Paper

Analyze the Novel Murder on the Orient Express By

Agatha Christie

Muhammad Melvin Nerva Velisca (227010014)

Fathar Nurhamad Zidan (227010018)

Dika Ananda Putra (227010027)

Saeed Ahmad Faisal (227010055)

Sastra Inggris

Fakultas Ilmu Seni dan Sastra

Universitas Pasundan
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Murder on the Orient Express is a work of detective fiction by English writer Agatha
Christie featuring the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot. It was first published in the United
Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 1 January 1934. In the United States, it was published
on 28 February 1934.

The story begins with Poirot boarding the luxurious Orient Express train, which
becomes the scene of a perplexing murder. During the journey, a ruthless and unlikable
American businessman named Samuel Ratchett is found dead in his compartment, stabbed
multiple times. Poirot is called upon to solve the case, and as he interviews the train's
passengers, he discovers that each one of them has a motive to commit the murder.

The investigation becomes increasingly complex as Poirot unravels layers of lies,

deceit, and hidden connections among the passengers. With the train stuck in a snowdrift,
Poirot meticulously examines the evidence and interviews the suspects, revealing shocking
revelations and unexpected twists.

As the truth comes to light, Poirot ultimately uncovers a cleverly orchestrated murder
plot that involves all the passengers on the train. The resolution of the case challenges
conventional notions of justice, leaving readers captivated by the intricate web of deceit and
moral dilemmas.

"Murder on the Orient Express" is a suspenseful and intricately plotted murder

mystery that showcases Agatha Christie's mastery of the genre. It is known for its brilliant
twists, memorable characters, and the brilliant mind of Hercule Poirot, making it a beloved
classic in detective fiction.
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1 Plot
• Exposition
The plot exposition started when a wealthy American businessman is found brutally
murdered in his locked cabin, renowned detective Hercule Poirot is called upon to
solve the case. As Poirot investigates, he uncovers a web of secrets, motives, and
potential suspects among the eclectic group of passengers. Trapped by a snowstorm.
Proof : "And now what?" "And now a passenger lies dead in his berth—stabbed." M.
Bouc spoke with a kind of calm desperation. "A passenger? Which passenger?" "An
American. A man called—called—" he consulted some notes in front of him.
"Ratchett. That is right—Ratchett?" "Yes, Monsieur," the Wagon Lit man gulped.
Poirot looked at him. He was as white as chalk. "You had better let that man sit
down," he said. "He may faint otherwise." The chef de train moved slightly and the
Wagon Lit man sank down in the corner and buried his face in his hands. "Brr!" said
Poirot. "This is serious!" "Certainly it is serious. To begin with, a murder—that in
itself is a calamity of the first water. But not only that, the circumstances are unusual.
Here we are, brought to a standstill. We may be here for hours—and not only hours—
days! Another circumstance—passing through most countries we have the police of
that country on the train. But in Jugo-Slavia, no. You comprehend?" "It is a position of
great difficulty," said Poirot. "There is worse to come. Dr. Constantine—I forgot, I
have not introduced you. Dr. Constantine, M. Poirot." (Page 33)

• Rising Action
The rising action builds tension and intrigue as the murder of Samuel Ratchett, an
American businessman, occurs on the train. Hercule Poirot is asked to investigate the
crime and begins interviewing the suspects.
Proof : Do that. Interview the passengers on the train, view the body, examine what
clues there are, and then—well, I have faith in you! I am assured that it is no idle
boast of yours. Lie back and think—use (as I have heard you say so often) the little
grey cells of the mind—and you will know!" He leaned forward, looking
 affectionately at the detective. "Your faith touches me, my friend," said Poirot
emotionally. "As you say, this cannot be a difficult case. I myself last night—but we
will not speak of that now. In truth, this problem intrigues me. I was reflecting, not
half an hour ago, that many hours of boredom lay ahead whilst we are stuck here. And
now—a problem lies ready to my hand." "You accept then?" said M. Bouc eagerly.
"C'est entendu. You place the matter in my hands." "Good—we are all at your
service." "To begin with, I should like a plan of the Istanbul-Calais coach, with a note
of the people who occupied the several compartments, and I should also like to see
their passports and their tickets." (Page 36)

• Climax
The climax plot of the novel occurs when Hercule Poirot gathers all the suspects
together in the train's dining car to reveal the identity of the killer.
Proof : Then he said: "If you will be so good, M. Hardman, assemble everyone here.
There are two possible solutions of this case. I want to lay them both before you all."
(Page 193)

