GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE| | | Qo00Os=<- oO Oo oO 2 y=10-3x 14. How many different ordered pairs (x, y) of positive integers satisfy the equation above? (A) None (B) One (© Two (D) Three (E) Five In the figure above, line ¢ is tangent to the circle at point P, and point O is the center ofthe citce. ‘What is the value of 9? (a) 50 (B) 5s © 60 (D) 65 (©) 75 | | | | | | | | a 16. At Wilson High School, the global issues class consists ‘of 60% of the senior class. In the global issues class, 40% of the students are boys, and there are 90 girls in this class. What is the total number of students in the senior class at Wilson High (A) 150 (B) 200 (© 250 (D) 375, (&) 450 school? 17. "he graphs ofthe functions f and gare shown in the xy-plane above. For which of the following values of a is f(a) = g(a)? (a3 B) 4 (©) 5 (D) 6 (7 GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGEOoO0O 2 40° D 18. In AABC above, what is the iength of segment AC in terms of x? (a) 3x (B) 4x © xi (D) 2 (E) 2 19. If 3° = &, what does 3°" 3K 9k Rag +3 +1 “a @) © ) © 20. equal in terms of &? STOP In the xy-coordinate plane, point P is the reflection of the point with coordinates (3, 1) across the line y = Point T is the reflection of point P across the y-axis What are the coordinates of T? tA) (-3.1) (B) (-1,-3) (C) (-1,3) ) (,-3) © @.-) Ifyou finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other sec tion in the test,4 ® O OF Dy srsvesseusrs ooo@4 SECTION 4 ‘Time — 25 minutes 35 Questions, circle on the answer sheet [ Directions: For each question inthis section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding “The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness of expression, Part of each sentence or the entre sentence is underlined; beneath each sentence are five ways of phrasing the underlined material. Choice A repeats the original phrasing; the other four choices are different. If you think the original phrasing produces a better sentence | | than any of the alternatives, select choice A: if not, select one of the other choices, In making your selection, follow the requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, sentence construction, and punctuation, Your selection should result in the most effective ambiguity EXAMPLE: Lavra Ingalls Wilder published her first book and she was siaty-five yea old then, (A) and she was sixty-five years old then (B) when she was sixty-five (C) at age sixty-five years old (D) upon the reaching of sixty-five years (E) at the time when she was sixty-five ©8008 [Turn to Section 4 (page 5) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. | 1, William Dalrymple’s book is not only a gripping tale of politics and power and also evidence of the complexity of cross-cultural relationships. | | sentence—clear and precise, without awkwardness or | | | i | | i | i (A) and also |B) butalso | © aswellas | ©) inaddition | ©) and . Walking out of the theater, it was agreed by my sister and me that the movie was vastly overrated. (A) it was agreed by my sister and me (B) it was agreed by my sister and I (© my sister and me, we agreed (D) my sister and me agreed (E) my sister and | agreed When packing for a trip, you should follow the advice offered in many magazine articles: choose wrinkle- free clothing in black and in neutral colors. (A) you should follow the advice offered in many ‘magazine articles (B) you would follow the advice offered from many magazine articles (C) follow the advice with many magazine articles (D) the advice in many magazine articles is offered and one should follow it (E) many magazine articles would offer advice to be followed Home fuel cells, already available in Japan, which is a compact, pollution-free device that produce electricity ata fraction of the regular cost. (A) which is a compact, pollution-free device (B) a compact, pollution-free device (C) these devices are compact, pollution-free, (D) is a compact, pollution-free device (E) are compact, pollution-free devices GO ONTOTHE NEXT PAGE >| i | | | | LUnatnonges copying or use of Sy patos page saga 5. Because writers in colonial America had 10 pay their own printing costs, authorship was largely profession with those who were relatively wealthy (A) authorship was largely a profession with those who were (B) authorship was largely a profession of the (C) authorship, largely a profession of the (D) authorship having largely been s profession for those who were (E) therefore authorship was largely a profession for the 6. The program is one of many projects included in the ambitious Copenhagen Climate Plan, itaims to make the Danish capital carbon neutral by 2025, (A) itaims (B) its simis (C) where they aim (D) which aims (©) which is aimed 7. Ina Zen rock garden, stones are positioned to represent islands, and the surrounding gravel is raked to form pattems that suggests ocean waves (A) patterns that suggests (B) patterns suggesting (C) pattems, they suggest (D) patterns; which suggest (E) patterns: this suggesting 8. Until relatively recently humans were thought to be uniquely self-aware, scientists now know that most chimpanzees and orangutans can recognize their own reflections. (A) scientists now know (B) but scientists now know (C) but scientists who now know (D) however, scientists now know (E) but with scientists now knowing 10. u. . Evidence of the prehistoric hunter-gatherers who once ‘2ecupied the Grand Canyon includes animal figurines ‘made out of split and woven twigs as well as rock-art, panels and stone tools, (A) who once occupied the Grand Canyon includes (B) that once occupied the Grand Canyon include (C) when they occupied the Grand Canyon include {D) once occupying the Grand Canyon including (E) who at one time occupied the Grand Canyon, including After scheduling it for demolition, the hundred. year ‘ld building was instead moved to a new location, (A) After scheduling it for demolition, the hundred: year-old building was instead moved (B) After scheduling the hundred-year-old building for demolition, it was instead moved (©) After being scheduled for demolition, they instead ‘moved the hundred-year-old building (D) Having been scheduled for demolition. they instead moved the hundred-year-old building (B) Having been scheduled for demolition, the hhundred-year-old-building was instead moved Because Earth's gravity is greater than the Moon's, the energy expended in traveling from Earth to the Moon is greater than the opposite direction (A) the opposite (B) traveling in the opposite (©) if one travels in the opposite (D) that of traveling in the opposite (E) that expended in traveling in the opposite GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE4 © OO O seeemes [ime following sentences test your ability to recognize ammar and usage ervors. Each sentence contains either | a single error or no error a all. No sentence contains more than one error. The error, if there is one, is underlined and lettered. Ifthe sentence contains an error, select the tone underlined part that mst be changed to make the sentence correct. Ifthe sentence is correct, select choice E. 15, Hull House was founded by Jane Addams x asa community project in which people of the neighborhood joined trained social workers to provide In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard C writen English day care, schooling, meals, and they offer many other D EXAMPLE services. Noeror ‘Thecother delegates and him immediately F i A Bc accepted the resolution drafted by the 16, Although Danie! Gabriel Fahrenheit was far from D being the only cighteenth-century scientist a B E e000 | | | neat snes, Noro: to propose a temperature scale, but his was one | i c D | 12. A passion fit, whichis about ihe size ofan eg, ofthe few that were widely used. No er i a OB "ES | has a brittle outer shell that became slightly wrinkled | c ~D 17. Often used interchangeable in recipes, the nectarine | a when the fui is ripe. Noenor \ = and the peach share’ many characteristics, but the | B i | 13, Across hestreet from the new bookstore and coffee skin ofa nectarine is smoother than that of a peach a c D shop were an old, dilapidated playground whose B ic | broken equipment and overgrown weeds attested 18, Speed-reading was once promoted mainly to people a to long neglect, Noerror | | D E who were eager to catch up on recreational reading, | B | 14, Because perspiration doesnot evaporate efficient at but now the method appeals to busy executives | ene) efficient appeals to | a B c high humidity, humid air often feels warmer to us coping about information overload. No error et D D E than would dry air atthe same temperature. No error TE a GO ONTOTHE NEXT PAGE >Wood Snyper os page leg Ooo 19. Like former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher, who studied chemistry in college. German chancellor a ‘Angela Merkel was initially dawnt the sciences, B c eaming 2 doctorate in physics before entering politics, D No error E 20. When the frst department stoves opened in the late nineteenth century. they were cavernous, no-frills storerooms that stock a hodgepodge of items 5 previously available 1 c D rom specialty merchants. No enor E 21, Although the author has presented her book to the a publisher as a fact-based memoir, she later confessed B tha it had been ent ly fabricated. No error Dd —- 22, Because oysters eat by filtering nutrients through their ry gills, their health is affected by the quality of the water 5 + passing through jit. Noerror cc DE 16. 23. All morning long my friend and I waited patiently in a 5 the courtroom tohear whether we would be selected toheat a juror in the upcoming trial. No error E 24, Researchers recognize that the cuttlefish has an A extraordinary ability 10 camouflage itself, but they satording hey have only a rough understanding of how it does so. D No error E 25, The plunging cost of genome-sequencing technologies are expected to give people unprecedented A B ‘opportunities to examine th ic profiles. No error 26. It was not until 1982, the year two major supermarket chains began replacing paper bags with plastic ones, A B when the use of plastic shopping bags became is D widespread, No error E GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE )OOO 27. Because the high-altitude regions where A itlives have cold temperatures, dry soil, and BOC wing seasons are short, the bristlecone pine D grows very slowly. Noerror | 28. Country-and-western musicians, who in the past were A thought to lack market consciousness, are now seen | B c } as one of the most commercially savvy performers in D show business. No error 29, New Jersey's Atlantic City still uses wooden planks for their boardwalk, even though other towns A B have beguin using plastic planks, which last Cc © fartonger. _No ertor D E Unaunoios copying or ous ot fry part ms page ga ooo@4 Directions: The following passage is an early draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need to be rewritten. Read the passage and select the best answers for the questions that follow, Some questions are about particular sentences or parts of sentences and ask you to improve sentence structure or word choice. Other questions ask you to consider organization and development. In choosing. answers, follow the requirements of standard written English. Questions 30-35 refer to the following passage. (1) In 1902 an engineer named Wills Cartier designed an air-cooling system for a Brooklyn printing company. (2) Lite did Carrier suspect that his “Apparatus for ‘Treating Air,” the frst modem air conditioner, had changed the way people in the United States worked and lived (3) At fits, they used such devices exclusively in private industry. (4) Their ability 0 cool indoor environments, improved worker productivity and protected products as various as chocolate, film, and leather from heat damage. (5) Likewise, starting in the 1920s, air-conditioning increasingly appeared in publi settings —most dramatically in the modern movie house, which it transformed. (6) Before air-conditioning, theater owners typically lost money in the summer, when the heat and poor ventilation made theaters unappealing. (7) In 1925 Carrier persuaded Adolph Zokor of Paramount Pictures to install air-conditioning inthe Rivoli Theater in Manhattan (8) The experiment was an enormous success. (9) Crowds flocked t0 the Rivoli. (10) Over the next five years, more than 300 movie theaters in the United States would follow the Rivoli's example. (1D Movie theaters were just the beginning. (12) The Introduction of air-conditioning nto public areas, such as stores and restaurants, not only made those areas more comfortable but also created a demand for the same level of comfort in the home. (13) As the cost ofthe new technology came down, air-conditioned houses became a fixture of modern American life. (14) For example, porches became less common asthe need to take advantage of breezes disappeared, a tend that prompted some social ctitics to voice concerns about the loss of contact with nature and neighbor. (15) Still, Zukor was right when he said of air-conditioning. “The people ate going to like it GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE »>4@oog Unautronaec copying or ute ot Spat of ts pape ep! OO 30. Where in the passage would the following sentence best be placed? Air-conditioning even altered the way those houses were designed. (A) Immediately before sentence 3 (B) Immediately before sentence 6 (©) Immediately before sentence 9 (D) Immediately before sentence 12 (E) Immediately before sentence 14 31. Incontext, which of the following revisions to sentence 2 (reproduced below) is most needed? Lite did Casvier suspect that his “Apparatus for Treating Air.” the first modern air conditioner, had changed she way people in the United States worked and lived. (A) Change “Little did Carrier suspect” to "Carrier did not suspect (B) Change “his” to “this”, (C)_ Insert “which was” before “the first modern air conditioner” (D) Change “bad changed” to “would change”. (E) Change “people” to “individuals”. 32. In context, which is the best way to revise and combine the underlined portion of sentences 3 and 4 (reproduced below) ? At first, they used such devices exclusively in private industrx. Their ability cool indoor environments improved worker productivity and protected products as various as chocolate, flm, and leather from heat damage. (A) they used such devices exclusively in private industry, and their (B) they used Carrier's device exclusively in private Industry, as its (©) these devices were used exclusively in private industry because their (D) when these devices were used exclusively in private industry, their (&) Carrier’s device was used exclusively in private industry, where its 33. In context, which of the following expressions would best be inserted at the beginning of sentence 7 (reproduced below)? In 1925 Carrier persuaded Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures to install air-conditioning in the Rivoli Theater in Manhattan (A) Nevertheless, (B) Similarly, (C) More importantly, (D) Rejecting this argument, (E) Responding to this problem, 34. In context, which revision of the underlined portion of sentence 9 (reproduced below) adds information that is most relevant? Crowds flocked 10 the Rivoli (A) Rivoli, eager to be present at the theater's widely advertised reopening (B) Rivoli, which was named after a famous street in Paris (©) Rivoli, as much to escape the heat as to see the (D) Rivoli, which was a Greek Revival building designed by Thomas W, Lamb (E) Rivoli, which previously had not had air conditioning 38. Which sentence is best placed after sentence 15 10 conclude the passage? (A) The price of air-conditioning units, however, has held steady, even though they are now globally produced, (B) Of course, the popularity of something is no ‘guarantee that its creator will benefit financially from it (©) Nowadays, air-conditioning is