Report On

Role of Botanical Garden in Conservation of Plant

Submitted To:
Biology Department
Date of Submission: November 30th
SUBMITTED BY:

Lokesh upadhyay (023NEB332)

APPROVAL PAGE

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The Report entitled “Role of Botanical Garden in Conservation of Plant in Nepal”
assigned to the students of Grade XI of St. Xavier’s College, prepared and
submitted by Lokesh upadhyay in fulfilment of the requirements for the topic, has
been requested for acceptance and approval.

Date of submission: 30th November 2023

……………………… ..............…………..........

Mr. Ramesh Maharjan Mr. Brajesh Shrestha

Supervisor Subject Coordinator

Biology Department Biology Department

St. Xavier’s College St. Xavier’s College

Accepted in fulfillment of the requirements of the aforementioned project.

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 Abstract
A botanical garden is an area set aside and maintained by an organization for
protecting and conserving various groups of plants for economic, educational,
recreational and scientific purposes. These gardens serve as living museums,
showcasing the richness of flora from various ecosystems worldwide. There are 11
botanical garden in Nepal .Among them national botanical garden, godawari is the
largest and oldest botanical garden of the Nepal.

The main objective of the study was to recognize the role of Botanical Gardens in
the conservation of plants. Moreover, the study expressed the current status of the
National Botanical Garden in the protection of endangered and rare plant, its policy
and the further future plans. The information of the botanical garden was collected
by the educational visit along with the sources from the articles and journals from
the internet.

After this project, we got to learn that different species of plants are being
conserved by the In-Situ and Ex-Situ conservation. Different gardens like Japanese
style garden, Terrace garden, Lily Garden, Rare and Endangered garden, Rose
Garden etc. are present which categories the plant diversity as the necessity. In
contrary, the main learning from the project was the efforts made by the
management team of the botanical garden to preserve the pristine diversity of plant
species in Nepal.

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 Acknowledgement
The accomplishment of this project needed a lot of support and guidance from
several people. I am very thankful for all of the people who helped for this project.
Success of this project is the result of such priceless guidance. We, students are
indebted to the biology department of St. Xavier’s College for providing the
opportunity to the botanical garden at Godawari. Words cannot express my
gratitude to the coordinator of biology department, Mr. Brajesh Shrestha and
fellow teachers. In fact, this project has been completed only with their support and
proper guidance. For successful completion of this project many people have
helped me including my friends and my teachers. Without their coordination this
project would have been incomplete. We are thankful to and fortunate enough to
get constant advice, support and encouragement from our teachers for this project
work. I would like to thank the teacher, Mr. bikash prajapati sir, who supervised
our section and guide us when we were at Botanical Garden. He helped us by
providing the knowledge about the different species of plants, their uses,
importance and the ways to preserve them.

I also thank all the resources that provide the necessary information for this
project. And lastly, I would like to thank all the people who helped me directly or
indirectly for the completion of this project.

Lokesh upadhyay

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 Table of contents
List of Tables and Figures

Abbreviation and Acronyms

Chapter -1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.1.1 Definition

1.1.2 History of Botanical gardens

1.1.3 History of Botanical gardens in Nepal

1.1.4 List of Botanical gardens in Nepal

1.1.5 Importance of Botanical gardens

1.1.6 Criteria necessary for the Botanical Garden

1.2 Objectives

1.3 Limitations

1.4 Rationale

Chapter -2 Methodology

2.1 Study area

2.2Method of Study

2.2.1 Material used in the study

Chapter 3 Result and Findings

Chapter -4 Discussions and Conclusion

4.1 Recommendation, references and annexes

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 List of Tables and Figures

Fee Entry Table

A Road Map to Godawari Botanical Garden

Table of Division of Flora

List of species

CITES Appendix I, II, III

Photos of some species

Green House

Some Threatened and Protected species

Medicinal Plants

Pond Ecosystem

Information charts

Thematic Gardens and Conservatories

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 Abbreviation and Acronyms

BGCI: Botanic Gardens Conservation International

BS: Bikram Sambat

CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna

and Flora

DPR: Department of Plant Resources

IUCN :International Union for Conservation of Nature

km: Kilometer

m: Meter

mm: Millimeter

MoFE: Ministry of Forests and Environment

N: North

NBG: National Botanical Garden

RBG:Royal Botanical Garden

sp.: Species (singular)