• Falling Action the falling action start when the revelation unfolds. The suspects
react to the revelation and attempt to come to terms with their actions and the
consequences they now face.
Proof : "Now, what was the real time of the crime? And who killed him? "In my
opinion—and this is only an opinion—Ratchett was killed at some time very close
upon two o'clock, the latest hour the doctor gives us as possible. "As to who killed
him—" He paused, looking at his audience. He could not complain of any lack of
attention. Every eye was fixed upon him. In the stillness you could have heard a pin
drop. He went on slowly: "I was particularly struck by the extraordinary difficulty of
proving a case against any one person on the train, and by the rather curious
coincidence that in each case the testimony giving an alibi came from what I might
describe as an 'unlikely' person. Thus, Mr. MacQueen and Colonel Arbuthnot
provided alibis for each other—two persons between whom it seemed most unlikely
there should have been any prior acquaintanceship. The same thing happened with the
English valet and the Italian, and with the Swedish lady and the English girl. I said to
myself: This is extraordinary—they cannot all be in it! "And then, Messieurs, I saw
light. They were all in it. For so many people connected with the Armstrong case to be
 travelling by the same train through coincidence was not only unlikely: it was
impossible. It must be not chance, but design. I remembered a remark of Colonel
Arbuthnot's about trial by jury. A jury is composed of twelve people— there were
twelve passengers—Ratchett was stabbed twelve times. And the thing that had
worried me all along—the extraordinary crowd travelling in the Stamboul-Calais
coach at a slack time of year—this was explained. "Ratchett had escaped justice in
America. There was no question as to his guilt. I visualised a self-appointed jury of
twelve people who had condemned him to death and who by the exigencies of the
case had themselves been forced to be his executioners. (Page 200-201)

• Resolution
The resolution start when Hercule Poirot delivers justice, ensuring that the murderer is
apprehended and faces the consequences of their actions.
Proof : "In my opinion, M. Poirot," he said, "the first theory you put forward was the
correct one—decidedly so. I suggest that that is the solution we offer to the
JugoSlavian police when they arrive. You agree, doctor?" "Certainly I agree," said Dr.
Constantine. (Page 206)

2.2 Conflict
 Man vs Man (Edward Ratchett/Lanfranco Casetti vs Hercule Poirot)
When Ratchett (cassetti) tries to make Poirotprotect him because he got a threatening
letter, Poirot refuse it because he's more interested in his job and somehow he doesn't
like Ratchett's face
Proof : "I regret, Monsieur," he said at length, "that I cannot oblige you." The other
looked at him shrewdly. "Name your figure, then," he said. Poirot shook his head.
"You do not understand, Monsieur. I have been very fortunate in my profession. I
have made enough money to satisfy both my needs and my caprices. I take now only
such cases as—interest me." "You've got a pretty good nerve," said Ratchett. "Will
twenty thousand dollars tempt you?" "It will not." "If you're holding out for more, you
won't get it. I know what a thing's worth to me." "I, also, M. Ratchett." "What's wrong
with my proposition?" Poirot rose. "If you will forgive me for being personal—I do
not like your face, M. Ratchett," he said. And with that he left the restaurant car.
(Page 22-23)
 The Resolution : Solved, because Ratchett was already killed, and Poirot didn't have
a problem against him.

• Man vs Nature
When Poirot lay awake because he feels that the station is so silent and when he
ringing the bell to ask for mineral water from the conductor and also asks what
happened to the train, the conductor say's that the train stopped because of snow.
Proof : As though there were not enough to worry us already. This snow—" "Snow?"
"But yes, Monsieur. Monsieur has not noticed? The train has stopped. We have run
into a snowdrift. Heaven knows how long we shall be here. I remember once being
snowed up for seven days." (Page 29)
The Resolution : Unsolved, the train is still stuck in the snow even after Poirot finds
out about the killer.

• Man vs Man (Hector Macqueen vs Hercule Poirot)

When Poirot tells Mr. MacQueen that Ratchett is deadafter being stabbed, MacQueen
shows no reaction at all, making him the first suspect.
Proof : "What's up on the train? Has anything happened?" He looked from one man to
another. Poirot nodded. "Exactly. Something has happened. Prepare yourself for a
shock. Your employer, M. Ratchett, is dead!" MacQueen's mouth pursed itself into a
whistle. Except that his eyes grew a shade brighter, he showed no signs of shock or
distress. "So they got him after all," he said. "What exactly do you mean by that
phrase, Mr. MacQueen?" MacQueen hesitated. (Page 39)
The Resolution : Unsolved, MacQueen had a strong alibi that he doesn't kill Ratchett
but he confess that he doesn’t like Ratchett at all.

• Man vs Society
When Poirotgathers all the passengers to reveal the killer who murder Edward
Ratchett and it seems the passenger nor Poirot already knew who's the killer.
Proof : "Now, what was the real-time of the crime? And who killed him? "In my
opinion—and this is only an opinion—Ratchett was killed at some time very close
upon two o'clock, the latest hour the doctor gives us as possible. "As to who killed
him—" He paused, looking at his audience. He could not complain of any lack of
 attention. Every eye was fixed upon him. In the stillness you could have heard a pin
drop. (Page 200)
The Resolution : Solved, all of the passengers confess that they killed Ratchett
because they wanna take revengeon Ratchett who kidnapped and murdered Daisy
Amstrongalso her husband because all of the passengers have a relation to that
married couple.

