Elective History THE TUDORS

Who were the Tudors? The Tudors were the kings and queens of the Tudor family. Henry VII was the first Tudor king. He was followed by his son, Henry VIII, who was famous for marrying 6 times and beheading two of his wives. His son Edward VI ruled after him, followed by his daughters Mary & Elizabeth. The Tudor timeline Henry VII (Henry Tudor)

1485-1509 AD

Henry VIII

1509-1547 AD

Edward VI

1547-1553 AD

Mary I

1553-1558 AD

Elizabeth I

1558-1603 AD

Background . From 1450 (for 50 years), 2 powerful noble families, YORK and LANCASTER fought over who should rule England. . The war of the roses (struggle) . After 20 years of ruling the king (York) died in 1498 . King had 2 sons (10 & 12). The oldest was too young to rule, so his uncle Richard (Richard III) ran the country as regent. . In 1485, Lancastrian leader (Henry Tudor) killed Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth. . 1485 princes had disappeared Symbolism Lancaster Red rose York- White rose

Tudor family tree Henry VII Elizabeth of York

Henry VII

Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr

Mary I

Elizabeth I

Edward VI

The BATTLE OF BOSWORTH - King Richard III had many enemies (main Henry Tudor- head of Lancastrians) - Henry lived abroad waiting for his chance to strike - This came in 1485, many nobles helped him in the battle - There was a third force (as well as HTs and R IIIs) at Bosworth that of the Stanleys. They were a noble family. - Battle was fought on Ambien Hill in Bosworth The Battle - Polydore Vergil wrote Richard III drew his troops up onto Ambien Hills. - Behind R3 were the men of the Earl of Northumberland. (See sources in book) KING HENRY VI - Looked like an introverted man - A man who wanted to be looked up by everyone - Wise in terms of economy and money, but spent too much for indulgence for riches and expenses - In battle he succeeds greatly - He planned every battle cleverly and manipulated every opportunity of advantages there was - Henry gained all backing from Englands noble families - Splendid court - Most people remembered that he only paid a great deal of money and hadnt seen much for it. - He shunned glory and war and saved as much as possible so that when he died his son inherited a great deal of plates and jewels.

HENRY VII - Came to the throne in 1509 - He was a delight to his subjects. His father Henry VII had been an efficient but very dull king - A complete contrast to his father - He dazzled people with his charms and his good looks - He was extremely talented in singing, dancing, wrestling, shooting, playing the flute and playing the recorder - He was extravagant in fashion and magnificent jewelry - He came to the crown at the age of 18

Henrys advisers and brother ruled the country for him in hi early years Henry was like his father as he had bad temper, ha had the necessary skills and grace that were considered important for a King They both enjoyed entertainment, music and a variety f other forms of entertaining acts

CATHERINE OF ARAGON - First wife - Married to Henry VIIIs brother before he did then married Henry after - First child was stillborn - Her second child born was Prince Henry (he only lived for 52 days) - Soon after followed by a miscarriage, and also had a daughter named Mary (1516) - Henry grew frustrated by the lack of efforts to produce him a male heir, but he remained devoted. - Henry started falling in love with Anne Boleyn (one of his mistresses) and grew further apart from Catherine - Henry petitioned to the pope for an annulment stating that a text from the Bible stated that if eh takes his brothers wife they will be childless - Catherine was very upset when she found out and refused the annulment. She was a t a great disadvantage - 1533 Anne became pregnant and Henry had to act on his own and reject the popes words. - He had Thomas Cranmer grant him the annulment (archbishop of Canterbury) - Catherine was renounced the title of Queen and would be known as the Princess Dowager of Wales, something she refused to acknowledge to the end of her life - Catherine and her daughter were separated and she was forced to leave court. - She lived in the next 3 years in dank and unhealthy castle. - She seldom complained about her treatment and spent a great deal of time at prayer - On January 7 1536, she died at Kimbolton Castle and was buried at Peter borough Abbey as position of Princess Dowager not Queen of England ANNE BOLEYN - Norfolk - The legend includes a sixth finger and a large mole on her neck - She was considered moderately pretty - She was dark olive skin, thick dark brown hair and dark brown eyes and an elegant neck - She first appeared at Court in March 1, 1522 - King didnt notice Anne until 1526 - Her sister Mary previously had been Henry VIIIs mistress - Anne denied Henry sexual favors. It was Queen or nothing for Anne - She wasnt popular with the people of England - The king spent heaps of money on Anne - In 1532 Anne was pregnant as a result they both secretly married to avoid any questions of the legitimacy of the child - 1st June she left the Tower in procession to Westminster Abbey where she became a crowned and anointed queen - The first baby was expected to be a boy, names were already chosen for a boy, but it turned out that on August 26 1533 a baby girl (Elizabeth) was born - Anne knew it was imperative to produce a son - She was pregnant again twice but had a stillborn and miscarriage - Annes enemies at court began to plot against her using the Kings attentions to Jane Seymour as the catalyst for action

