MODULE 2
UNDERSTANDING OSH
Engr. Mark Anthony C. Conde
Accredited OSH Practitioner – DOLE (OSHC)
Objective of Module 2:
Students will be able to
understand, learn and discuss
basic concepts of OSH towards
an effective OSH
implementation in the
workplace
Topics:
Accident Causation Theory
Accident Causation and Prevention
Unsafe Act & Unsafe Condition
Accident Prevention
Benefits of having Safety & Health
Practice in the workplace
ACCIDENT is usually the
RESULT of a contact with a
source of energy above the
threshold limit of the body
or structure.
Example:
“A worker was lifting a
five-gallon can from a
storeroom shelf when it
slipped from his grip,
falling to the floor and
striking him on his foot,
causing immediate
swelling and
discomfort.”
Accident
Interrupt Activity
Injury or Death
Damaged Property
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
ACCIDENT
• Is an undesired event that RESULTS IN harm to
people, damage to property or loss to process.
• It is usually a contact with a source of energy
above the threshold limit of the body or structure.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
INCIDENT
• An undesired event, which under slightly
different circumstances, COULD HAVE RESULTED
TO harm to people, damage to property, or loss
to process.
• An undesired event which could or does result
in a loss.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
SAFETY
• Freedom from accident.
• Is the control of accidental loss.
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
HAZARD
• A condition or practice with the
potential for accidental loss.
❖ Unsafe Condition - >Substandard Condition
❖ Unsafe Act -> Substandard Act
ACCIDENT
UNSAFE UNSAFE
ACT CONDITION
Two Causes
Unsafe Act
of Accident
Unsafe Act
A violation of an
accepted safe
“standard” which
could permit the
occurrence of an
accident.
Unsafe Acts
Not following SOP’s
No Safe Procedure Improper work
Employee Didn’t know Safe Procedure
positioning/activity
Employee knew, did not follow Safe
Procedure
Procedure encouraged risk-taking
Employee changed approved procedure
Unsafe Acts
• Horse playing, abusing
Working safety devices,
under the equipment & welfare
influence of facilities.
liquors or
drugs.
Unsafe Acts
• Servicing
equipment in
• Operating motion
equipment I just want to try to
without operate this m/c
without the approval
authority. of my L/L
• Using
defective
equipment.
• Improper
usage.
Unsafe Acts
Overlook,
tiredness, curiosity
What should I
do?
I love him
CURIOSITY
Physically
present but
but...
KILLS
mentally
absent
Unsafe
Condition
Unsafe Condition
A hazardous
physical condition
or circumstance
which could permit
the occurrence of
an accident.
UNSAFE CONDITION
(Environment/Machine/Equipment)
If no control measure is
applied, it will lead to
accident.
1936 – Heinrich explained accident using an
analogy of falling dominos, that accidents
happen as a result of a chain reaction
MAN
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
Three Steps to Control Accidents
& Work-related illness:
1. Identify
2. Evaluate
3. Correct
Accident Prevention
Elimination/Substitutio
n Requires a
Most Effective physical change
to the
workplace
Requires
worker or
employer to do
something Requires
worker to
wear
something
Least Effective
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ELIMINATION?
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ELIMINATION? Remove the machine
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
SUBSTITUTION?
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
SUBSTITUTION? Substitute the machine
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ENGINEERING?
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ENGINEERING? Put guarding
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ADMINISTRATION?
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
ADMINISTRATION? Trainings and signages
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
PPE?
Accident Prevention
Hazard + Exposure = Accident
PPE? Wear gloves
Accident Prevention
Can we prevent accident?
Near miss shouldn’t be ignored
Be Proactive instead of being Reactive
Accident Prevention
To reduce (and further eliminate) accident / injuries in the
workplace.
• Always follow rules and regulations.
• Look out for your own safety at all times.
• Look out for your colleagues safety at all times.
• Check for known hazards in your work area.
• Work only on activities you are trained, familiar, or authorized.
• Report or address issues to proper authorities if health , safety, or security is at risk.
• Always use your PPE (Personal Protective Equipments) properly.