• Man vs Man (Dr. Constantine vs Mrs. Hubbard)

When Mrs. Hubbard tells Poirot where she is before the incident, Dr. Constantine
suddenly laugh, making tension between them.
Proof : You know how difficult it is as you come along the train and all the doors are
shut. She opened his by mistake. She was very distressed about it. He'd laughed, it
seemed, and I guess he said something not quite nice. Poor thing, she certainly was
upset. 'Oh! I make mistake,' she said. 'I ashamed make mistake. Not nice man,' she
said. 'He say, "You too old." ' "Dr. Constantine sniggered, and Mrs. Hubbard
immediately froze him with a glance. "He wasn't a nice kind of man," she said, "to say
a thing like that to a lady. It's not right to laugh at such things." (Page 75-76) The
Resolution : Solved, Dr. Constantine hastily apologize for what he do to her.

• Man vs Self (Bouc)

Bouc starts to feel pessimistic because he couldn't find the killer even though the killer
has stayed in the train.
Proof : M. Bouc made a despairing gesture. "But I understand nothing—but nothing,
of all of this! The enemy that this Ratchett spoke of, he was then on the train after all?
But where is he now? How can he have vanished into thin air? My head, it whirls. Say
something, then, my friend, I implore you. Show me how the impossible can be
possible!" (Page 123)
The Resolution : Solved, Poirot appease Bouc with tells him that if the killer still stay
in the train, they can find the weapon inside the train which is where the killer must
be.

2.3 Characters

• Hercule Poirot
 Hercule Poirot is the Major Character and The Protagonist of the story. He is a
famous Belgian detective who stumbles on a murder investigation when Mr. Ratchett,
is murdered. He is a Static character, because he does not experience significant
development in terms of personality in this novel. He remains consistent with his
characteristics as an intelligent and observant detective throughout the story. Although
he faces various challenges and obstacles in investigating the murders on the Orient
Express, Poirot does not experience a profound change in his character or values.

• Monsieur Bouc
Monsieur Bouc is the director of the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits, the
travel company that runs the Orient Express. A stout, elderly British man, he was once
a police officer who worked on the Belgian force with Hercule Poirot. He becomes
Poirot's sidekick during the murder investigation. He is a Major Character, even
Bouc not have received as much attention or character development as Poirot, he still
plays an important role in the storyline and contributes to solving cases. Therefore,
Bouc can be considered as a major character in Murder on the Orient Express. And he
is a Flat character, Because Although Bouc has a significant role in the storyline, his
role focuses more on assisting Poirot in his investigation and providing relevant
information. The characters aren't really explored in depth or get detailed background.

• Dr. Constantine
Dr. Constantine is the train's attending coroner. He examines Ratchett's body and sits
in on Poirot's interviews with the passengers. He is a Minor Character, because
although he had a significant role in the murder investigation, his role was focused
more on providing medical contributions and support Hercule Poirot than being the
center of the story. And He is a Flat character, Because Dr. Constantine has more
modest characteristics and does not experience significant changes in his personality
throughout the story. It tends to maintain its consistent traits from the beginning to the
end of the novel.

• Mary Debenham
Mary Debenham is a young English governess and spinster. Poirot describes her as
"cool and efficient," but she is also quite strong-willed and passionate below the
surface. Mary Debenham can be classified as one of the Major Character, because
 Mary Debenham appears as one of the passengers on the Orient Express train who is
involved in a murder case. Her involvement in the investigation, her emotional
complexities, and the romantic role she plays in the story give her an important role in
developing the plot and unraveling the mystery behind the murders. And she is a
Developing or Dynamic Character, because Mary Debenham experiences changes
and developments over the course of the story. Initially, she is seen as a mysterious
and independent woman, but as the plot develops, she reveals deeper sides to her
personality. Changes in attitude and feelings towards the events in the story show a
dynamic character development.

• Mrs. Hubbard
Mrs. Hubbard is an older American woman who presumably travels to support
charitable and educational causes abroad. Her endless gossip and nosiness, as well as
her cultural chauvinism, marks her as distinctively American to some of the other
passengers. She is a Major Character, because her consistent presence throughout
the story and her significant impact on the storyline, made Mrs. Hubbard can be
categorized as a major character. Her multiple roles, emotional shifts, and important
contributions to investigations attest to the importance of this character in the story.
And she is a Developing or Dynamic Character, because Mrs. Hubbard experiences
changes and developments in his personality throughout the story. In the beginning of
this story, he is seen as a playful, extroverted, and theatrical character. However, as the
plot progresses, we see a deeper emotional side and complexity to the characters. The
trauma and sadness hidden behind her cheerful appearance reveal a change in her
attitude and feelings.

• Colonel Arbuthnot
Colonel Arbuthnot is an older British soldier, a veteran of British colonial projects in
India. He’s a stolid, “Anglo-Saxon” type, whom Poirot describes as being
“honourable, and slightly stupid.” He is a Major Character, because In this story,
Colonel Arbuthnot plays an important role in uncovering the truth behind the murder.
although not the main character, Colonel Arbuthnot is one of the characters who
substantially contributes to the storyline and plays a significant role in the novel. In
addition, Colonel Arbuthnot can also be categorized as a Developing or Dynamic
character because of the developments and changes that occur to him throughout the
 story. Initially, he appears as a mysterious man with suspicious involvement in a
murder case. However, as the story progresses, his true motivations and roles begin to
unfold, and his character undergoes a shift in how we understand and value him.