so common in the United States that most people don't give it a second thought—except when it's not working. (D) Zukor himself progressed from exhibiting movies to producing them, eventually becoming the head of the Paramount Pictures Corporation. (E) On the contrary, air-conditioning is sure to be supplanted by more efficient cooling systems ‘that have Jess of an impact on the environment. STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test. i5 comer 4 5 SECTION $ Time — 25 minutes 23 Questions [ Turn to Section 5 (page 5) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section, Directions: For each question in this section, select the best answer from among the choices given and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet 4. The ------ that met the novella upon publication was So ~---- its modes! achievement that even the author wondered whether the response was truly deserved. | Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when (A) indifference .. inconsistent with inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the | (B) recrimination .. commensurate with sentence as a whole, | (©) exaltation. essential 1 ° : (D) incredulity .. indicative of ees (E) acclamation .. disproportionate to Hoping to ----- the dispute, negotiators proposed ‘compromise that they felt would be -~---- fo both 5. ‘The participants in the study considered themselves labor and management. se, but i yielding to the wishes ofthe group, they (A) enforce. . useful a (B) end. divisive (A) autonomous. collective (C) overcome .. unattractive (B) expedient .. egotistical (D) extend ,. satisfactory (C) cooperative. , communal {E) resolve... acceptable ©2008 (D) munificent . narcissistic (E) egalitarian. reciprocal 1, John Hope Franklin’s From Savery 1o Freedom 6. Basset hounds tend to be —--- breed of dog: most | was ---=- book because it permanently altered how are not easily aroused into action United States history was studied, (A) a perspicacions —(B)aphlegmatic (4) aninfvntal(B) a comfortable (O)anesimable (D) anoverbeaing | (© raplodiding (D) a conisng (©) aresolute | (6) an outrageous 7. Mary Somerville's career was that of @ true <= 2. Students already confused by difficult college- she wrote on astronomy, mathematics, physies, and admission procedures will be further -—--- by the ‘geography, among other subjects, University's complex new online process, (A) philistine —(B) amateur (C) charlatan (A) cheered (B) frustrated _(C) encouraged {D) polymath (E) ideologue (D) fascinated (E) soothed 3. Eager to appear sophisticated and learned, Vincent i 3. Cherokee women traditionally exercised cultivated a persona that was both ----- and =~ authority: they managed agriculture, determined clan ‘membership, and wielded considerable economic (A) benevolent .. pedantic (B) morose .. gregarious dt (©) cosmopolitan .. cavalier i (A) extensive (B) temporary (C) limited (D) urbane... erudite (D) passive (EB) unjust (E) mordant .. unequivocal j a. On TOTHENERT PAGE)(WY 5 oo Unauhorges copyig ot eves of {ny pa othe pages tage 3 5@5 ‘The passages below are followed by questions based on their content; questions following a pair of related passages may also bbe based on the relationship between the paired passages. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passages and in any introductory material that may be provided Line 10 0 ‘Questions 9-12 are hased on the following passages. Passage J ‘Since long before the invention of university programs in creative writing, authors have mastered their craft in four main ways—firt, by paying a certain sort of attention tothe experience of life as well as merely undergoing it; second, by paying a certain sort of attention to the works of their great and less great predecessors in the medium of written language, as well as merely reading them; third, by practicing that medium themselves; and fourth, by offering their apprentice work for discussion and criticism by their impassioned peers, or by some more experienced hand, or by both, None of this, obviously, implies & degree-granting program in creative writing Passage 2 Can creative writing be taught? The answer I give to People is that a workshop can be useful. A good teacher ‘can show you how to edit your work. The right class ean encourage you and form the basis of a community that will help and sustain you. But the creative writing classroom, as helpful as it was to me, is not where I leamed to write Like most— maybe all— writers, I leamed to write by writing and, by example, from reading books, Long before the idea of a writer’s class was a glimmer in anyone's eye, writers learmed by reading the work of their predecessors, 9. Passage | differs from Passage 2 in that Passage notes the importance of (A) learning to read at an early age (B) studying works from the past (C) reflecting upon one’s life experiences (D) obtaining literary rather than commercial success (E) seeking advice from fellow writing students 10, Both authors agree that aspiring writers should (A) read the works of previous writers to gain insights (B) teach basic writing in order to master their craft (C) avoid writing about things they have not yet experienced (D) organize workshops where novices can meet published authors (E) spend more time crafting their writing than reading great works 11. The authors of the two passages would most likely agree that classes in creative writing (A) are best avoided entirely (B) may be useful but are not essential (C) tend not to attract the most talented young writers (D) are especially helpful for those with some experience outside the classroom (E) are valuable primarily because of the feedback from fellow students 12. In their discussion of creative writing, both authors point out that (A) creative writing classes tend to minimize the importance of reading great works from the past (B) there is no consensus among creative writing teachers on the best approach to teaching writing (C) very few people who take creative writing classes 0 on to become successful writers (D) leaming the craft of writing predates the advent of creative writing programs (B) creative writing classes benefit from having «diverse student population GO ONTO THE wey? pane \5@5 4 Unautonze copying ort of Sry panto tis page logs +5@5 Questions 13-23 are based on the following passage. This passage is adapted fom a 1995 essay by @ paleontologist and science historian | was a dinosaur nut as a kid growing up in New York dling the late forties and carly fifties. Hardly anyone knew or cared about these creatures, and I was viewed as a nerd and misfit on that ultimate field of vocational decision— the school playground at recess. I was called “Fossil Face”, the only other like-minded kid inthe school became “Dino” (Lam pleased to report that he also became a professional natural historian). The names weren’t funny, and they hurt During the last twenty years, however, dinosaurs have vaulted to a steady level of culturally pervasive popularity — from gentle Barney, who teaches proper values to young children on a television series, to ferocious monsters who can promote films from “G" to "R” ratings. This dinosaurian looding of popular consciousness guarantees that no paleontologist can ever face a journalist and avoid ‘what seems to be the most pressing question of the nineties: ‘why are children so fascinated with dinosaurs? The question may be a commonplace, but it conflates two quite separate issues. The first relates to an archetypal theme and seeks the universal reason tha stirs the soul of childhood. I know no better response than one proposed by 4 psychologist colleague: big, fierce, and extinet—in other ‘words, alluringly scary but sufficiently safe. But the archetypal theme cannot touch the heart of current dinomania, culminating in the extraordinary response to Jurassic Park, for an obvious but oddly disregarded reason: dinosaurs were just as big, as fierce, and as extinct forty years ago, but