Applied Water Science (2021) 11:101

https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01432-2

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

An assessment of water quality index of Godavari river water in Nashik

city, Maharashtra
Ashali Chandrakant Kharake1 · Vaishali Sanjay Raut2

Received: 19 March 2020 / Accepted: 18 May 2021 / Published online: 2 June 2021
© The Author(s) 2021

Abstract
Water resource is most essential basic resource for human being. Today water resource management has become an impor-
tant issue (Kharake, Pathare, Deshmukh, Arebian J Geosci 14(10):1–10, 2021) for all developing countries. Rapid growth
of population and its repetitive activities along the river pose a concerned impact on the river system. The water quality
and quantity are under constant pressure by the presence of different human activities like removal of vegetation, industrial
activities, and encroachment, domestic and religious activities. These all activities resulted in degradation of water quality.
These all problems are largely concentrated in and around urban areas. Keeping this view in the account systematic study
has been carried out the water quality of Godavari river in Nashik city. Water samples from 10 sampling stations have been
collected during 1st week of June 2019. Physico-chemical parameters have been analyzed by standard method. The Karl
Pearson correlation matrix has been established for examining relationship between the water quality parameters, and the
study is conducted to analyze the water quality status of Godavari river in terms of water quality index (WQI). The overall
values showed good water quality status (WQI 133.44) at upper stream in the study area, but as it enters in urban area water
quality becomes deteriorate (WQI 35.01). The field observations reveal that water quality is declining due to many human
activities mainly industrial, domestic and religious waste. To analyze the water quality index (WQI) is the main aim of the
research with remedial measures to mitigate the deterioration and related consequences in future.

Keywords Water quality · Water quality index · Godavari river · Physico-chemical analysis · The Karl Pearson correlation
matrix

Introduction many of them were converted into important towns and cit-
ies (Kharke 2008). It has been observed that from past few
Hydrosphere is an important segment of environment decades population growth, urbanization (Muhammad et al.
including 0.3% of the fresh water on Earth, and it is eas- 2018), industrialization (Isai et al. 2015) and encroachments
ily accessible from lakes, reservoirs and river systems have put immense pressure on the river system (Bora and
(UNESCO 1998). Water plays an important role in various Goswami 2017). Many human activities related to economic
life processes of living organisms, in which river water is development (Unde and Turkunde 2008) are responsible for
a precious natural resource for human being. Many human water quality deterioration (Zhaoshi et al. 2017). It leads to
activities like agriculture, industrial, tourism and domestic, degradation of water quality (Das 2013). Rivers have capac-
etc., depend upon the river. River has great potential of eco- ity to detoxify a certain quantity of pollutants discharged
nomic change (Patil et al. 2013). Many villages which are into them (Koichi and Hong-Ying 2010), but if the discharge
situated along river experienced rapid economic changes; of pollutants exceeds (Wu et al. 2017), water quality deterio-
rates (Govorushko 2010). Unpleasant taste of drinking water
* Ashali Chandrakant Kharake (Marle 2011), disgusting odor from lakes, river and beaches
ashali.kharake.27@gmail.com unmonitored growth of aquatic weeds and decrease in num-
ber of fishes are some of indications of water pollution; to
1
Department of Geography, K.V.N.Naik College, Nashik, understand chemical phenomenon occurring in water body,
Maharashtra, India
certain general criteria of water quality are applied such
2
Department of Chemistry, K.V.N.Naik College, Nashik, as pH, DO, BOD, TDS. pH is indicator of concentration
Maharashtra, India

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101 Page 2 of 11 Applied Water Science (2021) 11:101