• Princess Dragomiroff
Princess Dragomiroff is wealthy, elderly Russian woman who now resides in France.
The other passengers remark on her ugliness, but also her strength of will and
selfpossession. She is a Major Character, because Princess Dragomiroff has a
significant role and influences the development of the storyline. His powerful
presence, aristocratic background, and involvement in a murder case make him one of
the main characters in the novel. Princess Dragomiroff's character can also be
categorized as a Static character, because she doesn't change in her personality or
outlook on life as the story progresses. The characters remain consistent from start to
finish. Although he provides information and uncovers certain secrets, his main role
and characteristics remain unchanged.

• Hector McQueen
Hector is an American man around the age of thirty who took a job as an assistant to
Mr. Ratchett, primarily helping him navigate the various languages of Europe in his
travels. Hector Mcqueen can be categorized as a Minor Character, As a supporting
character, Hector Mcqueen provides important information and contributions in
uncovering the truth behind the murders. However, the focus of the story remains on
Hercule Poirot as the main character who leads the investigation and solves the
mystery. He is a Flat Character, because his character does not experience emotional
changes, personal growth, or shifts in his outlook on life. She remains a loyal assistant
and becomes involved in a murder mystery with consistent characteristics throughout
the story.

• Ratchett
Real name Cassetti, he is the Major Character and Protagonist in the story, a
middle-aged man with a rude attitude and has a reputation of being involved in illicit
dealings. He is a Developing or Dynamic character, his character develops over the
course of the story, he also plays colonel arbuthnot and is seen as an unpleasant
 character, disliked by many passengers on the train, kidnapping and killing young
Daisy Armstrong for money. The Armstrong family killed Ratchett because he was
escaping punishment in the U.S. Poirot describes Ratchett as a beast.

• Countess Andrenyi
Countess Elena Andrenyi, was a Hungarian-born noblewoman who traveled with her
husband, Count Andrenyi. She is described as a very beautiful woman with a regal
presence and a mysterious aura. Throughout the story, Countess Andrenyi is portrayed
as a quiet and enigmatic character. She is the Major Character, due to her
involvement in the murder investigation when evidence suggests her connection to the
crime. Her behavior and reactions to events on the train are closely observed by the
detective, Hercule Poirot, and other characters, and she is a Developing or Dynamic
character, because throughout the novel, Countess Andrenyi's character undergoes a
transformation. Initially perceived as a gentle and fragile noblewoman, she shows
strength and resilience as the truth is revealed. Her loyalty and love for her family
become apparent, and she actively participates in the solving of the mystery.

• Count Andrenyi
Prince Andrenyi came from a prominent Hungarian noble family. He was known for
his charm, elegance and refined demeanor, which matched his social status. His
marriage to Countess Elena Andrenyi further solidified his position in high society. He
is the Major Character, as his connection to the murder case is very strong with
evidence pointing to him. His behavior, alibis, and reactions to the events on the train
are scrutinized by the detective, Hercule Poirot. Count Andrenyi can also be
categorized as a Developing or Dynamic character because His initial portrayal as a
refined nobleman evolves as the truth of the murder is revealed. His loyalty, emotions,
and reactions come into play, showcasing a deeper and more complex side to his
character.

• Cyrus Hardman
Hardman serves as a sort of American mirror of Poirot, as a detective with bright and
flashy clothes and good-natured camaraderie. Poirot later identifies him as the lover of
 Daisy Armstrong's French nursemaid. Hardman is portrayed as pragmatic,
resourceful, and knowledgeable in his field. He is a Minor Character, because
Hardman's not extensively explored in the novel.He is provides an additional
perspective to the detective work and assists in unraveling the mystery. Cyrus
Hardman can also be categorized as a Static character because he does not undergo
significant personality changes during the course of the story, although he helps
investigate a murder case, his character remains consistent from beginning to end.

• Greta Ohlsson
Greta Ohlsson is a nurse originally from Sweden. She is known for her caring and
compassionate nature, which is in line with her profession. She is described as a kind
and nurturing individual. She sympathizes with others and shows genuine concern for
their well-being. She is the Major Character due to her involvement in the murder
case and her proximity at the crime scene, she is categorized as the main character.
She can also be categorized as a Developing or Dynamic character because
throughout the novel, Greta Ohlsson's character develops along with her involvement
in the investigation. Her determination and dedication to seek the truth is highlighted
as she works alongside Hercule Poirot and other characters to uncover the identity of
the murderer.

• Hildegarde Schmidt
Hildegarde Schmidt is a German maid who contributes to the tapestry of suspects and
witnesses in "Murder on the Orient Express." Her practical nature, great attention to
detail, she is also one of the Major Character in the story and her close relationship
with Greta Ohlsson provides a unique perspective on the events that took place on the
train, thus adding depth to the overall narrative. And he is a Developing or Dynamic
Character as he becomes more and more involved in the mystery. She shows her
intelligence and determination, working together with Hercule Poirot and the other
characters to uncover the truth behind the murders on the train.

