Important Elements in Grammar

CONJUNCTIONS
CONTENT

I. Conjunctions
II. Importance of conjunctions
III. Types
IV. Practice
WHICH ONE OF THESE………?
WHICH ONE OF THESE………?
The answer is :
None of them represents conjunctions but
they are rather prepositions.
I. CONJUNCTIONS

 Words used to join words, or phrases, clauses,

or sentences.
II. IMPORTANCE OF CONJUNCTIONS

- To connect several words.

- To connect broader concepts and ideas

together .

- To build complex sentences

- To avoid the choppiness of multiple

short sentences.
II. IMPORTANCE OF CONJUNCTIONS

- To help add variety to your writing because they can be used to

create sentences with different styles and meanings.

- To maintain a strong flow of communication.

- To maintain both ways of communication, verbal

and written conveniently.
HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOUR TYPES
OF CONJUNCTIONS?

1. Either stop talking to your a. Coordinating conjunction

friends or move your seat.

2. We won't know how well Dad is

doing until his lab tests come b. Subordinating conjunction
back.

3. Tony wanted to make a new

recipe, yet he also wanted to c. Correlative conjunction
order pizza.

4. They stayed at home because it

was raining heavily. d. Conjunctive Adverb
HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOUR TYPES
OF CONJUNCTIONS?
1. Either stop talking to your a. Coordinating
friends or move your seat. conjunction

2. We won't know how well Dad is

doing until his lab tests come
back. b. Subordinating
conjunction
3. Tony wanted to make a new
recipe, yet he also wanted to
order pizza. c. Correlative
conjunction
4. They stayed at home because it
was raining heavily.
d. Conjunctive Adverb
HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOUR TYPES
OF CONJUNCTIONS?
 Several countries  d. Conjunctive
locked down during the Adverb
pandemic. Similarly,
other countries did the
same.

Similarly
TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS
1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

 Words used to connect words, phrases,

clauses, and sentences of EQUAL grammatical
rank, or EQUAL importance
1. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS

 They work in pairs to join two clauses or

sentences.
2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
2. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
3. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
 They join the dependent clause with the independent
clause. Instead of joining two independent clauses of
equal importance, Subordinating conjunction words
make one clause less important than another.
3. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
3. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
3. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
4. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
 Conjunctive adverbs, adverbial conjunctions, or
subordinating adverbs.

 Words used to connect one clause to another. They

are also used to show sequence, contrast, cause and
effect, and other relationships.

 Conjunctive adverbs can follow a semicolon (;) or a

period (.) and typically have a comma (,) after them.
4. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
 PRACTICE
TASKS
Task 1: Fill in the gaps with the appropriate conjunction
For- and-nor-but-or-yet- so

a. In ENPC, you can study Material Engineering ……..

Mechanical Engineering.
b. Europe’s latest attempt to shore up its semiconductor
manufacturing and design capabilities has not only
attracted the great and the good in the continent, …….. it
has also drawn the senior executives from other regions.
c. The circuit board facilitates the transmission of electronic
signals ……… ensures the proper functioning of the
electronic product.
d. Materials engineering is an interesting branch ……..it
designs processes and develops technology.
JOIN THE UPCOMING PAIRS BY MEANS OF COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS SO AS TO GET COHERENT SENTENCES.

For

- And
- Nor

- But

-Or

-Yet

-So
KEY ANSWERS
 We can go to France or Italy.
 The lady was late to work, so her boss was angry.

 We were invited to the party, yet we choose not to

go.
 My brother works hard, so he goes on vacation
every summer.
 Ron travels to Florida, and he loves to visit
Orlando.
 The door was closed, but we were able to climb
in through the window.
 TASK 2

COMBINE THE NEXT CLAUSES BY MEANS OF CORRELATIVE

CONJUNCTIONS SO AS TO GET COHERENT SENTENCES.