H + ions (Nag et al. 2018) in water natural water containing awareness among local people, farmers and entrepreneur,
­HCO3−, ­CO3−2 and ­OH−. These are main contributors of pH etc.
of water. pH of natural water is in the range of 3–10. Total
dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally
calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, Study area
chlorides and sulfates), and some small amounts of organic
matter are dissolved in water. TDS in water originates from For the present study Nashik city has been selected. It located
natural sources, sewage, urban run-off, industrial waste in the north-west direction of Maharashtra, at a height of
water and chemicals used in the water treatment process 700 m. It is situated at 19°33′ to 20°53′ north latitude and
(Patel et al. 2019a, b; Tyagi et al. 2013). Change in TDS is 73°16′ to 75°6′ east longitude and on the bank of the Godavari
an indicator of water pollution (Duan et al. 2018). One more river. The average annual temperature of Nashik city is 24 °C,
important parameter is dissolved oxygen (DO), which is a and about 812 mm of precipitation falls annually. According
measure of how much oxygen is dissolved in the water. DO to the 2011 census Nashik city has 1,486,973 populations. For
can tell us a lot about water quality (Popovic et al. 2016). the investigation of Godavari river water quality the channel
Bacteria in the water consume oxygen when organic matter from the Gangapur dam to Dasak village is selected which has
decays. Thus, excess organic material in rivers can cause a length of 24 km. From above channel 10 sampling stations
eutrophic conditions, in which there is a deficiency of oxy- have been selected for water quality analysis (Fig. 1)..
gen, which can cause a water body to "die." Measurement
of many other parameters like BOD, Fecal coli also can help Materials and methods
us to understand pollution of water body. Together they are
summarized in the form of WQI (Sehnaz et al. 2017). For further study 10 sampling stations within Nashik city have
Nashik is an important industrial town in Maharashtra been selected. Selection of sampling stations is based on types
that has 125 large-, 350 medium- and 2500 small-scale units of human activities and their intensity as well as area affected
(Chavan et al. 2009) presently working in the upper part of by urban waste. For water quality analysis water samples have
the city. Godavari river is a major source of water for drink- been collected from the surface water along the river. Tem-
ing, agriculture, domestic and industrial purposes. Nashik perature and pH of samples have been measured in the field
is also well known for religious tourism because the city is during collection. The water samples were analyzed at Water
home of hundreds of temples. To understand inappropriate Quality Laboratory level-II, Nashik under Hydrology Pro-
human activities and its impact on water quality is the main ject, water resources department, Government of Maharash-
objective of the paper. tra. The analysis was carried out in the laboratory as per BIS
Water quality index is used to understand a general water standard methods. Various physico-chemical parameters like
quality status of water resource (Nadikatla et al. 2020); total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biologi-
hence, it has been used to determine the water quality of cal oxygen demand (B.O.D.) (Yogendra and Puttaiah 2008),
surface and ground water quality (Akumtoshi et al. 2020; total solids and turbidity were analyzed to evaluate the impact
Phadatare et al. 2016). Number of studies are carried out of urban waste on water quality. The Karl Pearson correla-
related to water quality index (WQI) (Khound and Bhat- tion matrix has been established to examine the relationship
tacharya 2018; Horton 1965) used WQI for first time as between the water quality parameters. The data were analyzed
an indicator of water pollution. Brown et al. (1970) also for water quality status, and water quality index was deter-
calculated WQI by basic arithmetic weighting, but with- mined by the formula developed by NSF (National Sanitation
out multiplicative variables these efforts were supported Foundation) and modified by CPCB (Central Pollution Control
by National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) in which water Board) (Table 1) which depicts the water quality in simple
quality variables were calculated using the Delphi method and easy way. WQI as it gives a single number that expresses
(Dalkey 1968). Bhargava (1983) also suggested water qual- the overall water quality of a certain water sample (location
ity index for river Ganga. Ichwana and Nelly (2016), Shah and time specific) for several water quality parameters. It all
and Joshi (2017), Bora and Goswami (2017), Verma et al. information summarized and analyzed with the help of graphs
(2019) and Akukumtoshi et al. (2020) have calculated WQI (Tables 2, 3).
for different rivers. P
The main objective of the present study is to develop sim- WQI =
∑
Wili
plified WQI in order to examine the effects of anthropogenic i=1
activities on water quality of Godavari river in Nashik city.
Further research will helpful to minimize activities which
are responsible for water contamination and for creating

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Applied Water Science (2021) 11:101 Page 3 of 11 101

Fig. 1  Location map of study area

Table 1  Modified weights for computation of WQI based on DO, FC, Results and discussion
pH and BOD

Sr. no Parameters Weight The analysis report of sample sites has been carried out as
per BIS limits, which are given in Table 4.
1 Dissolved oxygen 0.31
We investigated the river behavior by measuring 8 param-
2 pH 0.28
eters (Table 4) showing values of measured values of various
3 BOD 0.22
parameters. Data show that water pollution increases as the
4 Fecal coli 0.19
river flows through the urban area in which pH values show
∑ Wi 1.00
alkaline or acidic behavior of water, TS and TDS affecting