• Edward Masterman
Ratchett's servant, brought into the murder plot by Hardman. Masterman is not a very
colorful character, mainly because of his function - "servant." Masterman is very
polite and obedient, perhaps even haughty. He is a Minor Character as his
 involvement in the murder investigation is minimal. However, he may have insights
or knowledge that may be relevant to the case. Edward Masterman can also be
categorized as a Flat character because not much is revealed about Edward
Masterman's background in this novel. He is only seen in his role as a servant who
serves his employer.

• Pierre Michel
Pierre was a veteran French conductor for the Compagnie Internationale des
WagonsLits, working on the Paris-Calais carriage of the Orient Express. The
investigators saw Pierre as reliable and honorable, but not as someone who was
"exceptional in terms of brains." Therefore, he seems incapable of deception, let alone
murder. He is a Minor Character, although not the lead but he brings a unique
perspective as a conductor on the Orient Express and helps uncover the truth behind
the murder. Pierre Michel can also be categorized as a Static character because his
character does not change from the beginning to the end of the story which helps
Hercule Poirot uncover the murder case.

2.4 Characterization

• Hercule Poirot
• Intelligent
When the corpse of Mr. Ratchett is found, Bouc speaks and begs Poirot to find out
who did it, he says that I know your reputation. I know something of your methods.
This is the ideal case for you. That shows that Hercule Poirot is someone who is
intelligent, who has often solved murder cases
Proof : M. Bouc's voice became positively caressing. "I know your reputation. I know
something of your methods. This is the ideal case for you. To look up the antecedents
of all these people, to discover their bona fides—all that takes time and endless
inconvenience. But have I not heard you say often that to solve a case a man has only
to lie back in his chair and think? Do that.....” (Page 36) (Character as Seen by
Another)
• Meticulous
When Hercule Poirot had finished reading the threatening letter Mr. Ratchett a few
weeks ago. Poirot realized that there was something wrong about the letter, it showed
that Poirot was a Meticulous person.
Proof : Poirot laid the letter down. "The style is monotonous!" he said. "More so than
the handwriting." MacQueen stared at him. "You would not observe," said Poirot
pleasantly. "It requires the eye of one used to such things. This letter was not written
by one person, M. MacQueen. Two or more persons wrote it—each writing one letter
of a word at a time. Also, the letters are printed. (Page 41) (Reactions)

• Monsieur Bouc
• Fair Minded
M. Bouc showed a strong desire to find the truth in the murder case that occurred on
the train. He plays a supporting role for Hercule Poirot to solve the mystery. He also
often provides opinions and theories to solve the case. That shows that he is someone
who is Fair Minded Proof :
"Without a doubt, that is the solution of the mystery. Doubtless he and this Ratchett
were in this kidnapping business together. Cassetti is an Italian name. In some way
Ratchett did on him what they call the double-cross. The Italian tracks him down,
sends him warning letters first, and finally revenges himself upon him in a brutal way.
It is all quite simple." (Page 82) (Speech)

• Dr. Constantine
• Professionalism
Dr. Constantine is a professional as a doctor. He demonstrated extensive medical
knowledge and skills in treating patients. An example of this is seen when he provided
medical care and performed autopsies on murder victims.
Proof : "It was most unscientific," returned Dr. Constantine. "The blows seem to have
been delivered haphazard and at random. Some have glanced off, doing hardly any
damage. It is as though somebody had shut his eyes and then in a frenzy struck blindly
again and again." (Page 35) (Speech)

• Cooperative
 Dr. Constantine is described as someone who is able to work well together in a team,
sharing information, ideas, and working together to achieve the same goals. He
assisted Hercule Poirot by providing relevant medical information and analyzing
available data to assist in the investigation.
Proof : "I will pass over for the moment certain rather peculiar appearances which Dr.
Constantine and I have already discussed together....” (Page 124) (Conversation of
Others)

• Mary Debenham
• Cool
Mary Debenham can be said as someone who is Cool, that is evident at the beginning
of the story, the author describes Mary Debenham as someone who is ''cool and
efficient''
Proof : There was only one occupant at the moment, obviously the young English
lady referred to by the conductor. She was tall, slim and dark—
perhaps twenty-eight years of age. There was a kind of cool efficiency in the way she
was eating her breakfast and in the way she called to the attendant to bring her more
coffee which bespoke a knowledge of the world and of travelling. (Page 4-5)
(Personal Description)