spp.: Species (plural)

subsp.:Subspecies

var.: Variety

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 Introduction
1.1 background
A botanical garden is a garden with a documented collection of living
education. . It is also known as a museum of living plants. . It may
contain specialist plant collections such as xerophytic plants, fern
plant,tropical plants , alpine plants and other exotic plants ,etc They are
generally plants for the purpose of scientific research, conservation,
display, and managed by the universities, research institutions, or
governmental organizations.

History of botanical garden in the world and Nepal

The history of botanical garden dates back to 16 th and 17 th century
back. On the .16th and 17th century , the botanical gardens are developed
in Europe during european resisance for study and research in
university. these gardens were used by the professors of that college and
students only. Later, in the 18th century, they became more educational
in function, demonstrating the latest plant classification systems devised
by botanists.Then, in the 19th and 20th centuries, the modern era of
development of botanical garden started. The major medicinal gardens
of the 15th and 16th century are at orto botanico di pissa (1544), orto
botanica dell’s universita di bologna (1568 of Italy. the oldest botanical
garden of the world is–botanical garden of padau 16th century.
The hanging garden of babylon with the tower of babel in the
background, a 16th-century hand-coloured engraving by martin
hemiskeck is also considered as one of the botanical garden of that time.
In 18 th and 19th century , many more botanical gardens developed . as
of latest report (by) There are now estimated1775 botanical garden in

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148 countries of world. The largest botanical garden is the royal botanics
garden in England.

History of botanical garden in Nepal

the history of botanical garden in Nepal is not very old. The first
botanical garden of nepal National Botanical Garden (NBG) was
established on October 28, 1962 (Kartik 12, 2019) and inaugurated by
King Mahendra. The NBG, formerly known as the Royal Botanical
Garden. Belongs to government of nepal. . It is also an internationally
recognized botanical garden and a member of Botanic Gardens
Conservation International (BGCI) since 2015 AD It is well-known as a
center of plant conservation, education, research, display and recreation.
It covers an area of 82 hectares with varying topography, 40 hectares of
which have been transformed into about 30 thematic garden. there are 11
botanical gardens in Nepal according to department of plant
resources(DPR).

Importance of botanical garden

Following are the importance of botanical garden
• It helps to conserve and maintain a diverse living collection of plants
• It helps to develop protocols for plant propagation and seed banking

• It helps to promote education and research in the field of plant science

• It helps to promote national economy through tourism.
• It helps to conserve endangered plant species and it also helps to
protect the plant diversity.
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 Criteria necessary for botanical garden
According to IUCN Botanic Gardens Conservation Secretariat, Kew,
Richmond, United Kingdom(1989), the criteria necessary for the
botanical garden are:
1. A reasonable degree of permanence
2. An underlying scientific basis for the collections
3. Proper documentation of the collections, including wild origin
4. Monitoring of the plants in the collections
5. Adequate labelling of the plants
6. Open to the public
7. Communication of information to other gardens, institutions and the
public
8. Exchange of seed or other materials with other botanic gardens,
arboreta or researchinstitutions
9. Undertaking of scientific or technical research on plants in the
collections
10. Maintenance of research programs in plant taxonomy in associated
herbaria.