Benefits of having Safety & Health Practice in
the workplace
Prevention of
disease/injury
Promotion of
good health and
safety
Improvement
of safety and
health
HEALTHY, SAFE,
COMFORTABLE PRODUCTIVITY
Topics:
Safety Hazard
Health Hazard
Risks
Low Risk
Medium Risk
High Risk
BASIC PRINCIPLES
TYPES OF HAZARDS
Physical Hazards
Chemical Hazards
Biological Hazards
Ergonomic Hazards
Electrical Hazards
Mechanical Hazards
Anticipation and Recognition of
PHYSICAL Hazards
• Noise
• Vibration
• Illumination
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Radiation
Anticipation and Recognition of
CHEMICAL Hazards
• Particulate
• Dust and
Asbestos
• Toxic and
Flammable Gases
• Organic Vapors
• Acid / Base Mists
• Heavy Metal
Fumes
Anticipation and Recognition of
CHEMICAL Hazards
Dangers of Chemical Hazards
Fire and Danger to
Health Risk
Explosion Hazard Environment
• Toxic • Toxic to organism
• Explosive
• Corrosive • Persists in the
• Oxidizing
• Irritant environment
• Flammable
• Sensitizing • Bioaccumulation
Anticipation and Recognition of
BIOLOGICAL Hazards
• Bacteria
• Virus
• Fungi
• Parasites
• Insects
Anticipation and Recognition of
ERGONOMICS Hazards
• Repetitive Motion
• Forceful Motion
• Awkward Position
• Static Posture
Anticipation and Recognition of
MECHANICAL Hazards
• Unguarded
Equipment
• Moving
Equipment
• Flying objects
Anticipation and Recognition of
ELECTRICAL Hazards
• Octopus wiring
• Overloaded
circuits
• Unlabeled panels/switches
• Open wiring
BASIC PRINCIPLES
FUNDAMENTAL SAFETY & HEALTH TENETS
ASSESSMENT OF RISK
RISK ASSESSMENT – is a technique to identify the
level of risk a hazard possess in order to
determine the prioritization order required in
addressing the numerous hazards in a
workplace
Risk Assessment
“overall process of estimating
the magnitude of risk and
deciding whether or not the
risk is tolerable”
Tolerable Risk
“risk that has been reduced
to a level that can be endured
by the organization having
regard to its legal obligations
and its own OH & S policy”
Likelihood – how likely it is that a hazard will
turn into something negative (i.e. the
probability of an accident resulting from the
particular hazard)
Severity – the negative impact that could result
from a hazard (i.e. the injury that might result)
➢ Highly Unlikely – Occurs during accident,
breakdown or emergency
situation.
➢ Unlikely - Occurs during regular
scheduled practice i.e.
monthly or yearly e.g.
during maintenance.
➢Likely - Occurs during normal
everyday practice.
➢ Slightly Harmful - Superficial injuries,
Nuisance, Irritation, ill-health leading to
temporary discomfort
➢ Harmful - Lacerations, Burns, fractures,
Deafness, dermatitis, ill-health leading to
permanent minor disability
➢ Extremely Harmful - Amputations, Major
fractures, Fatal injuries, severely life
shortening diseases
Almost certain - The Event is to be expected to
occur in most circumstances - incident could happen
daily to weekly
Likely - The Event will probably occur in most
circumstances - Incident could happen weekly to
monthly
Moderate - The Event should occur at some time -
Incident could happen monthly to yearly
Unlikely - The Event may occur only in exceptional
circumstances
Minor First Aid Treatment
Medium Off-site medical treatment required
Serious Serious injury/illness (LTA)
Permanent disability
Major > 2 people seriously injured
Fatality / Death
Potential /actual breach of legal
requirements
Importance Criteria
Consequences
Likelihood Minor Medium Serious Major
Almost Certain M M H H
Likely L M H H
Moderate L L M H
Unlikely L L M M
Legend : H = High Risk, M = Medium Risk, L = Low Risk
RISK ASSESMENT MATRIX
Severity
Likelihood Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic
1 2 3 4 5
Almost M H E E E
5 (5) (10) (15) (20) (25)
Likely M M H E E
4 (4) (8) (12) (16) (20)
Possible L M M H E
3 (3) (6) (9) (12) (15)
Unlikely L L M M H
2 (2) (4) (6) (8) (10)
Rare L L L M M
1 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Legend:
L Low Risk – considered acceptable. No further action of RCMs are necessary
M Moderate Risk – relatively acceptable. However, further RCMs should be considered and existing RCMs should be monitored
H High Risk – unacceptable level of risk. RCMs must be developed and implemented in short to medium term
E Extreme Risk – unacceptable level of risk. RCMs must be immediately implemented or the risk eliminated (i.e case activity)
MANAGEMENT OF RISK
Based on the results of the risk assessment the organization
must now decide if:
➢ No action required
➢ No additional controls required
➢ Efforts to be made to reduce the risks
➢ Work should not be started or continue until the risks have
been reduced or urgent action required
The Risk Assessment Process
Step 1- Establish and maintain a procedure
Step 2- Identify“all”OH&S hazards in the organisation,
over which the organisation has control and/or
influence over both on-site and off-site
Step3-Evaluate each risk in terms of frequency/probability
& severity using accepted risk assessment
techniques & criteria leading to establishment of
“significant”OH&S risk classification
Step 4- Establish“control”measures for the“significant”
OH&S risks
