ENCYCLOPAEDIA

JUDAICA
S E C O N D E D I T I O N

VOLUME 19
Som–Tn
F red Skolnik, Editor in Chief
M ichael Berenbaum, Executive Editor

IN ASSOCIATION WITH
KETER PUBLISHING HOUSE LtD., JERUSALEM
 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition

Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief

Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor
Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager
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Encyclopaedia Judaica / Fred Skolnik, editor-in-chief ; Michael Berenbaum, executive editor. -- 2nd ed.
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1. Jews -- Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945-
DS102.8.E496 2007
909’.04924 -- dc22
2006020426

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 tamir, shmuel

tallit and praying for the improvement of the hard conditions to have had only six, the present seventh being included in the
of its life in the desert. sixth, and this explains its position after Keritot and Me’ilah,
Bibliography: Loew, Flora, 3 (1924), 398ff.; H.N. and A.L. which also have six chapters each.
Moldenke, Plants of the Bible (1952), index; J. Feliks, Olam ha-Ẓ ome’aḥ Chapter 1 discusses the priestly night watches and the
ha-Mikra’i (19682), 82–83, 94–95. preparations for the morning sacrifice, in particular the clear-
[Jehuda Feliks] ing of the ashes of the previous day’s offerings from the altar.
Chapter 2 deals mainly with laying a new fire on the altar.
TAM IBN YAḤ YA, JACOB BEN DAVID (c. 1475–1542),
Chapter 3 deals with casting lots to determine which priests
Turkish rabbi and codifier. Leaving Lisbon with his father af-
have to perform the various sacrificial duties. Chapter 4 de-
ter the expulsion from *Portugal in 1496, he settled in Con-
scribes in detail how the lamb was slaughtered and prepared
stantinople where he achieved a reputation for his compre-
for the sacrifice. Chapter 5 states that the recital of the *Shema
hensive talmudic knowledge (responsa, Oholei Tam, 142). He
prayer in the Temple was preceded by a blessing and was fol-
was appointed a member of the bet din presided over by Elijah
lowed by three others, including the biblical priestly bene-
*Mizraḥ i, chief rabbi of *Turkey, and after the latter’s death Ibn
diction. Chapter 6 treats of the offering of incense. Chapter 7
Yaḥ ya was recognized, even beyond his own country, as the
first discusses the high priest’s entry, his prostration and the
spiritual leader of Turkish Jewry (ibid., 110 and 147). In his re-
accompanying ceremonials, and the way in which the high
sponsa he adopted “the clear and concise style characteristic
priest and common priests administered the priestly bene-
of the French and German rabbis … who weigh every word”
diction. Then follows a long paragraph setting out in detail
(ibid., 36 and 147). Ibn Yaḥ ya adopted a rigid attitude in his
the special ceremonial, when the high priest himself partici-
decisions, but at the same time went to great lengths to seek
pated in the sacrificial service. At the end of the chapter is
relief for an agunah (ibid., 142). He opposed the view that the
the phrase, “this is the order of the Tamid…,” which seems to
*Karaites were not to be regarded as Jews, but a group whose
conclude the tractate. Yet, in current editions, there is an ad-
place, halakhically speaking, was intermediate between that
ditional passage giving the list of psalms sung by the levites
of Jews and non-Jews, maintaining that they were to be re-
on different days of the week. The Mishnah of Tamid is that
garded as Jews upon whom the precepts of Judaism were bind-
of *Simeon of Mizpah as is established by the Talmud (Yoma
ing (ibid., 127). Although he had a knowledge of *Kabbalah,
14b). The Mishnah of Yoma 2:3–4 derives from that of Tamid,
he opposed its being taught. He also studied medicine and
and a comparison between them indicates that the text in Ta-
had a knowledge of Arabic, Turkish, and Spanish, while “his
mid is a later compilation. The Mishnah of Tamid has a distinct
knowledge of Islamic law was so great that their judges fre-
Hebrew style containing expressions not found elsewhere in
quently consulted with him with regard to their decisions” (G.
the Mishnah. Tamid was translated into English by M. Simon
ibn Yaḥ ya, Shalshelet ha-Kabbalah). Ibn Yaḥ ya was a prolific
in the Soncino edition (1948).
writer, but most of his works were destroyed in the conflagra-
tion which overtook Constantinople a year before his death. Bibliography: Epstein, Tanna’im, 27–31; Ḥ . Albeck, Shishah
Sidrei Mishnah, Seder Kodashim (1959), 291f.
The remnants of his responsa were collected and published
[Arnost Zvi Ehrman]
after his death in the Tummat Yesharim collection (Venice,
1624), under the title Oholei Tam, along with his glosses to
TAMIR (Katznelson), SHMUEL (1923–1987), Israeli lawyer
Alfasi, entitled Derekh Tamim.
and politician, member of the Sixth to Ninth Knessets. Tamir
Bibliography: E. Carmoly, Divrei ha-Yamim li-Venei was born in Jerusalem, the son of Dr. Reuben Katzenelson, but
Yaḥ ya (1850); Graetz, Gesch, 9 (18913), 33, 394; Rosanes, Togarmah,
later adopted the name he had assumed while a member of the
2 (1937/38), 6ff.
[Ephraim Kupfer] *Irgun Ẓ eva’i Le’ummi. He grew up under the influence of the
atmosphere that followed the massacre of Jews in *Hebron in
TAMID (Heb. ‫) ָּת ִמיד‬, the ninth or tenth tractate of the order 1929, and believed that those accused of Haim *Arlosoroff ’s
Kodashim in the Mishnah and the Babylonian Talmud. Tamid murder were innocent. Tamir joined the Iẓ L in 1938. He was
is an abbreviated form for olat tamid (“daily burnt-offering”) a radio announcer on the Voice of Jerusalem but was fired in
and refers to the daily (morning and evening) sacrifices as set 1944 when his membership in the Iẓ L was discovered, after he
out in Exodus 29:38–42 and Numbers 28:1–8 (cf. II Kings 16:15; had commanded an operation to blow up the income tax office
Ezek. 46:13–15; Neh. 10:34, and II Chron. 13:11). This tractate is in Jerusalem. In 1946 he was appointed deputy commander
not actually concerned with these sacrifices; it gives a descrip- of the Iẓ L in Jerusalem, and the following year was arrested
tion of the morning work in the Temple, from the moment by the British authorities for the third time, and deported to
the priests set about their work early in the morning until af- Kenya, where he was allowed to study for his final law exami-
ter the tamid sacrifice was organized later in the morning. nations. In July 1948 Tamir was returned to Israel, but was not
Little controversy is recorded here in the Mishnah, a sign of mobilized to the IDF in the War of Independence. He joined
an early redaction, probably from just before or soon after the the *Ḥ erut Movement when it was founded in 1948, and be-
destruction of the Temple. In current editions of the Mishnah longed to the La-Merḥ av faction that supported unity with the
and Talmud, Tamid has seven chapters, but originally it seems General Zionists. Tamir left the Ḥ erut Movement in 1952 and

ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 19 495