only afew kids, and even fewer professional paleontologists, cared about them. We must therefore pose a second question: why now and not before? ‘As a practicing paleontologist, I would love to believe thai current dinomania arose as a direct product of our research, and all the fascinating new ideas that our profession has generated about dinosaurs. The slow, lumbering, stupid, robotic, virtually behaviorless behemoths of my childhood have been replaced by lithe, agile, potentially warm-blooded, adequately smart, and behaviorally complex creatures. The giant sauropods were ‘mired in ponds during my youth, for many paleontologists regarded them as too heavy to hold up their own bodies on land. Now they stride across the plains, necks and tails outstretched. When I was a child, orithopods laid their eggs and then walked away forever. Today, these same creatures are the very model of maternal, caring, politically correct dinosaurs. They watch over their nests, care for their young, form cooperative herds, and bear such lovely, Peaceful names as Motasoura, the “earth mother lizard” 35 6s so “2h contrast with such earlier monikers as Pachycephalosaurus, the “thick boneheaded lizard”). Even their extinction now appears in a much more interesting light. They succumbed to vaguely specified types of “climatic change” in my youth; now we have firm evidence for extraterrestrial Impact as the rigger for their final removal But how can this greening of dinosaurs be the major reason for present faddishness—tor if we credit the archetypal theme at all, then the underlying fascination has always been present, even in the bad old days of stupid and lumbering dinosaurs. What transforms this underlying. fascination into overt and pervasive dinomania? One quintessentially American source usually supplies @ solution—recognition and exploitation of commercial possibilities. ‘When I was growing up in the streets of New York City yo-yo crazes would sweep through kiddie culture every year or two, usually lasting for a month or so. These crazes ‘were not provoked by any technological improvement in the design of yo-yos (just as more-competent dinosaurs do not engender dinomania). Similarly, a universal fascination with contained circular motion will not explain why every kid needed a yo-yo in July 1951 but not in June 1950 (just as dinosaurs are always available but only sometimes exploited), The answer, in short, must lie in commercialization. Every few years, someone figured out how to make yo-yos sell. At some point about twenty years ago, some set of forces discovered how to tum a universal fascination into profits from a plethora of products. You just need a litle push to kick the positive feedback machine of human herding and copying behavior into its upward spiral. “1 flim featuring dinosaurs in a moder seine, 13. The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) explain a scientific enterprise (B) portray a recreational tend (C) account for a puzzling phenomenon (D) remember a childhood interest (E) forewam of a disturbing development 14. In lines 5-8 (“I was... hurt"), the author indicates that his classmates (A) belitted him for his interest in dinosaurs (B) were jealous of his academic accomplishments. (©) were offended by his arrogant behavior (D) idolized him, but they could not express it appropriately (E) were joking, but he misunderstood their motives, GO ONTOTHE NEXT PAGE )1S, 16. 1. 18. 25 5 ‘The traits discussed in lines 22-23 ("big reflect which assumption? safe") (A) Small children sometimes confuse fantasy with reality (B) Most children are interested in science, whether they know it or nat (©) The question of why children are fascinated by dinosaurs is fundamentally uninteresting. (D) Children enjoy being alarmed by things they ‘know cannot harm them, (E) The psychological explanation of children’s fascination with dinosaurs is the most persuasive one, ‘The passage as a whole indicates that the explanation the author "would love to believe” (line 32) is (A) widely accepted by professional paleontologists (B) incapable of accounting for the current dinomania (C) directly challenged by late-twentieth-century discoveries (D) seriously compromised by ervors in methodology (E) eagerly welcomed by commercial concerns Lines 32-50 (“Asa . lizard’) suggest that cearlier paleontologists viewed dinosaurs in terms best described as (A) celebratory (B) cynical (©) ambivalent (D) unflatering (E) objective ‘The author views the “research” mentioned in line 34 with (A) nostalgic regret (B) open contempt (©) undisguised envy (D) scholarly enthusiasm (E) cheerful optimism UUraunorzed coving ot eve ot yp ols pope iepe! 3—+ 5@5 19. In line 40, “mired” most nearly means (A) degraded (B) delayed (C) embroiled (D) stuck (E) muddied 20. Why does the author use the present tense when describing dinosaurs in lines 42-50 (Now ., Tizard")? (A) To convey a personal sense of excitement (B) To create a tone of journalistic detachment (C) To underscore a contrast with earlier concepts (1D) To emphasize the immediacy of an impression (E) To discredit the outdated work of incompetent scientists 2 In 61-62, the phrase “usually supplies a solution gests that (A) commercial exploitation isa readily available explanation for many things (B) finding answers to complicated questions is an essentially American trait (C) éinomania has influenced many other American cultural phenomena (D) American scholars can unravel historical ‘mysteries if given enough time (E) addressing problems through commercial means is a highly effective strategy GO ON TOTHE NEXT PAGE > [GO ON TOTHE NEXT PAGE5§@5.4 22. In lines 69-73 (“Similarly .. exploited”), the author implies that what changed between June 1950 and July 1951? (A) The yo-yo was invented (B) A sales campaign increased demand for yo-yos. (C) Modern commercial advertising practices were bom, (D) Physicists discovered the principle that made ‘yo-yos work. (E)_ A panicularly widespread and intense yo-yo craze ended abruptly. lny pan of hs page sepa + 5@5 23. The passage is best described as (A) an analysis of an apparent cultural change (B) an investigation of recent unexpected discoveries (©) an examination of both sides in a controversy (D) a report on strategies for marketing to children (E) a defense of an unpopular personal decision STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the test. 23.6 + & 6 seems 6+ + 6 SECTION 6 ‘Time — 25 minutes 18 Questions [Tur to Section 6 (page 6) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section. Directions: This section contains two types of questions. You have 25 minutes to ach problem and decide which isthe best ofthe choices given, Fill inthe corespo use any available space for scratch work |. The use of calculator is permitted 2. All numbers used are real numbers 3 Notes drawn to scale. All figures lie ina plane unless otherwise indicated Unless otherwise specified, the domain of an Js) is a teal number. Azar A= tw 1 Poh Va twh Figures that accompany problems inthis test are intended to provide information useful in solv ‘They ae drawn as aceurately as possible EXCEPT when its stated in a specific problem thot the he problems, Figure is not ¥y function fis assumed to be the set ofall real numbers ¥ for which af 02 Ph +6? Special Right Triangles =] The sun of the measures in degrees ofthe angles ofa triangle is 180, Wu + 0 = 9, whatis the sum of uw, and —12? Sx (a) -21 7 iG ®) 3 2. Inthe figure above, the length of AC is 12. What is © 3 the value of x? (a2 4 ° @) 3 ® 2 4 (0) 5 © 6 GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE j omplete both types, For questions 18, sve} ing circle onthe answer sheet. You tay |, 6<+ + @ wsceeessr 6° <+ 6 3 © of a number is 20. what is 2 of twice 3 f a number is 20. whats 3 of the number? 