List of botanical gardens in Nepal

1. National Botanical Garden, Godawari, Lalitpur
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 2. Maipokhari Botanical Garden, Ilam
3. Dhanushadham Botanical Garden, Dhanusha
4. Brindaban Botanical Garden, Makawanpur
5. Mountain Botanical Garden, Daman, Makwanpur
6. World Peace Biodiversity Garden, Pokhara
7. Dhakeri Botanical Garden, Banke
8. Mulpani Botanical Garden, Salyan
9. Dhitachaur Botanical Garden, Jumla
10. Dewahariya Botanical Garden, Kailali
11. National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories

1.2 objective of the study

the main objective of the study are listed below
i. to know about the role of botanical garden in the conservation
of plant
ii. to know about management of plants of different climatic
conditions.
iii. To know about the variesties of plant along with their
morphology
iv. To know about the endangered and rare plants

1.3 Limitation of the study

Following are the circumstances that I faced during the study :

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 i. lack of adequate time to study about huge plant species in
garden
ii. lack of key to identify plant in botanical garden
iii. lack of knowledge about terminologies used in plant
identification

1.4 Rationale of the project

Floral diversity is widespread stream. The main purpose to carry out
this study is to know about the diverse plant species and know the
role of botanical garden in the conservation of local, endangered,
protected and exotic plant resources, etc. Since we are the students of
the biology domain, so to know about the special characteristics of
some plants such as medicinal plants, flowering plants, fern, etc is
also our main reason for carrying study.

Chapter 2 methodology of study

2.1 introduction of study area
Study area : national botanical garden godawari ,lalitpur
Date of establishment : October 28, 1962 (Kartik 12, 2019)
Latitude: 27°35’44.38” N
Longitude: 85°23’1.53” E

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Area : It covers an area of 82 hectares with varying topography, 40
hectares is converted into thematic garden

Location : located at the base of Mt. Phulchowki (2765 m), the

highest peak of the Kathmandu valley, and lies about 10 km southeast of
Satdobato, Lalitpur District.

Climate : The climate is subtropical to warm temperate, and the mean

annual rainfall is 2,004 mm, with 80 per cent of total annual
precipitation occurring between June and September.

Designing and inauguration :

The landscape of this garden was designed by two British architects,
Geoffrey Herklots and Tony Schilling. This garden was inaugurated by
king mahendra.

Regarding the garden open hours

Garden opens daily from 9:30 AM to 4:00 PM for the 1st week of
November to the last week ofJanuary. Similarly, it opens from 9:00 AM
to 5:00 PM for the rest of the month.
How to reach there:
It is about 17 km from RNAC Bus Stop and takes about 45 minutes to
reach there by use of public transport. Or, any private vehicle can get
there.
Entrance Fee:
The fee for the entry of the visitors is mentioned below in a table :

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2.2 materials used in study
The materials used in the study are pen , mobile camera , notebook ,etc

2.3 methods of study

We visited the botanical garden on with research team of about 58
members. I obtained the data from primary as well as from secondary
sources. Following are the sources of data for me
A. primary sources of data for me
1. Direct observation of botanical garden
2. Visited information centre of the garden to full fill objectives
3. Guidance from botany mentor
4. from photographs of the garden
B. Secondary sources of data for me are as follows

 Website of department of plant resources

 Wikipedia
 Journals written

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  Factsheet of botanical garden

Chapter – 3 result and finding

Botanical gardens play an important role in conservation and

protection of varieties of plants. They serve as bank for medicinal,
exotic, ornamental, tropical, and various other types of plants,
acting as museum for researchers, botanists, andconservationists.
Through the use of artificial environment , these garden helps to
conserve endangered ,rare plants. They also serve as educational
hubs, sharing knowledge about the uses, conservation, and
cultivation of these plants. These garden are also the source of
entertainment .It was found that Botanical Garden conserve
different endangered , threated and exotic plants by following
ways:

1. Medicinal plants
the medicinal plants, regarded as saviour are protected and
conserved in the botanical garden. A portion of the garden is
separated for the medicinal plants where a large species of
medicinal plants are found for display and for educational
purposes. A separate section named‘Medicinal Plants and