• Mrs. Hubbard
• Talkative
Mrs Hubbard was a very talkative person, as when she was terrified of Ratchett she
was very talkative
Proof : "You know, I'm dead scared of that man. Oh! not the valet—the other. His
master. Master, indeed! There's something wrong about that man. My daughter always
says I'm very intuitive. 'When Mamma gets a hunch, she's dead right,' that's what my
daughter says. And I've got a hunch about that man. He's next door to me and I don't
like it. I put my grips against the communicating door last night. I thought I heard him
trying the handle. Duo you know, I shouldn't be a bit surprised if that man turned out
to be a murderer—one of these train robbers you read about. I daresay I'm foolish, but
there it is. I'm absolutely scared to death of the man! My daughter said I'd have an
easy journey, but somehow I don't feel happy about it. It may be foolish, but I feel as
 if anything might happen—anything at all. And how that nice young fellow can bear
to be his secretary, I can't think." (Page 26) (Reaction)

• Colonel Arbuthnot
• Charismatic
Colonel Arbuthnot is someone who is charismatic, as evidenced when he first
appeared in the story, only with his physical characteristics, Poirot immediately knew
that it was Colonel Arbuthnot
Proof : Presently another person entered the restaurant car. This was a tall man of
between forty and fifty, lean of figure, brown of skin, with hair slightly grizzled round
the temples. "The Colonel from India," said Poirot to himself. (Page 5) (Personal
Description)

• Princess Dragomiroff
• Charismatic
This statement describes M. Bouc view of Princess Dragomiroff. He admits that even
though Princess Dragomiroff has an unattractive appearance, she has a strong
personality and can influence those around her. This statement reflects the fact that
Princess Dragomiroff's physical appearance is not a barrier to her influence and
prominence.
Proof : "She is a personality," said M. Bouc. "Ugly as sin but she makes herself felt.
You agree?" Poirot agreed. (Page 19) (Conversations of Others)

• Hector McQueen
• Smart
Hector MqQueen is a smart guy, as he can speak several languages and help Mr.
Ratchett
Proof : "We've travelled about. Mr. Ratchett wanted to see the world. He was
hampered by knowing no languages. I acted more as a courier than as a secretary. It
was a pleasant life." (Page 40) (Speech)

• Ratchett
• Cruel
 This revelation serves as evidence of Ratchett's cruel and immoral nature. It
demonstrates his willingness to commit heinous crimes and evade justice, making him
a courier assistant which further strengthens his characterization as a morally bankrupt
individual.
Proof :“I had come over from New York to look into an oil concession. IDon’t
suppose you want to hear all about that. My friends and I had Been let in rather badly
over it. Mr. Ratchett was in the same hotel. He Had just had a row with his secretary.
He offered me the job and I took It. I was at a loose end and glad to find a well-paid
job ready made, as it Were.” “And since then?” “We’ve travelled about. Mr. Ratchett
wanted to see the world. He Was hampered by knowing no languages. I acted more as
a courier than As a secretary. It was a pleasant life.” (Page 40) (Conversation of
Others)

• Countess Andrenyi
• Mysterious
As the story progresses, Countess Andrenyi's past and loyalty become key elements in
the investigation, as her association with espionage and her unwavering support for
her husband raise questions about their involvement in the murder and possible
motives. The revelations of her past and actions throughout the story reinforce her
character as a mysterious, loyal and complex individual.
Proof : "For instance, you could have helped me in the matter of identification."
"What do you mean?" "Is it possible, Mademoiselle, that you did not recognise in the
Countess Andrenyi, Mrs. Armstrong's young sister whom you taught in New York?"
"Countess Andrenyi? No." She shook her head. "It may seem extraordinary to you—
but I did not recognise her. She was not grown up, you see, when I knew her. That was
over three years ago. It is true that the Countess reminded me of someone; it puzzled
me. But she looks so foreign—I never connected her with the little American
schoolgirl. I only glanced at her casually when coming into the restaurant car, and I
noticed her clothes more than her face." She smiled faintly. "Women do! And then—
well—I had my own preoccupations." (Page 185) (Personal Description)

• Count Andrenyi
• Faithful
 As the evidence mounts against Countess Andrenyi, Count Andrenyi consistently
provides an alibi for her and insists that she could not have committed the crime. He
demonstrates unwavering loyalty and support, going to great lengths to protect her
reputation and ensuring her safety throughout the investigation. It highlights his
honorable nature and his willingness to stand up for those he cares about, even in the
face of adversity.
Proof : "I came to a very odd conclusion. I came to the conclusion that the person
who had taken no part in the crime was the person who would be considered the most
likely to do so. I refer to Countess Andrenyi. I was impressed by the earnestness of
her husband when he swore to me solemnly on his honour that his wife never left her
compartment that night. I decided that Count Andrenyi took, so to speak, his wife's
place. (Page 203) (Speech)

• Cyrus Hardman
• Smart
Hardman is portrayed as pragmatic, resourceful, and knowledgeable in his field. He
has a no-nonsense approach and is focused on gathering evidence and finding the
truth. While he may not possess Poirot's flair or eccentricities, he is respected for his
professionalism and expertise.
Proof : “Have you any ideas of your own about the crime, Mr. Hardman?” Inquired
Poirot. “No, sir. It’s got me beat. I don’t know how to figure it out. They Can’t all be
in it—but which one is the guilty party is beyond me. How Did you get wise to all
this? That’s what I want to know.” “I just guessed.” “Then, believe me, you’re a pretty
slick guesser. Yes, I’ll tell the World you’re a slick guesser.” (Page 192) (Coversation
of Others)