On Monday 15th May Anne and her brother were wrongfully charged of treason and were found guilty of cheating on the king On May 19th 1536 Anne was executed privately at the Tower Green, she was beheaded

JANE SEYMOUR - Eventually become his second wife - It wasnt sure the Jane had feelings for the king or not but she did as she was told and obeyed the Kind regardless - On 30th May they were married - Jane never had a coronation, perhaps the king was waiting for her to prove herself by giving him a son. - Less than 2 months later Henry Fitzroy died at the age of 17 (he was the bastard son by his mistress Elizabeth Blount) - 1537 Jane became pregnant , Henry indulged her by convincing her that he felt she was the first true wife - In October, a prince was born at Hampton Court Palace and was christened on 15th October - The baby was named Edward, Mary (Catherine Aragon) was the godmother and Elizabeth (Anne) also played a part in the ceremony - She attended her sons christening even though she was weak - She died two weeks later after her sons birth on the 24th October - She was buried at St Georges chapel at Windsor Castle where Henry planned to be buried - In the end she was the one out of the six wives to be buried with him - He loved her the most - He stayed single for two years, showing that he genuinely mourned for her ANNE OF CLEVES CATHERINE HOWARD (BEHEADED)\ CATHERINE PARR (See book) TUDOR PARLIAMENT THE MONARCH THE HOUSE OF LORDS (landowners, lords and bishops) THE HOUSE OF COMMONS (mainly gentry and some rich merchants) The parliament had the power to do 2 things they were a) Give the king advice and changing taxes b) Discussing for money or laws to be changed with the King

THE REFORMATION - The reformation began when a German name Martin Luther criticized the power and practices of the Catholic Church. - The pope was very cross and excommunicated him. - Many people agreed with his criticisms and joined him to protest against the Catholic Church - They are now known as the Protestants - The movement spread from Germany to Scandinavia and Scotland - The reformation of England began in 1527 - Some beliefs of Martin Luther were: a) People couldnt buy off their sins by paying money

b) People were naturally sinful c) The priests should be treated normally like everyone else and follow the same laws, they shouldnt be treated as divine beings d) People should be allowed to read the Bible e) The churches shouldnt display rich images of Saints and crucifixes and the priest shouldnt wear elaborate clothing f) The priest does not have the power to turn the bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ during Communion 1518 Cardinal Cajetan went to Augsburg to argue with Luther Resulted in Luther gaining more supporters 1519 Luther claimed that : the authority of the Bible was greater than that of the Pope

THE BREAK FROM ROME - The break from Rome was the process involving the passing of numerous acts of parliament in order to avoid any intervention from Rome Timeline 1532- Act was passed that stopped the English Church from sending money to Rome 1532- Thomas Cranmer was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury 1533- Anne Boleyn became pregnant and secretly married her 1533- The Acts of Restraint of Appeal was passed. It was illegal for any foreigners to interfere in English law or to have more authority than the King 1534- An act was passed that transferred all church money that would normally be sent to Rome to the King 1534- The Act of Succession was passed. It allowed him to divorce Catherine. He forced everyone to swear an oath recognizing the terms, those who didnt were charged of treason 1534- The Act of Supremacy was pass, It declared England as a sovereign state with the King as Head of both the country and the Church 1534- The treason ct was passed. It made it a treasonable offence to deny any of the Kings or Queens tile or name 1536- The Act against the Poes Authority was passed; It removed the last traces of Papal power in England, including the Popes right to decide disputed points of Scripture HENRY VIII STAR? OR MONSTER?