1. John is an excellent tennis payer.

Bill is an excellent tennis player. • Neither …nor
2. You can scan the document to us. • Not only…but
You can email the document to us. also
3. Jane is 1.60m tall. Sofi is 1.60m • Either …or
height. • Both …and
4. The war caused destruction and • As…as
death. Moreover, it caused
generations of hatred between the
two communities.
KEY ANSWERS

 Both John and Bill are excellent tennis players.

 Jane is as tall as Sofi.

 You can either scan the document or email it

to us.
 The war not only caused destruction and death,
but also generations of hatred between the two
communities.
YOU CAN USE THESE WORDS, WHICH DO NOT ACT AS CORRELATIVE
CONJUNCTIONS IN THIS CASE, WITH A NOUN (BOTH BOOKS, NEITHER BOOK
ETC.).

 A: Let’s go out to eat. There are two possible

restaurants.
 B: Both restaurants are good. (not the both
restaurants)
 B: Neither restaurant is expensive.
 B: We can go to either restaurant. I don’t mind.
(= one or the other, it doesn’t matter which)
 B: I haven’t been to either restaurant before. (=
not one or the other)
YOU CAN ALSO USE BOTH/NEITHER/EITHER
WITHOUT A NOUN:

A: Which do you prefer, basketball or tennis?

B: It’s hard to say. I like both.
A: Is your friend British or American?
B: Neither. She’s Australian.
A: Do you want tea or coffee?
B: Either. I don’t mind.
WE USE BOTH OF / NEITHER OF / EITHER OF +
THE/THESE/MY/TOM’S … ETC.

1. Both of these restaurants are good.

2. Neither of the restaurants we went to was
expensive.
3. I haven’t been to either of those restaurants.
 TASK3
COMBINE THE FOLLOWING PAIRS BELOW WITH ONE OF THE
CONNECTORS BETWEEN BRACKETS SO AS TO MAKE COHERENT
SENTENCES. MAKE NECESSARY CHANGES WHERE NECESSARY.
a Materials engineering groups similar materials according to their chemical make-up,
-

atomic structure or engineering properties. Electronic engineering designs and

tests circuits that use the electromagnetic properties of electrical components such
as resistors. (Whereas- unlike)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

b- Electrical engineering is concerned mainly with the large-scale production and

distribution of electrical power. Electronics engineering focuses on much smaller
electronic circuits. (While- as…as)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………

c- You enroll in the electrical engineering department. You have a strong background
in mathematics and science subjects (especially physics). (Provided that- even
though)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
d- Electronic engineers are often taught computer science. Electronics engineers
are likely to develop an expert understanding of the circuits used in computers and
other modern technologies. (Even though- as a result)
.............................................................................................................

e- Electrical Engineering provides solutions to real-life problems.

A degree in Electrical Engineering is the best choice. (After- Because)
……………………………………………………………………

f- They want to create new materials, like super-strong titanium alloys for
spacecrafts and artificial bone implants. Materials engineers design processes and
develop technology. (If - in order to)
…………………………………………………………………………
g- To achieve good results in the development of new technological processes a
design work should be applied. We should apply theoretical research as
well. (So as to- both…and)
....................................................................................................................................
h- It is a branch of science at the intersection of physics, chemistry, biology… /
Materials science and engineering is a foundational discipline in
engineering. (Either…or - both…and)
………………………………………………………………………………………

i- Pipes can be manufactured by the hot rolling method. They can be

manufactured by the cold rolling method. (Either…or- before)
………………………………………………………………………………………

.
J- A degree in Electrical Engineering is the best choice. A degree in
Business, social sciences, fine arts, medicine, or finance is
interesting. (Even though- since)
………………………………………………………………………………

K- He starts his career as a material engineer. He spends six years in the

material engineering department. (So that- after)
………………………………………………………………………………….
l- Plastics cannot replace metals in the majority of applications. Synthetic
materials cannot replace metals in spite of the great progress of technology.
(Neither...nor-since)
.....................................................................................................................................
 TASK 4

Write four thematically relevant examples in

which you employ the different types of
conjunctions that exist.
 ………………………………………………………………………

 ………………………………………………………………………

 ………………………………………………………………………

 ……………………………………………………………………...