• Greta Ohlsson
• Caring
Greta Ohlsson is portrayed as a kind-hearted and nurturing individual. She is
sympathetic towards others and displays a genuine concern for their well-being. Her
caring nature is evident in her interactions with the other passengers, particularly in
times of distress.
Proof : "Have you ever been in America, Mademoiselle?" "No. I very nearly went
once. I was to go with an invalid lady, but the plan was cancelled at the last moment. I
 much regretted this. They are very good, the Americans. They give much money to
found schools and hospitals. And they are very practical." "Do you remember hearing
of the Armstrong kidnapping case?" "No, what was that?" Poirot explained. Greta
Ohlsson was indignant. Her yellow bun of hair quivered with her emotion. "That there
are in the world such evil men! It tries one's faith. The poor mother—my heart aches
for her." (Page 81) (Reaction)

• Hildegarde Schmidt
• Loyal
Hildegarde Schmidt is depicted as a practical and no-nonsense individual. She takes
her responsibilities seriously and is dedicated to her duties as a lady's maid. She is
efficient, organized, and meticulous in her approach.
Proof : "The train had stopped then?" "The train had stopped." "You heard nothing—
nothing unusual during the time, Madame?" "I heard nothing unusual." "What is your
maids name?" "Hildegarde Schmidt." "She has been with you long?" "Fifteen years."
"You consider her trustworthy?" "Absolutely. Her people come from an estate of my
late husband's in Germany." "You have been in America, I presume, Madame?" (Page
87) (Conversation of Others)

• Edward Masterman
• Loyal
He is portrayed as a reliable and thoughtful servant, who is dedicated to his duties.
Not much is revealed about Edward Masterman's background in the novel. He is
mainly seen in the context of his role as a servant, who caters to the needs of his
employer.
Proof : "Your name?" "Edward Henry Masterman." "Your age?" "Thirty-nine." "And
your home address?" "21 Friar Street, Clerkenwell." "You have heard that your master
has been murdered?" "Yes, sir. A very shocking occurrence." "Will you now tell me,
please, at what hour you last saw M. Ratchett?" The valet considered. "It must have
been about nine o'clock, sir, last night. That or a little after." "Tell me in your own
words exactly what happened." "I went in to Mr. Ratchett as usual, sir, and attended to
 his wants." "What were your duties exactly?" "To fold or hang up his clothes, sir, put
his dental plate in water and see that he had everything he wanted for the night."
(Page 67) (Conversation of Others)

• Pierre Michel
• Honest
Pierre as a reliable and honorable man, however, suspicion falls on Pierre when a
button from Wagons-Lit's uniform is found in Ratchett's compartment. He is
connected to the Armstrong case through his daughter
Proof : You probably know something about the man. What character has he? Is he a
man on whose word you would place reliance?" "I should say so, most assuredly.
Pierre Michel has been employed by the company for over fifteen years. He is a
Frenchman—lives near Calais. Thoroughly respectable and honest. Not, perhaps,
remarkable for brains." Poirot nodded comprehendingly. "Good," he said. "Let us see
him." Pierre Michel had recovered some of his assurance, but he was still extremely
nervous. (Page 57) (Personal Description)

2.5 Subject Matter and Theme

• The subject matter of "Murder on the Orient Express" revolves around a murder that
occurs aboard the luxury train called the Orient Express. The primary focus is on the
investigation of the murder by the renowned detective Hercule Poirot. The story
unfolds as Poirot interviews the passengers and uncovers their hidden motives and
secrets. The subject matter encompasses elements such as crime, mystery, suspense,
and the unraveling of the truth behind the murder.
• One of the main themes of the novel is the morality of murder-is it all right to kill a
man, even if law has acquitted him? Is it ever all right to kill a man? The novel
suggests, at least by Poirot and the passenger's standards, that murder is Ok under the
right circumstances. If the crime is hideous, there are twelve people who agree that a
person is truly guilty and that person is still on the loose, and therefore it is fine to kill
him. There are obvious emotional costs, most of the servants are in tears throughout
 the novel, but, overall, the Armstrongs are successful and probably will not receive
punishment for their crime.

2.6 Point of View

• Main Character's Point of View (POV Poirot)

This novel is written with the POV of the main character, Hercule Poirot, a Dutch
detective. This POV is written in a personal narrative so as to bring the reader into his
thoughts. In this POV, readers can see how Poirot tries to solve the mystery of a
murder that occurred on the Orient Express train.

• The Narrator's Point of View (POV Third Person Narrator)

Apart from the main character's POV, there is also the third-person narrator's POV
which is used when describing the other characters in the story. This POV can explain
the backgrounds, motivations, and thoughts of the characters in this story.
• Eye Witness Point of View (POV Witness)
There are several eyewitnesses to the murders that occurred, and the POV of these
eyewitnesses is also used to describe the circumstances of the murders that occurred
that night. This POV is also used to give the reader information about the characters
involved in the murder.