Table 2  Subindex equation used Water quality parameters (Units) Range applicable Equation
to calculate NSF WQI for DO,
FC, pH and BOD Dissolved oxygen (DO) (% saturation) 0–40 0.18 + 0.66 X % saturation DO
40–100 (-13.55) + 1.17 X % saturation DO
100–140 163.34—0.62 X % saturation DO
Fecal Coliform (FC) (counts/100 ml) 1–103 97.2–26.6*log FC
103–105 42.33–7.75*log FC
> ­105 2
pH 02–05 16.1 + 7.35*(pH)
05–7.3 (−142.67) + 33.5*(pH)
7.3–10 316.96–29.85*pH
10–12 96.17–8*pH
< 2, > 12 0
BOD (mg/l) 0–10 96.67–7*BOD
10–30 38.9–1.23*BOD
> 30 2

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Table 3  Water quality Sr. No. WQI Class by Remarks Color Code
classification and best
CPCB
designated use
1 63-100 A Non Polluted

2 50-63 B Non Polluted

3 38-50 C Polluted

4 38 and less D,E Heavily

Polluted

Table 4  The parameters of the Godavari river at Nashik city (June 2019)
Station No Location Temperature PH TS DO TDS Turbidity BOD F-coli (MPN)
(in °C)

S1 Gangapur dam 23.4 8.7 66 7.5 60 4.6 2.5 2

S2 Someshwar water fall 23.9 8.2 80 7.3 70 5.0 3.0 2.5
S3 Navsya Ganpati 24.2 8.5 156 7.2 82 5.3 3.5 5.8
S4 Rameshwar Mahadev Temple 23.8 8.3 170 4.1 94 8.4 20 7.8
S5 Bapu Bridge 24 7.8 250 3.2 156 9.1 35 19
S6 Goda park 24.9 8.0 389 3.1 182 10.7 40 12
S7 Chopra Lawns Bridge 25.3 8.5 416 1.9 314 15.42 52 25
S8 Ramwadi Bridge 24.7 8.3 381 2.0 216 15.48 50 22
S9 Ganesh wadi 24.8 7.8 372 2.0 369 15.59 38 24
S10 Dasak Bridge 26 7.5 616 3.4 412 24.97 42 28

Required desirable limits—as per standards prescribed For Drinking Water by Bureau of Indian Standards, 2002 (BIS) limits, 2012

turbidity of water. The increased number of coliform germs between 66 and 616 mg/l at various sampling sites. TS
indicates pollution, which comes from waste waters from has been suddenly increased from S ­ 7 to ­S 10 (distance
households in the surrounding settlements. The increased 11.5 km), and it may due to the direct input of massive
values of BOD indicate the biological activity of the waste local discharge from city. It is all responsible to make
waters and are the main organic pollution indicator. water unpalatable.

pH DO

pH is an indicator of the amount of hydrogen ion concen- Dissolved oxygen in the water is an important index in deter-
tration value. It is used to indicate acidity or basicity of mining the purity of water. It gives nature of organic matter
the water. Normal water a has pH value between 6.5 and present in water. DO is essential for healthy aquatic life. The
7.5. Sewage into water can change the hydrogen ion con- DO values ranged between 1.9 and 7.5. It is observed that
centration (pH) in the water, and it became more alkaline DO of river water between ­S4 and ­S10 (13.5 km) is less than
depending on the types of waste and chemical substances 5 mg/l, and it may due to contamination of urban waste dur-
contained in them (Ichwana et al. 2016). Change of pH ing journey of the river. Godavari river deteriorates (Bawa
can change the heart rate, curve spin and shape of the head and Gaikwad 2013).
(Shinde et al. 2019). The present study shows that water at
various stations is alkaline. The pH value has been ranging TDS
between 7.5 and 8.7 at various sampling sites.
TDS also shows similar trends due to contamination of sew-
age in the river. It has suddenly increased from ­S7 to S
­ 10
TS due to the high density of population which is responsible
for emanation of large amount of solid waste, discharge of
Total solids are dissolved solids in the water, includ- domestic wastewater, encroachment and sewages. As most of
ing suspended and settleable solids. Total solids ranged the major pathogenic diseases, hazards and dermatological

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Applied Water Science (2021) 11:101 Page 5 of 11 101

problems, are recognized due to consumption of polluted It is observed that turbidity goes on increasing from ­S3 to
water (Koli et al. 2018), the river is supposed most suitable ­S10 (14 km) and it is maximum at ­S10 (24.97 NTU) again
place to dump garbage waste and it is proved as a major due to organic pollutant like cremate and discharge of
load on the river, it increases TDS in water, and it causes ash of human dead bodies as well as to perform religious
unhygienic atmosphere and creating health problems like activities flower garlands and other solid waste directly
malaria, diarrhea, etc. added to the water.