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 Information Section’ is built to learn more about the species of
Medicinalplants in Nepal. The medicinal plants found in the visited
botanical garden were:
1. Ocimum sanctum 2. Acrous calamus 3. Rauwolfia serpentine
4. Cannabis sativa 5. Mentha spicata 6. Tinospora cordifolia
These gardens help in the conservation of medicinal plants by
following ways
i) helps in germination of new seed
ii) provides suitable temperature, climate, etc
iii) preserves different rare and threatened species of medicinal
plants

2) exotic plant
there are different parts separated for flowering and non-flowering plants
in the botanicalgarden. According to a survey, there are 1039 species
(1052 taxa) of Angiosperms, Gymnosperms 31 species (33 taxa),
Pteridophytes 109 species, Bryophytes 46 speciesand Algae 14 species
in the National Botanical Garden. During observation in the field visit, it
was clear that the garden had special conservation for the types of plants
which included Angiosperms andGymnosperms too.there are also many
green houses which provide both temperature and humidity regulators.
The botanical garden help in the conservation of the flowering and non
flowering plants by following ways
I. By providing proper topographical maintenance for the survival
of plant
II. Botanical garden provide all necessary requirements for the
proper growth of plant

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 (3) ornamental plants
Botanical garden provides appropriate arrangement of ornamental plants
in order to seem it as the decorative one.Botanical garden helps in
production of different types and different species of botanical plants
with different changes like genetic one and so on.Time and again
supervision is done to these plants.

4) Xerophytic plants
Botanical garden play important role in the conservation of xerophytic
plants . inside the botanical garden , there is cactus house for the
preservation of xerophytic plants.tha major plants found in cactus house
of botanical garden are Cereus Peruvianus, Opuntia Microdasys ,
Hatiora Gaertneri,etc Botanical garden provides suitable condition like
soil types,amount of water required for xerophytic plants.It also provides
suitable temperature required for its proper growth and development.

5 tropical plants
Botanical garden help in the preservation of plants of tropical region.
Inside the botanical garden , there is tropical greenhouse for the
preservation and conservation of tropical plants. The major tropical
plants found in tropical greenhouse are as follows :

I. Bauhinia vahlii,
II. Butea buteiformis,
III. B. monosperma,
IV. Calotropis gigantea,
V. Cassia fistula,
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 VI. Cycas pectinata,
VII. Dalbergia latifolia,
VIII. Rauvolfia serpentine
the greenhouse plays important role in the conservation of these plants
by following ways:
I. It provides suitable fertile soil required for tropical plants.
II. It also provides different organic fertilizers for proper growth and
development
.

6 )Maintaining aquatic life

Botanical garden makes the water resources for survival of aquatic
life.It makes connection of different water resources to the botanical
garden.Cleanliness of pond and water resources is done time and
again.

for different climatic conditions plants, there are separate green

houses. The green houses contain temperature regulators as well as a
unique set of resources that allows them to protect the plants in different
climatic conditions.
Similarly, there are numerous boards reflecting the importance of the
conservation of pristine plant diversity including rare, endangered and
exotic plant species. The ways of conservation in the botanical gardens
reflect the awareness, importance and reasons for the protection of the
species. So the botanical garden help in the providing awareness about
conservation of plant species.
the Role of Botanical gardens are for; Taxonomic studies, Research
purpose,Aesthetic value, Recreation, Empowerment, etc. the botanical
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garden are the great source for refreshment and tourism . they helps to
increase employment opportunity and it promotes national economy.
The species found in the botanical gardens were largely vast so, some of them are
listed below with their Nepali name, Scientific name, Uses, Parts used, Protection
status, Threatened Category and CITES appendix.

The other plant species observed in the botanical garden are as follows:

1. Nepalese Alder:
The Nepalese Alder, scientifically also known as Alnusnepalensis, is a
deciduous tree native to the Himalayas. It's renowned for its
environmental significance, often found at
altitudes between 500 to 2600 meters. it is
used in land reclamation, as firewood and
for making charcoal.