5 ws Jj @2 D © 18 =| Ox B (E) 8 | aR 5, Inthe figore above, what isthe area of square BCDE? wa 9 (B) 12 «C) 56 (D) 77 iE) 48 | eee > TNomber | : Number | ; Candidate | SFVotes_| A 75 5 a 6. IF x and y are postive and ¥F = y, which ofthe —s 4__| following must be equel to0? € oO i D 3 LL — 8) 4. The table above shows the number of votes received © | by the four candidates in an election. If the winning candidate was the one with the most vores. what ) percent of the votes didnot goto the winning one | candidate? (A) 28% (B) 38% L © 49% {2% 1 &) 85% | | | } » | {GO ON TOTHE NEXT PAGE6 <> +> 6 snypenctins popes cpa 7. In the three-digit number 281, B represents a digit If 2B1 is divisible by 11, what is the remainder when the three-digit number 268 is divided by 11 ? (A) 0 (B) 3 © 6 ) 7 (E) 10 8. ‘The parabola above is the graph of y = 6+ + 6 Where A isa constant. If AB = 10, what is the slope of AP ? (c) $s mo GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE) 6 + + 6 wre 6 + + 6 Directions: For Student-Produced Response questions 9-18, use the grids at the bottom of the answer sheet page on which you have answered questions 1-8. ‘Each of the remaining 10 questions requires you to solve the problem and enter your answer by marking the circles in the special grid, as shown in the examples below. You may use any available space for scratch work. Answer: 201 Either position is correct. 1 Answer: 7 Answer: 2.5 Write answer —| inboxes. ( -— Decimal 1 @)@ point | O10 | elo Grid in +4 g 3 | si i a|O Note: You may start your answers | Ol in any column, Space permiting ( $090) Columns not needed should be left \ © blank Mark no more than one circle in any column, « Decimal Answers: Ifyou obtin a decimal answer * Because the answer shee wll be machine ima be eile rounded or tumeated, butt mus you will receive credit only if the circles fill the entire grid. For example, if you obtain are filed in correctly. an answer such a 0.6666... you should record your resulta 666 0.667. less accurate value Such a8 .66 or .67 wll be scored as incorrect. ‘© Although not required, its suggested that you write your answer inthe boxes at the top of the columns to help yoo il in the etcles accurately Acceptable ways to grid $ ae Ce ee 2/7131 | j answer In such cans, gd oly one answer, oles at 1 No question has a negative answer OID IDS Heo one aa EOole O/@]O! ‘© Mixed numbers such as 3. must be gridded as [o}[o) | | Q| fo} ale| Q|a|o/o| ssor 7/2. BZA] QQ] 2|a)a]9) st oelele] isles imerreed 2s 3, no (2/2| Bigg Seer aed 10. The contents of a candy jar consist of sour balls: 30 yellow, 25 red, 20 green, and 35 orange. Angela will select one of the sour balls at random. What is the probability that the selected sour ball will be either red or green? 9. What is one possible value of « that satisfies the inequality above? » ‘GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE 276 > + 6 yer § 4 > ¢ 1. In the figure above, the circle with center A has radius 2, the circle with center B has radius 1, and the circle with center C_has radius 3, The circles are tangent as shown. What is the perimeter of ABC ? 12. If a and b are positive integers and 20,300 = (210°) + (3 10"), what isthe value of a +B? 1B. The funtion fis defined by f(s) ae 14, The degree measures of the three angles ina triangle are (4x +25)", (7x ~ 20)", and (9x +15)". What the degree measure of the largest angle in the triangh (Disre ud the degree symbol when gridding your answer.) a GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE6+ + Unauthonze copying ox euse of Spat of Bis page Boga 6+ + 6 15, An integer k is a “half square” if 2k is the square of 1 positive integer. For example, 18 isa half square because 2-18 = 36 = 6%, What half sqdare that is greater than 100? the smallest 16. Company A and Company B are long-distance phone service providers with different rate plans. Company A charges $0.10 per minute of long-distance service with no additional fees. Company B charges $0.07 per minute of long-distance service plus a $4.95 monthly fee. For how many minutes of long-distance service in a month do the 1wo plans charge customers the same amount? 17. The cube shown in the figure above is made from 27 small cubes, each with an edge of length 1. Ifthe shaded cube is removed, what will be the surface area Of the remaining solid? STUDENTS ABSENT FROM JACKSON HIGH SCHOOL 2 0 Mon. Tues. Wed Thurs. Fri Day 18. The bar graph above shows the number of students ‘who were absent from Jackson High School each day last week. OF those students, 8 were absent exactly 2 days each, | was absent 3 days, and no students were absent more than 3 days. If percent of the students in the school were absent at least 1 day last week, how ‘many students ere enrolled in Jackson High School? STOP I you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other section in the testYrauionied copying or euse ot Serpe tic | SECTION 7 Time — 25 minutes 25 Questions Turn to Section 7 (page 6) of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section, Directions: For each question inthis section, select te best answer fom smong the eholece ‘tiven and fill inthe correspondi circle on the answer sheet Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A through E. Choose the word or set of words that, wher inserted in the sentence, best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole, Example: Hoping to 4 compromise that they felt would be labor and management - the dispute, negotiators proposed to both (A) enforce... usefal (B) end... divisive (C) overcome. unattractive (D) extend... satisfactory {E) resolve. acceptable ©00ce 1. Because the perfumer possessed an unusually sensitive nose, he had the ability to even the most complex odors (A) foretell (D) avoid ~ subtle variations in (B) contain (E) detect (© endure 2. The official's record was both ~~ and » ‘missed many important votes and never led any legislative initiatives. (A) scant... undistinguished (B) ambitious .. identical (C) short-lived . unique (D) lacking. . accomplished (E) reasonable... timid he -30- 3. Irene is ----- compliments, feeling that they are afte: nothing but empry flatery, (A) appreciative of (D) suspicious of {B) proud of (C) hungry (E) vulnerable to 4. When elected director general of the World Health Organization, Dr. Margaret Chan promised to work ~~~, 10 be unflagging in her efforts to produce results (A) vaingloriously (C) indefatigably (E) circumspeetly (B) complacently (D) ineftectually 5. Some deep-sea creatures discovered by marine biologists seem to ---- the imagination, so reat is the ~----- between these creatures and the more familiar marine organisms found in shallower waters (A) baffle. enmity (B) defy .. disparity (©) electrify... collusion (D) elucidate. . discrepancy (E) exhaust... duplicity GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE‘Each passage below is followed by questions based on its content. Answer the questions on the basis of what is stated or implied in each passage and in any introductory material that may be provided. Questions 6-7 are based on the following passage. ‘The phenomenon of simultaneous discovery —what science historians call “multiples” —turns out to be extremely common, One of the first comprehensive lists ‘of multiples was put together in 1922 by William Ogburn and Dorothy Thomas; they found 148 major scientific discoveries that fit the multiples pattem, Working. independently, both Newton and Leibniz discovered calculus. Three mathematicians “invented” decimal fractions, For Ogburn and Thomas, the sheer number of | multiples could mean only one thing: scientific discoveries ‘must, in some sense, be inevitable. They must be in the air, products of the intellectual climate of a specific time and place. 