Turbidity BOD

Turbidity is description of the optical properties of BOD is the amount of oxygen consumed in biodegradation
water which is calculated by amount of light emitted and of organic matter during period of 5 days. It can be observed
absorbed by particles in the water (Ichwana et al. 2016). (Table 1) there is suddenly increase of BOD value from S ­ 4,

Fig. 2  pH of selected sampling

stations

Fig. 3  TS of selected sampling

stations

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101 Page 6 of 11 Applied Water Science (2021) 11:101

Fig. 4  DO of selected sampling

stations

Fig. 5  TDS of selected sam-

pling stations

and it may be due to sewage entering in the Godavari river The Karl Pearson correlation matrix has been established
by nalas coming out of industrial areas, hotels and slums for examination of the relationship between two parameters
nearby the river bank. BOD at ­S7 and S8 is found to be high- of the samples. The value of correlation coefficient around
est although no point source is observed here, lots of waste 0.7 and above (Bawa and Gaikwad 2013) is considered to be
water from weekly market and vehicle washing which are a strong positive correlation. It has been found from analysis
responsible for contamination (Table 5, 6; Figs. 2, 3, 4, 5, that positive correlation is found between turbidity and total
6, 7, 8, 9)). dissolved solids. Positive correlation also found between
turbidity and TDS (Table 6). This is due to fact as the num-
ber of particles in water (TDS) increases, so turbidity also
has been increased. It can be seen that there is a positive

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Applied Water Science (2021) 11:101 Page 7 of 11 101

Fig. 6  Turbidity of selected

sampling stations

Fig. 7  BOD of selected sam-

pling stations

correlation between BOD and TS, higher the BOD values Conclusions
which arise TS presents in the water. There is positive cor-
relation between BOD and turbidity as amount of suspended In this study water quality of Godavari river in Nashik city
matter increases turbidity which in turn increases BOD value was evaluated, to evaluate water quality of Godavari river
(Table 7, 8). 10 sampling stations were determined, and 8 parameters
were selected. The physico-chemical analysis of water
samples indicates that the river water sample has alkaline
properties. As pollutants are added in the river water at
various stations, it has decreased dissolved oxygen value.
Due to addition of pollutant at these stations BOD and

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101 Page 8 of 11 Applied Water Science (2021) 11:101

Fig. 8  F-coli of selected sam-

pling stations

Fig. 9  WQI of collected water

samples

Table 5  Statistical summary of physico-chemical parameters turbidity values have increased. TDS and F-coli param-
eters showed increased value at S ­ 10 due to sewage and
Parameters Max Min Mean Sum
burial activities.
pH 8.7 7.5 8.1 81.6 Water quality parameters pH, DO, BOD and F-coli were
TS 616 66 341 2896 used to calculate water quality index (WQI) for evaluation
DO 7.5 1.9 4.7 41.7 of water quality. The water quality index values of Goda-
TDS 412 120 266 1955 vari river of about 24 km the stench from Gangapur dam to
Turbidity 24.97 4.6 14.7 114.56 Dasak Bridge show that due to urban slums, weekly mar-
BOD 52 2.5 27.25 286 kets and religious tourism lots of urban waste have been
generated. It may be in liquid or solid forms responsible
Max—maximum, Min—minimum

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Applied Water Science (2021) 11:101 Page 9 of 11 101

Table 6  Karl Pearson Parameters pH TS DO TDS Turbidity BOD

correlation matrix for water
samples of Godavari river water pH 1.0
in Nashik city (June 2019)
TS −0.6430 1.0
DO 0.4718 −0.7704 1.0
TDS −0.6297 0.9137 −0.7437 1.0
Turbidity −0.6395 0.9578 −0.7181 0.9397 1.0
BOD −0.4523 0.8565 −0.9632 0.7776 0.7888 1.0