STAR
Henry founded Christ Church college (one of the most famous in the country Henry was a clever scholar He founded the English navy and helped keep England safe He was loyal to Catherine for 15 years, regardless if she produced him an heir or not during that time period He was talented in music and was considered as a great person -

MONSTER
Henry beheaded Anne Boleyn and Katherine Howard, not even tolerating their past feelings Henry disowned his owned daughter Mary I He shut down the monasteries and took all their riches for himself and his friends He quarreled with the Pope and made himself Head of the Church of England He stopped foreign interference with Englands affairs He executed men who opposed him, such as Sir Thomas More He dealt savagely with an uprising in the north called the Pilgrimage of Grace

EDWARD VI - Sickly lad - Strict protestant - 1547-1553 - Became king at 9 years old, he was too young and therefore he had protectors to help him - He was engaged to Mary queen of Scots - Died of tuberculosis at the age of 16 - He named his distant cousin Lady Jane Grey as his successor because she was a Protestant (Mary was not) BLOODY QUEEN MARY - She was known as Bloody Queen Mary because she and her catholic followers burnt protestants for their desire to turn England into a Catholic country - She wanted to turn England into a Catholic country - She was Queen from 1553-1558 - Many Protestants fled abroad to avoid being punished (burnt) - 1554 July she married Phillip of Spain (he was very unpopular) - Marys marriage was a failure , she had no children - 1557 she helped Phillip fight France - During the war French captured Calais the last English stronghold in their country - Although Mary had restored the Catholic faith, in 1558 she was an old, sick and dying queen - The next heir was to be Elizabeth (she was a protestant) - As Mary lay dying she knew the Catholic faith would die with her. - She was hated - 1555 Mary announced that she was pregnant and that the baby was due in June 1555, many believed it to be a phantom pregnancy and this was born out when no baby arrived - We know now that Mary probably had cancer of the womb - In 1555 Parliament passed DOWN A LAW THAT STATED IT WAS A CRIME TO BE Protestant in England - She was responsible for the burnings of 227 men and 56 women mostly in the South East of England ELIZABETH I - Reigned for 44years and 4 months - Smart and wise - Sometimes her speech is incoherent - She was a protestant and wanted to return England into a protestant country - She pretended to be a Catholic while her sister was ruling to keep her happy and not suspicious of her future intentions - Elizabeth never married although she had a definite soft spot for the Earl of Essex - She came to the throne in 1558 - She needed to win the support of both Catholics and Protestants and those who believed that a woman couldnt rule by herself - She was short with brown eyes and curly hair - She had a bad temper and would throw things or threaten to send courtiers to the Tower if they has upset her (she swore and spat) - Her teeth were black with tooth decay - She was very superstitious and were afraid of black mice - She only bathed once every few weeks - Nicknamed The Virgin Queen

She was in love with Robert Dudley although he was married, and if she married him great adversity would come to them and political reasons The citizens adored the Queen and called her Good Queen Bess She led England in war greatly as she succeeded against Spain led by her sisters husband (Phillip) as he wanted to take over England for his own

TUDOR CLOTHING - English clothes for the rich became exciting and different during Tudor times - Velvets and satins from Italy, lace from France and starch from Holland

WHO WERE THE VIKINGS? - Between 790 AD and 1066AD the Vikings dominated much of northern Europe - Writings described them to be savage, merciless barbarians. - The Vikings did steal, attack and kill all over Europe - They also had strong family structures, strict law and order and a passion for art poetry and oral sagas - Originally lived in Scandinavia which is the are in between Denmark, Norway and Sweden today VIKING SOCIETY Chiefs man Most powerful in Viking society

Landsmen Lower level of ruling class Farmers

Thralls (Slaves)

WHERE DID THEY GO? - They were great travelers - They attacked many countries in Europe and later they settled in parts of Britain, Ireland and France - The part in France in which they settled was called Normandy - They also crossed the Atlantic ocean to Iceland and Greenland - The Vikings also discovered North America way before Columbus did TRADE - Iceland (wool, furs, walrus ivory)