2) Sauraulanepalensis DC.(Gogan)
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Saurauianepalensis DC, commonly known as Nepal Saurauia, is a
flowering shrub endemic to the Himalayas.
Growing in moist, shady areas at elevations
between 1200 to 2400 meters.

3)ginkgo biloba

It's the sole survivor of an ancient group of trees that date back to before
dinosaurs roamed the Earth. It is a gymnospermic plant. It is used for
treating blood disorders and memory issues.

Chapter 4. Discussion and Conclusion

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Botanical gardens are not bounded by certain roles; rather it is a major
tool that has been enhancing the life of every living organism since their
origination. The medicinal along with the environmental contribution of
Botanical gardens has been a great achievement for humans.
The major contributions by botanical gardens for conservation of plants
are mentioned below:
1. They preserve rare, threatened, or endangered species.
2. Botanical gardens devote their resources to the study and conservation
of plants
3. They make the world's plant species diversity known to the public.
4. These gardens also play a central role in meeting human needs and
providing well-being.
As a conclusion, it is a fact that a number of plants that are extinct in the
wild are kept alive solely through the efforts of botanical gardens. By
these efforts of botanical gardens , our future generation will be able to
see the present days plants.

Recommendation :
Following are the some recommendations to the botanical garden for it’s
better development :
I. The roadmap and information centre of thematic gardens should be
placed in main information centre.
II. The thematic gardens should be protected from damage caused due
to visitors. Proper maintenance inside garden should be managed
properly
III. Advertisement of botanical garden should be done in national and
international arena to promote national economy and tourism.
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IV. The research team should increase the different species of plant
varieties. They should conserve the rare and endangered species
properly so that future generation will be able to get information
about that.

References

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BIODIVERSITY EDUCATION GARDEN (2016). Available online:
http://beg.dpr.gov.np/ (

Hughes, K., & Lamichanne, D. (2017, December). Sibbaldia: The International

Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture.

National Botanical Garden Official website:https://nbg.gov.np

Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_garden

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 Annexes
Here is the list of species, photo of different green houses, photo of some
threatened, protected, endemic, CITES-listed species, consultation photo, etc for
additional information.

List of species:

Endangered species Vulnerable plants

Coffeaarabica Astrophytumornatum
Cyrtomiumhemionitis Cycaspectinata
Dioonspinulosum Dalbergialatifolia
Ensetenepalense Euphorbia ammak
Ginkgo biloba Ferocactusrobustus
Paphiopedilum insigne Jacaranda mimosifolia
Pterocarpussantalinus Paris polyphylla
Sequoia sempervirens Santalum album
Taxuscontorta
Zamia furfuracea

Endemic plants CITES Appendix I

Begonia nuwakotensis Paphiopedilum insigne

B. taligera Paphiopedilum sp
Cirsiumphulchokiense
Elaeagnustricholepis
Ensetenepalense
Hypericumcordifolium
Polystichumannapurnicola
Roscoeanepalensis

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CITES Appendix II CITES Appendix III

Alsophilaspinulosa Gnetummontanum
Cycaspectinata Magnolia hodgsonii
D. sissoo Podocarpusneriifolius
Euphorbia ammak
Orchid spp.
Rauvolfiaserpentine
Sinopodophyllumhexandrum
Taxuscontorta

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Photos of some species:

Piptanthusnepalensis Soli phool (C.N.)

Alainchi(C.N.) Sughandhawal (C.N.)

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Gnetum monatanum Rauvolfia serpentina

Podocarpus neriifolius Magnolia filiifera

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Green House:

Fig. Tropical House

Fig. Cactus House

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 Fig. Orchid House

Some threatened and protected species:

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Medicinal plants:

Pond Ecosystem:

Information chart

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Thematic Gardens and Plant Conservatories:

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Photographs of our research team

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