Computed by Researchers

Table 7  Godavari river water sampling stations and observed urban waste
Station no Location Distance from 1st Coordinates Observed urban waste
sampling station (km)

S1 Gangapur dam 00 20°0; N 73°66″E Tourism

S2 Someshwar water fall 7.7 20°0; N 73°66″E Tourism, Bathing etc
S3 Navsya Ganpati 10 20°0’ N 73°67E Religious tourism
S4 Someshwar Mahadev Temple 10.5 20°0′N to 73°68′E Religious tourism
S5 Bapu Bridge 11 20°0′N to 73°68′E Sewage from Anandwalli slums
S6 Goda park 11.5 20°0′N to 73°69′E Untreated sewage from hotels and local tourists
S7 Chopra Lawns Bridge 12.5 20°0′N to 73°70′E Sewage from industries
S8 Ramwadi Bridge 15 20°0′N to 73°78′E Religious tourism
S9 Ganesh wadi 16 20°0′N to 73°78′E Waste from rituals and weekly market
S10 Dasak Bridge 24 20°0′N to 73°78′E Sewage from different industries, domestic activities

Personal investigation

Table 8  WQI rating of various Sr. No. Stations WQI Color Code
sampling sites of Godavari river
1 Gangapur Dam 79.67

2 Someshwar Waterfall 133.44

3 Navsya Ganpati 75.30

4 Rameshwar Mahadev Temple 51.59

5 Bapu Bridge 46.8

6 Goda Park 44.34

7 Chopra Bridge 35.6

8 Ramwadi Bridge 36.01

9 Ganesh wadi 35.01

10 Dasak Bridge 37.24

for water pollution. The computed WQI values are between it enters in city considerable changes in WQI were observed
35.01 and 133.44 in the study area. The WQI classifica- at ­S7, ­S8 and S­ 9 sites due to burial activities, encroach-
tion shows that S ­ 2 has good water quality status, but as ment and contamination. In spite of all efforts made by

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101 Page 10 of 11 Applied Water Science (2021) 11:101

government authorities, local people and entrepreneur are Dalkey NC (1968) DELPHI. The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica
not aware about river pollution. From the above analy- Das DN (2013) The impact of industrial and urban activities on the
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ics and metals from industrial wastewater by ICP-AES, FTIR and
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Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of human interventions along Pravara River at Sangamner city,
interest. Ahmednagar, Maharashtra. Multidiscip Approaches Remote Sens
GIS 1(1): 89–93, ISSN: 2319–8648
Human Participants and/or Animals This article does not contain stud- Kharake A, Pathare J, Deshmukh P (2021) Spatio-temporal variability
ies with human or animal subjects. of intra-monsoonal rainfall in Pravara-Mula river basin, India.
Arebian J Geosci 14(10):1–10
Informed consent We fully agree with the information provided in Khound NJ, Bhattacharyya KG (2018) Assessment of water quality
this article. in and around Jia-Bharali river basin, North Brahmaputra Plain,
India, using multivariate statistical technique. Appl Water Sci
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draft preparation, conceptualization, methodology, map—preparation. Koichi F, Hong-Ying HU (2010) Effects of human activities on water
Vaishali Raut involved in writing—original draft preparation and data quality. In: Water quality and standard
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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attri- Appl Water Sci 8:196. https://d​ oi.o​ rg/1​ 0.1​ 007/s​ 13201-0​ 18-0​ 843-2
bution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adapta- Kumar A, Dua A (2009) Water quality index for assessment of water
tion, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long quality of river Ravi at Madhopur (India). Glob J Environ Sci 8:1
as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, Marle SM (2011) Assessment of pilgrimage impact on river water qual-
provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes ity and health along river Indrayani, District Pune. Unpublished
were made. The images or other third party material in this article are Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Savitribai Phule Pune University.
included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated Muhammad AHR, Malik MM, Sana M (2018) Urbanisation and its
otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in effects on water recourses: an exploratory Analysis. Asian J Water
the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not Environ Pollut 15(1):67–74
permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will Nadikatla SK, Mushini VS, Mudumba PSMK (2020) Water quality
need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a index method in assessing groundwater quality of Palakonda man-
copy of this licence, visit http://​creat​iveco​mmons.​org/​licen​ses/​by/4.​0/. dal in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Appl Water
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