6. Which of the following, iftrue, would best serve to challenge Ogburn and Thomas” belief that the discovery of calculus is an example of the “phenomenon” mentioned in Tine 1? (A) Uncovering the existence of a journal that "Newton kept while working with calculus (B) Learning that scientists other than Newton and Leibniz had also made substantial progress on calculus (C) Finding a previously unknown letter between Newton and Leibniz discussing calculus that predated its commonly assumed discovery (D) Discovering a series of communications from Leibniz to a mathematical society that discussed a presentation of his work (©) Identifying a minor error in Newton’s original ‘mathematical calculations 7. The author mentions the number "148" (line 5) in order to (A) provide an approximation {(B) validate a statement {C) illustrate a discrepancy (D) downplay an outcome (E) documenta process ‘Questions 8-9 are based on the following passage. In 1900, United States society was warming into an environment favorable to women’s suffrage. Governments at all levels were concerning themselves ‘with social welfare. Women considered themselves qualified for these new undertakings. “The instant the State took upon itself educative, charitable, or personally helpful work,” claimed one suflragist, “it became in need of the service of women.” And women became convinced that, accomplish social improvements, they needed political power, embodied in the vote. Suffragists modified ‘their emphasis on the right to vote, asserting that women had an actual duty to vote, How else could they regulate or abolish child labor? How else could they improve neighborhood health? 8. ‘The primary purpose of the passage is to (A) highlight ways of promoting educational reform in the United States (B) discuss the need for better child labor laws in the United States (©) advocate for increased government funding for social welfare programs in the United States (D) show how a focus on social welfare issues promoted women’s suffrage in the United States (E) explain the influence that women's sulrage had ‘on elected officials in the United States 9. As presented in lines 10-14 (“Sulffragists .. health”), the suffragists assumed thatthe act of voting was (A) arduous (B) divisive (C) imperative (D) duplicitous (E) lucrative GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGELine 0 1s 2s 0 45 0 4s ——— Uneunoried comping reuse ot bats pages egal a Questions 10-17 are based on the following passage. This passage, adapted from a 1996 book, discusses literary $0 ceulture in ancien Greece. ‘The Greek alphabet was probably invented during the eighth century BCE. The new technology did not spread rapidly through Greece, rather, it encountered remarkable resistance in the form of a highly developed and rituslized oral culture. That is, the traditions of prealphabetic Greece were actively preserved in nurmerous oral stories regularly Fecited and passed along from generation ta generation by the Greek bards, or “rapsodes” (from the Greek ‘rhapsoidein, which means “to stitch song together"). The chanted tales carried within their narratives much of the accumulated knowledge of the culture. Since they were nat written down, they were never wholly fixed, but would shift slightly with each telling (o fit the circumstances or needs of particular audience, gradually incorporating new practical knowledge while leting the obsolete fell away. ‘There was thus litle overt need for the new technology of reading and writing. According to literary historian Erie Havelock, for the first wwo or three centuries after its appearance in Greece. “the alphabet was an interloper, lacking social standing and achieved use. The elite of society were all reciters and performers. Ina culture as thoroughly oral as Greek culture in this period, the alphabet could take root only by allying itself, at first, withthe oral tradition. Thus, the first large written {exts to appear in Greece—namely. the Iliad and the Odyssey—are, paradoxically, “oral texts.” That is, they are not written compositions, as had long been supposed, but rather transcriptions of orally chanted poems. Their “author” Homer was a thapsode who improvised fro 4 vast fund of memorized and formulaic phrases, embellishing and elaborating a cycle of stories that had already been variously improvised or “stitched together” by earlier bards since the events the epie poems describe We owe our recognition ofthe oral nature of the Homeric epics to the pioneering research undertaken by Milman Parry and his assistant Albert Lord in the 1930s, Parry had noticed the existence of certain stock phrases — such as “there spoke clever Odysseus,” or “when Dawn spread out her fingertips of rose” —that are continually repeated throughout the poems. Careful study revealed that the poems were composed almost entirely of such expressions (in the 27,000 lines of poetry there are more ‘than 29,000 repetitions of phrases with two or more words). Moreover, Homer’s choice of one particular phrase rather than another seemed at times to be governed less by its ‘exact meaning than by what the rhythm and structure of the line demanded; the bard apparently called upon one 32. specific formula after another in order to fit the driving beq of the chant, ina trance of rhythmic improvisation. This is! ot at all to minimize Homer's genius, but simply to indicate that his poetic brilliance was performative as muc as creative—less the genius of an author writing a great | novel than that of an inspired and eloguent rep anist. | 10, The first paragraph ofthe passage (lines 1-21) implies that when the Greek alphabet was invented it was at first thought tobe (A) beneficial (B) pragmatic (©) superfluous (D) onerous (E) subversive 11. Lines 11-15 ("Since ... away”) suggest that an important attribute of the Greeks" oral tradition was that (A) oral performance promoted social cohesion by facilitating group interaction {B) oral storytellers did not require special training or technical knowledge (C) newly created stories could spread quickly throughout the culture (D) stories could be changed in response 10 social changes (E) stories could be enhanced by storytellers” physical gestures and movements 12. In line 12, “fixed” most nearly means (A) static i ij i 1 ; (B) fraudulent (C) repaired (D) adjusted (&) solved 13, The author quotes Eric Havelock in lines 19-21 in order to help explain the (A) way that oral narratives changed to incorporate new knowledge (B) shifting nature of the Greek alphabet in its first few centuries (C) attitude of the Greeks toward the alphabet around the time of its introduction (D) reasons why a written alphabet was eventually adopted in Greece (E) social factors contributing to the invention of the Greek alphabet GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE )nd 7@—— Unautnonzes copying 1 use ot ny par of fs pape log 14, The “pioneering research” (line 35) primarily involved (A) a speculative attempt to re-create poems in Homer's style (B) careful comparison of Homer's poems to those of other Greek poets (© athorough analysis of the language used in Homer's poems (D) a comprehensive examination of earlier versions of Homer's stories, (E) an unprecedented discovery of new works by Homer 15. The passage suggests that before the work of Milman Parry and Albert Lord, scholars believed that (A) the Greek alphabet was widely used by Greeks of Homer's era (B) most of the Greek rhapsodes were unable 10 read and write (©) the Homeric epics were meant to be sung or chanted (D) the Iliac and the Odyssey described purely fictional events (E) the Iad and the Odyssey were created as written -33- 16, The author implies that the “certain stock phrases” mentioned in line 37 were offen selected based on (A) how sell they fit the sound and form of a certain par of the poem (B) how precisely they captured the exact details cof scene in the poem (C) how unfamiliar and interesting they would be to particular audience (D) how easy they were fora poet's audience to remember (E) how efficiently they could move the narrative ofthe poem along 17. In line 47, “called upon” most nearly means (A) obliged (B) proposed (©) invited (D) utilized (E) visited [se onrornenenrmace >Line 10 2s 40 as 0 4“ 7 ©) —, Sena 7 Questions 18-25 are based on the following passage. This passage is adapred from a 1997 novel. The narrator