- England (wool, wheat, honey) - France (jewellery, wine, weapons) - Germany (pottery wine, silver) - The Byzantine Empire (spices, silk) - Russia (slave, honey, furs) - Norway (antlers, walrus, ivory) - Sweden (antlers) - Greenland (falcons, fur walrus ivory) - Baghdad (slave, silver) LINDISFARNE - AD 793 June 8th Vikings attacked the holy Christian monastery of Lindisfarne (first encountered attack) - They came to steal gold and treasures of the church - They even dug up altars to get them - Within 40 years Viking raids became annual - One by one the Saxon kingdoms were overrun by Vikings - By the 870s only one kingdom was holding against them (Wessex) TRAVEL - Countries which Vikings travelled to were England, Scotland, Russia, Ireland, France, Greenland, America and Italy - Some seas they crossed were the Labrador sea, North sea, Caspian sea, Mediterranean sea, Black sea, Barents sea, Baltic and White sea - The climate in Scandinavia wouldve affected the was the Vikings lived greatly because it wouldve influenced a lot of what the Vikings wore, what they did and how their shelter structure was like, It wouldve impacted on their desire to immigrate elsewhere. - Land has unsuitable climate - The soil fertility wasnt good - They were dominant and rebellious people - They loved to plunder and adventure - The Vikings felt powerful and wanted untie their territories into one kingdom VIKING WARRIORS - They wore special protective clothing to battle but they had no particular uniform - Dressed accordingly to what he owned - Wealthier: Iron helmets and chain-mail shirts (shirts made out of tiny iron rings linked together by chains) - Poorer: tunics and helmets mad from goat leather - Helmets were often decorated with silver and copper - Berserkers were fearsome warriors who fought bravely but extremely wild, they ate poisonous mushrooms in which caused them to be out of control and would destroy anything in their way VIKING BELIEFS - Pagan gods - Polytheists (believed in many Gods) - Most powerful god was one-eyed Odin, the All Father, God of warfare, justice, death, wisdom and poetry - Most popular God was Thor, who was stupid but incredibly strong, with his hammer Miollnir, crafted by the dwarves, he was the main defender of the Gods against the giants. - The Gods live in a heavenly realm called Asgard

Valhalla (or Valhol), a hall in Asgard, was the home of the Viking Gods. It was also the place where the souls of dead Viking warriors would gather and feast and fight for eternity The Valkyries were women sent by Odin to lead dead Vikings to Valhalla, the Vikings heaven Asgard was joined to earth by a rainbow bridge called Bifrost Thor: He was the God of thunder and lightning. Thor was stupid but he was incredibly strong and was the son of Odin. He had a mighty hammer called Miollnir which defended the Gods against enemies (giants Odin: He was the king of the Gods and men, wisdom and war. Odin had 2 ravens called Memory and Thought which flew over the world daily and returned to tell him everything that happened Frey: He was the God of fertility, harvest peace, prosperity and weather, Frey ruled over the land of elves and was whom farmers prayed to when in need of crops Land spirits: They were peaceful and could bring good luck in farming, hunting, fishing as well as protecting animals and families. They hated violence Loki: The god of fire, thieves and mischievous. He represented evil and was possessed of great knowledge Dwarves: they were highly skilled craftsmen who mad the treasures of the Gods and were also extremely wise Elves: They were also known as Alfur who were close to the Gods and were ruled by Frey Freya: She was the goddess of beauty, love, marriage and war Fylgiur: were spirits who followed a particular person and guided them from danger and accidents The Vikings believed that if they saw their Fylgiur they would die Ibn Fadlan described the Vikings leaving their boats and carrying food to the tall carved wooden statues and sacrificed to their gods We dont know exactly how Vikings practiced their religion as not many sources were written Most evidence presented were written by the monks which were more likely to be biased and negative Not many archaeological evidence were found about their religion I think we know more about Viking gods than about their everyday life because Gods were mentioned more in sagas and inscriptions. They believed in these figures rather than everyday faith

VIKING SHIPS - The purpose of longships was to safely sail in the oceans and in shallow waters - Longships were able to travel at great speeds and were efficient - Longships were about 15 meters long, had large woolen sails, oars, huge bat-like rudder that hung over the side of the shallow hulls - The purpose of the knorr was to carry animals, supplies and cargo - A knorr had decking covering about half of its length, a sail, a few oars and a wooden rudder - Between the longship and the knorr are that they have similar features and characteristics such as swift travelling - The difference between the ships was that they had different purposes and the knorr was bigger than the longship LEGACY OF THE VIKINGS - Achievements of the Vikings were: establishing settlements in Iceland and Greenland and also reaching North America 500 years before Columbus - Making impact such as the names of the Gods and days put together to give us the contemporary terms of days today - Name of countries have been named after Vikings

Vikings settled in England, we know this because places in England have been named after Vikings and also the last names gives us evidence

VIKING STEROTYPES

SHIPBUILDERS

There were evidence of dugout ships; they were great ship builders, creating vessels with strong structures and professional techniques. The boats were swift as lightning

They raided Lindisfarne and killed monks to steal the churchs treasures. There were numerous accounts of when Vikings dominated land and killed its citizens VIOLENT Vikings were intelligent and wise explorers. People were motivated to find better land and be in content of its treasures and benefits it offered. They were smart and their advance of ships allowed them to travel far

EXPLORERS/ NAVIGATORS

TRADERS

They were manipulative and profitable traders. They traded girls as slaves and many of riches for their needed necessities. They traded for hundreds of years

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