2.7 Setting

• Time : In December 1935

Proof : It was five o'clock on a winter's morning in Syria. Alongside the platform at
Aleppo stood the train grandly designated in railway guides as the Taurus Express. It
consisted of a kitchen and dining-car, a sleeping-car and two local coaches. (Page 1)

• Places : This novel takes three places in Europe; Syria, Istanbul, and Yugoslavia when
the train trapped between Vinkovci and Brod
Proof : -It was five o'clock on a winter's morning in Syria. (Page 1)

-"To-day is Sunday," said Lieutenant Dubosc. "Tomorrow, Monday evening, you will
be in Stamboul." (Page 2)

-"That's all very well," said MacQueen restlessly. "We may be here for days."
 "What is this country anyway?" demanded Mrs. Hubbard tearfully.

On being told it was Jugo-Slavia, she said: "Oh! one of these Balkan things. What can
you expect?"(Page 31)

• International Travelers : The novel showcases a diverse group of passengers from

various social backgrounds and nationalities. This adds complexity to the
investigation and provides a rich tapestry of motives and perspectives.

Proof : -A big swarthy Italian was picking his teeth with gusto. Opposite him a spare
neat Englishman had the expressionless disapproving face of the well-trained servant.
Next to the Englishman was a big American in a loud suit—possibly a commercial
traveller. (Page 18)

-"That is Princess Dragomiroff," said M. Bouc in a low tone. "She is a Russian. (Page
19)

• Psychological Atmosphere : The psychological atmosphere in "Murder on the Orient

Express" is one of tension, suspicion, and psychological intrigue.
Proof : - for a shock. Your employer, M. Ratchett, is dead!"
MacQueen's mouth pursed itself into a whistle. Except that his eyes grew a shade
brighter, he showed no signs of shock or distress.
"So they got him after all," he said.
"What exactly do you mean by that phrase, Mr. MacQueen?"
MacQueen hesitated. (Page 39)
- Dr. Constantine sniggered, and Mrs. Hubbard immediately froze him with a glance.
"He wasn't a nice kind of man," she said, "to say a thing like that to a lady. It's not
right to laugh at such things." (Page 76)

2.8 Narrative Technique

• Flahsback

As Poirot interviews the passengers, who each provide their own version of events leading up
to the murder. These individual testimonies are presented as distinct chapters or sections in
the novel. Through these flashbacks, readers gain insights into the characters, their
relationships, and potential motives, which helps Poirot piece together the puzzle.

Each passenger's account reveals their interactions and encounters with the victim, creating a
web of conflicting narratives and hidden secrets. The flashbacks serve to provide different
perspectives on the events leading up to the crime, allowing readers to form their own
theories and suspects.

Poirot carefully analyzes these flashbacks, searching for inconsistencies, contradictions, and
connections among the testimonies. As he uncovers new information and unearths the truth,
the narrative seamlessly transitions between the present investigation and the past events
leading up to the murder.

• Foreshadowing

Throughout the novel, there are many instances of foreshadowing that hint at a grim ending.
Some examples are Ratchett telling Poirot that someone will kill him, Princess Dragomiroff
telling Poirot that her hand is not strong and looking at her arm, and symbolism to foretell
key elements of the crime. For example, the appearance of the blood-stained handkerchief
and the presence of the red kimono on the train serve as symbols of impending danger and
violence.

• Flashforward

From throughout the story, where HerculePoirot reflects on the case and offers his thoughts
on the evidence and potential culprits. These moments can be seen as subtle flashbacks,
hinting at Poirot's growing suspicions and foreshadowing the solution to come. And there are
instances where the characters engage in conversations that allude to future developments or
events. These dialogues may contain cryptic statements or veiled references that are not fully
understood until the end of the story. Such conversations serve as flashbacks, teasing the
reader with snippets of information and creating intrigue.

Narrative Techniques In Style

• Metaphors
"A Caged Wild Animal"When he encounters Ratchett, Poirot feels an immediate disgust
towards him, and uses the metaphorical image of a caged animal to describe his impression
of the antagonist.

• Similie

“The Disappearing Person"Poirot, when trying to imagine where the missing murderer may
be hiding, says of the situation, "like the ‘disappearing person’ in the cabinet, it is a trick.

• Personification

In the heart of a cold winter's night, a whisper swept through the halls of the elegant Orient
Express. The train, a character in its own right, groaned and creaked as it embarked on its
fateful journey.

• Imagery

In the heart of a moonlit winter's eve, the Orient Express emerged from the depths of
darkness, a glimmering serpent snaking through a wintry landscape.

• Hyperbole

On that fateful night aboard the Orient Express, murder descended upon the train like a
thunderous tempest, its force unmatched and its impact reverberating through the very fabric
of existence.

• Alliteration

On a moonlit night, the Orient Express embarked upon its ill-fated journey, its wheels
whispering against the tracks, weaving a web of wicked fate. Within its opulent carriages, a
medley of mysterious souls mingled, their hearts harboring hidden secrets and silent
suspicions.