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K ABHISHEKAPURAM, PIRATTIYUR WEST, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 009
XII BIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
NAME : INIYA SHREE M
REGISTER NUMBER :
GRADE : XII
SUBJECT & CODE : BIOLOGY & 044
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the investigatory Project Report entitled
“In vitro fertilization(IVF)” submitted by Monika.S, of
Class XII is original and has been completed by her under my
supervision and is completed in all respect for AISSCE of the
year 2022-23.
Signature of internal Signature of external examiner
examiner
Signature of principal
INDEX:
S.NO CONTENT PG
NO
1. WHAT IS INVITRO 4
FERTILISATION?
2. HISTORY 5
3. WHAT ARE THE 6
PROCESSES
INVOLVED?
4. ADVANTAGES AND 9
DISADVANTAGES
5. VARIATIONS OF IVF 11
6. CONCLUSION 13
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 14
WHAT IS IN-VITRO FERTILISATION?
In vitro fertilization(IVF) is a process of
fertilisation where an egg is combined with
sperm in laboratory (ie; outside the
body).
Usually,this process results in zygote which is
known as test-tube baby.
It is derived from Latin term ‘in vitro’, meaning
‘in glass’, is used because early biological
experiments involved glass containers such as
petri dish,beakers,test tubes etc.,
It is a treatment for infertility and genetic and
genetic problems.
One full cycle takes 3 weeks.
HISTORY:
The first successful birth of a child after IVF
treatment Louise Brown, occurred in 1978.
Patrick Steptoe and Sir Ro
Robert
bert Edwards are credited
with pioneering the IVF procedure.
In this sentinel IVF birth, the mother had a natural
menstrual cycle, physicians laparoscopically retrieved
a single pre-ovulatory oocyte from her ovary,
fertilized it in vitro, and then transferred the resulting
eight-cell embryo into her uterus.
The second successful birth of a 'test tube baby'
occurred in India just 67 days after Louise Brown
was born.
Three years later, the first IVF baby in the U.S., and
the 15th wo
worldwide,
rldwide, was born .
Today, IVF accounts for millions of births
worldwide and 1–3% of all births every year in the
U.S. and Europe.
WHAT ARE THE PROCESSES
INVOLVED?
It is a complex process and involves many
steps.They are…
Ovarian Stimulation
Egg retrieval
Fertilization
Embryo development
Embryo transfer
I. OVARIAN STIMULATION:
During each natural cycle in a healthy person of
reproductive age, a group of eggs begins to
mature each month.
Typically, only one egg becomes mature
enough to ovulate. The remaining immature
eggs in that group disintegrate.
During IVF cycle, hormonal injections are used
to encourage the entire group of that cycle’s
eggs to mature simultaneously and fully.
This means, instead of having just one egg (like
in a natural cycle), you may have many eggs.
II. EGG RETRIEVAL:
The healthcare provider uses an ultrasound to
guide a thin needle into each of ovaries
through the vagina.
The needle is connected to a suction device
used to pull eggs out of each follicle.
The eggs are placed in a dish containing a
special solution. The dish is then put in an
incubator (controlled environment).
Medication and mild sedation are used to
reduce discomfort during this procedure.
Egg retrieval is done 36 hours after last
hormone injection, the “trigger shot.”
III. FERTILIZATION:
After the egg retrieval procedure, the
embryologist will try to fertilize all mature eggs
using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
This means that sperm will be injected into each
mature egg. Immature eggs cannot have ICSI
performed on them.
The immature eggs will be placed in a dish with
sperm and nutrients.
If an immature egg does mature, the sperm in
the dish can then attempt to fertilize the egg.
On average, 70% of mature eggs will fertilize.
Not all eggs are fertilized,if is not needed those
are frozen before fertilization.
IV. EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT:
Over the next five to six days, the development
of the embryos will be carefully monitored.
The embryo must overcome significant hurdles
to become an embryo suitable for transfer to
uterus.
On average, 50% of fertilized embryos progress
to the blastocyst stage.
V. EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT:
Multiple embryos are transferred.
From that atleast one will be implanted
resulting in pregnancy.
Based on the amount of drugs involved they
are classified into 3 types…
Natural cycle IVF - No or fewer drugs
Mild stimulation IVF -Less drugs
In vitro maturation (IVM)-More drugs
WHAT IS THE SUCCESS RATE OF IVF
BY AGE?
As per the data of 2019 given by US (for per egg retrieval),
Younger than 35: 46.7%
Ages 35 to 37 : 34.2%
Ages 38 to 40 : 21.6%
Ages 41 to 42 : 10.6%
Ages 43 and up : 3.2%
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES :
Blocke
Blocked d tubes: For women with blocked or
damaged fallopian tubes, IVF provides the best
opportunity of having a child using their own
eggs.
Older patients
patients// patients with a low ovarian
ADV
ADVANTAGE
ANTAGE
ANTAGESS reserve: IVF can be used to maximise the
chance of older patients conceiving.
Embryos ca can
n be used to screen for inherited
diseases: For individuals who are known
carriers of genetic disorders such as cystic
fibrosis, Huntington’s disease and muscular
dystrophy are prevented.
An IVF cyc cycle
le may be unsuc
unsuccessful
cessful :The
success of IVF is not guaranteed, and
patients often have to undergo more than
DIS
DISADVANTAG
ADVANTAG
ADVANTAGES
ES
one cycle of treatment before they are
successful.
There ma mayy be associated side effect
effectss and
risks: As a medical treatment, IVF comes
with a small chance of developing side
effects, the most severe of these being severe
ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome
(OHSS).
There is a slightly higher chance of ectopic
pregnancy: With IVF treatment, the risk of
an ectopic pregnancy doubles, to 1-3%,
particularly in women with damaged
fallopian tubes.
WHY DO IVF FAIL?
Some of the causes are…
Prema
Premature
ture ovul
ovulation
ation
ation..
No eggs are developing
developing..
Too m many
any eggs are devdeveloping
eloping
eloping..
Egg isn
isn’t
’t fer
fertilized
tilized by spe
sperm.
rm.
Sp
Sperm
erm quality
quality..
Embryo stops growing or will not
impla
implant.
nt.
Problems with egg retriev
retrieval
al or embryo
transf
transfer.
er.
VARIATIONS OF IVF:
Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer (ZIFT):
It is an infertility treatment used when a
blockage in the fallopian tubes prevents the
normal binding of sperm to the egg.
Egg cells are removed from a
woman's ovaries, and in vitro fertilized.
Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer (GIFT):
It uses multiple eggs collected from the
ovaries.
The eggs are placed into a thin flexible tube
(catheter) along with the sperm to be used.
The gametes (both eggs and sperm) are then
injected into the fallopian tubes using a
surgical procedure called laparoscopy .
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI):
It is a specialised form of In Vitro
Fertilisation that is used primarily for the
treatment of severe cases of male-factor
infertility,(ie;sperm count is low or the
sperm has very poor motility).
Artificial insemination (AI):
It is a procedure by which one manually
deposits a sperm suspension, fresh or
frozen-thawed, into the female reproductive
tract to overcome logistical problems
associated with natural mating.
CONCLUSION:
Though there are many techniques,it
requires extremely speicalised
professionals.Hence there are only limited
centres in the country.
All these methods will not succeed to every
people.
It has some side effects.
Emotional,religious and social factors are
also deterrents in the adoption of these
methods.
All of these methods aim is to have
parenthood.Our Indian laws permit legal
adoption of children which is one of the
best methods for parenthood.
BIBLIOGAPHY:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation
https://meddo.in/blog/what-is-ivf-and-how-its-done/
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/22457-ivf
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-
and-molecular-biology/artificial-
insemination#:~:text=Artificial%20insemination%20(AI)%20is%
20a,problems%20associated%20with%20natural%20mating.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/in-vitro-
fertilization/about/pac-20384716
THANK
YOU!