who has emigrated from the Dominican Republic to the United States, is discussing his daughter Yo. who is a writer, Of all my girls, always felt the closest to Yo. My wife says itis because we are so much alike, knocking her head with her knuckles as she says so, But that is not why I feel closest 10 Yo, no. She looks at me, and | know that she can see all the way back 10 when } was a boy in half trousers raising my hand in that palm-wood schoolhouse, Whar color is the hair of God? When you reduce a sum by its shadow and multiply it by iss reflection, what will you ger? Our teacher, who called himself Professor Cristiano Iuminado, spouted his wild 4questions. Soon after I passed on to the higher school, the professor was taken away to an asylum to contemplate ‘the mathematics of the stars. But, and this is the point of ‘my anecdote, 1 was the only child in that classroom raising my hand to answer those impossible questions, ‘And Yo sees that one hand waving when she looks into ‘my eyes. So that | am blessed —and sometimes cursed — with a child who understands my secret hear. I should not say child anymore, for she is @ grown woman who is already preparing herself. When she looks at me these days, she can see that fresh-dug hole in the mountain cemetery near the town where I was bora, the fash of the river between the trees, She writes me one, two letters @ week. Sometimes she includes an old black-and-white photo with those scalloped edges as if all memories deserve alittle lace doily to lay on. A young handsome man sits with @ young lady in a crowded booth in a bar sixty years ago. With those pasting papers which were invented for her because she always has to put her two cents on everything, she writes, Where was this taken? Who is the girl beside you? Were you really in love? She strikes right for the secret heart of that young man! Most of the things she asks I tell her. I run the past through a sieve of judgment in my head, and if there is no harm, I give her the full cup of my life to drink from. Some litle things catch in that fine net, and I leave them out or Imake a broad statement, But then the next letter arrives fall of interrogation: Papi, you say you had to escape the island because you were in a revolution in 1939 and I can't find any mention of itn the book. You say that you were in a log-cabin hospital at Lac Abitibi near the Laurentians ‘and I look on the map and Lac Abitibi is nowhere near the Laurentians. Are these just lapses of memory or did you ‘make the whole thing up and if so why? 50 ‘And then T have to explain, sieving everything over again. Until the next letter arrives, and I explain some ‘more, and after a while, | lose that quality control. Before know it, I've told her the whole story I did not want her and the others to know. Is that really so? 1 ask myself. Don't I want to be know: before I go? And perhaps Yo sces that secret desire, stronger than all the other secrets in my heart, and that is why she keeps asking. 18. The passage is best described asa 19. 20. 2. (A) formal discourse (B) lighthearted conversation (C) reasoned defense (D) passionate argument (E) personal reflection ‘The wife's gesture (lines 2-3) is best described as (A) teasing (B) comforting (©) romantic (D) clumsy (E) framic ‘The questions in lines 7-9 (“What ... get?) serve to (A) suggest a series of vague recollections (B) raise profound concerns about particular curriculum (©) emphasize the father’s antipathy toward school as a child (D) convey the teacher's eccentric approach (E) reveal Yo's suspicion of her father’s teacher ‘The narrator claims that the “point” (line 13) of his anecdote is that he (A) was easily deceived by preposterous requests (B) was unique in responding to his teacher's queries (C) was excluded from many classroom activities (D) felt annoyed by students who spoke out of tum (E)_was superior to his classmates academically GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE )spares -————_ ® 7 22, The term “secret heart” tine 18 and lines 32-33) is used in the passage to stand for (A) the narrator’s undisclosed self (B) the narrator's unexpressed love for Yo (©) a romance during the narrator’s youth (D) a mystery from the narrator's childhood (E) 2 goal that the narrator never achieved 23. In the metaphor in lines 34-38 (“Lun .. statement"), what passes through the sieve? (A) Memories that the narrator recalls only partially (B) Accusations that the narrator cannot easily deny (C) Information that the narrator is willing to share (D) Falsehoods to hide the narrator's shame (E) Excuses to rationalize the narrator's shortcomings 24, The narrator uses the term “quality control” (line 48) to refer to his ability to (A) raise his daughters as he believes they should be raised (B) correct the many misconceptions he finds in Yo’s letters (C) exclude certain details from the personal experiences he relates (D) provide information only to Yo about his, relationship with his wife (E) keep secret all of his private wishes and desires in life 25. How does the narrator fee! about his correspondence with Yo? (A) He is flattered by her compliments and responds by exaggerating in many of his anecdotes, (B) He is suspicious of her motives and wishes she ‘would curtail the letters. (©) He appreciates her dedication and takes fatherly pride in her success in life is angry at her accusations but nevertheless wants t0 placate her, (E)_ He is moved by her attention but somewhat ambivalent about the potential exposure (D) H STOP If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only. Do not turn to any other se nin the test.8@oo Unouorized copying ot ruse ot ‘any par o ts pages oga, CO®@8 SEC Time — 19Q ‘TION 8 20 minutes uestions section. Directions: For each question in this section, select the best a circle on the answer sheet, answer from among the choices given and fill in the comesponding Each sentence below has one or two blanks, each blank indicating that something has been omitted, Beneath the sentence are five words or sets of words labeled A. through E. Choose the word or set of words that, when inserted in the sentence, best fits he meaning of the sentence as a whole. Example: Hoping « ‘8 compromise that they felt would be labor and management. (A) enforce .. useful (B) end. divisive (C) overcome . . unattractive (D) extend .. satisfactory (E) resolve... acceptable - the dispute, negotiators proposed toboth ©©0o0e 1, Maria never ----- advice: she prefers to solve her problems without help from others. (A) refuses (©) offers (D) seeks. (B) forgets (E) discounts 2. The ~----- of homing pigeons to sense Earth's ‘magnetic field may serve as ----- too} in helping them find their way home, even across hundreds of miles. (A) determination ,. 2 useless (B) unsuitability... a helpful (C) ability . a valuable (D) instinct. . an inferior (B) reluctance .. an undiscovered 236- 3. Because they make up just a small percent of all “objects that fall to Earth, carbonaceous meteorites are considere (A) complex (B) large (C) rare (D) dense (E) nonexistent ‘The vocation of literary criticism should in no way the critic's pleasure in a work of art; atthe same time, however, such enjoyment should not judgment. (A) extend (B) inhibit. . skew (©) inspire .. disguise (D) encourage. . supplant (E) moderate .. hone preclude It is not surprising that the writings of this philosopher ‘re among the most ----- in the field, because he deliberately makes them easy 10 (A) complex (B) accessible (C) confusing (D) popular (©) profound comprehend understand interpret ignore read 6. The meeting had —-.-- effect on Hannah: she found that her concerns about the new policy were adequately addressed, (A) amollifying — (B) a bewildering (©) asoporific (D) an insidious (E) an indiscernible GO ONTOTHE NEXT PAGE )Line 10 1s 20 as 40 as O ‘The two passages below are followed by. ‘Answer the questions on the basis of wha provided. Questions 7-19 are based on the following passages. {nthe 1980s, primatologist Sue Savage-Rumbaugh began teaching English 10 Kanzi, a bonobo ape. Passage I ses adapted from a 2004 book about animals and language, Passage 2 from a 1998 book by Savage-Rumbaugh and her colleagues. 7 Passage 1 “ ‘The principal evidence that has been cited for Kanzi’s ability to understand language comes from his comprehension of spoken English. Kanzi can respond appropriately to requests like Take the snake outdoors (eferring to his toys). He can also understand completely new and strange commands, like Wash the TV. Clearly he is able to understand actions based solely on their description, He also understands the order of words: he ean satisfactorily distinguish between Make the doggie bite the snake and Make the snake bite he doggie. This is totally Unprecedented result in the literature on animal cognition, butit does not in itself argue that Kanzi understands language in the same way humans do, as governed by ‘erammatical rules. Perhaps Kanzi has learned that certain ttterances have places in them where there is room for one of a small set of different possibilities. Such an analysis ‘would not require any appreciation of grammatical structure, The range of patterns on which Kanzi has been tested is limited, but very little in the way of grammatical knowledge seems to be required. In fact, Kanzi"s performance is quite poor on those sentences whose interpretation requires knowledge of purely grammatical words, such as prepositions (with, on) or conjunctions (and, but). Distinctions such as those between putting something in, on, of next fo something else appear not to be made. Sentences with and (like Go to the refrigerator and get ‘he banana) frequently resulted in mistakes of a kind ‘hat suggest such words simply went uninterpreted, Actions and objects, as represented by verbs and Concrete nouns, correspond to things in the world (as ball refers to a ball), and they are what Kanzi understands. Grammatical units like prepositions and conjunctions, however, are totaly linguistic—they don't ‘refer to any real objects or actions that Kanzi could see— and thus he ignores them and the grammatical structures they represent o 5 luestions based on their content and onthe relationship between the two passages tated or implied in the passages and in any introductory materil that may he Ttmay seem that I have gone to great lengths to avoid the conclusion that Kanzi has a meaningful appreciation of the grammar of English, given that he can apparently understand many English sentences. Its certainly not my intent to underestimate the interest and importance of the abilities that Savage-Rumbaugh has demonstrated in Kanzi But the evidence does not infact show that he has acquired an understanding of the structure of language. Without that, he cannot be said to have acquired language in its core Passage 2 To address the question of whether Kanzi uses rammatical rules, I looked ata large group of his communications with the help of Patricia Greenfield, an expert on language development in children. We found that Kanzi utilizes word order in many of his combinations, Interestingly, in describing actions, he tends to pul the action frst and the agent second, for example, chase you when he wants us to chase him. Standard English, in contrat, places the agent first and the object second (yow chase). However, when he forms such combinations, Kanzi usually indicates the agents by pointing to them, something that isnot characteristic of spoken English. When Kanzi uses a proper name in combinations like Liz hide ot Matata bite, he tends to follow English word order. Thus, Kanzi's deviations from English word order occur mostly when there are also deviations in the mode of expression —that 's, they occur when Kanzi uses a gesture rather than a symbol. This is a rule of Kanzi's own making and one ‘hat only Kanzi typically follows. Our analysis thus suggests that Kanzi has developed some simple grammatical strategies or rules. Kenzi's communications strongly challenge the assumption that apes are unable to manipulate words according to grammatical conventions. Many scholars have argued that the utterances of apes should not be characterized as true language unless they employ grammatical rules similar to those found in human languages. ‘This seems to me an extreme position. Afterall, Kanzi ‘knows that words can be used to communicate about things he wants and he can purposefully combine symbols to tell us something we would have no way of knowing otherwise He recognizes that two symbols can be combined to form GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE8 ‘meanings that neither symbol in isolation could ever convey. He uses this skill to communicate completely novel ideas that are his own and have never been talked about with him. And he has simple grammatical rules, even if they are not rules human languages would use Such an extreme view is taken, I believe, because meny scientists are hesitant to conclude that apes are capable of rational though, foresight, or purposeful communication. If wwe allow that apes such as Kanzi are indeed attempting to tell us what is on their minds, we lose our scientific claim to having drastically different minds from all other creatures on the planet 7. The primary purpose of each passage is to (A)_put forth proposals for new behavioral research with apes (B) evaluate a new theory pertaining to ape behavior (C) point out how apes mimic the speech patterns of humans (D) explore the significance of language use by 4 particular ape (E) document how a certain species of apes acquires language skills 8. The two authors differ in their approach to their subject ‘matter im that the author of Passage 1 (A) refers to Kanzi inorder to make larger points about language, while the author of Passage 2 restricts her consideration solely to Kanzi (B) reports on Kanzi’s ability to follow directions, hile the author of Passage 2 describes Kanzi's refusal to comply with requests (©) places Kanzi inthe context of other studies, while the author of Passage 2 selectively ignores previous research (D) emphasizes Kanzi’s responses to words, while the author of Passage 2 focuses on Kanzis ability communicate (E) discusses Kanzi as @ unique entity, while the author of Passage 2 highlights Kanzi’s similarities to other apes 9. The author of Passage | chiefly regards the “evidence” ines 1 and 43) as (A) insufficient (B) outdated (©) uninteresting (D) predictable (E) undervalued oO O Sanne COO@ 8 10. The function of lines 14-16 ("Perhaps possibilities”) isto (A) deflect a commonly raised objection (B) note a shortcoming of a theory (C) acknowledge an unjustified bias (D) offer an alternative explanation (E) apply a familiar claim to a new context 11. In line 17, “appreciation” most nearly means (A) eratinde (B) admiration (©) comprehension (D) improvement (E) increase 12. In lines 29-36, the author of Passage | indicates that Kanzi does NOT understand (A) gestures made by humans (B) certain spoken commands (C) language that describes actions (D) the difference between actions and objects (E) words that are exclusively linguistic 13, Lines 37-40 ("It sentences") serve to (A) admit that a view is largely speculative (B) confess to a personal bias against an idea (©) acknowledge that a position might appear ‘unreasonable (D) concede that an opposing argument is indeed convincing (E) recognize that a proposed plan may be difficult toenact 14, For the author of Passage 1, Kanzi's understanding of Which of the following would be most indicative of a ‘command of English grammar? (A) “Bite doggie.” (B) “Matata play ball.” (©) “Liz hide in the box.” (D) “Make the snake chase Liz.” (E) “Liz wash the red TV." 15. The author of Passage 1 would most likely say that the “assumption” mentioned in line 68, Passage 2, is (A) clearly false (B) possibly mistaken (C) hopelessly ambiguous (D) easy for scientists to revise , (E) not yet shown to be wrong GO ONTOTHE NEXT PAGE )