SCHOOL

PROJECT
ON
BIOLOGY

CANCER

Submitted to Submitted by
Mrs. Akshat Rana
CLASS: XII B
ROLL
NUMBER:
 CERTFICATE
This is to certify Mr. Shyam sunder that of class XII
has satisfactorily completed theproject in Biology on
CANCER by the CBSE course in the academic
year.
I have examined the project and hereby accord
my approval of it as a study carried out and
presented in the manner required for its
acceptance . This does not necessarily endorse
or accept every statement made or opinion
expressed or conclusion drawn, but only
signifies the acceptance of the project for the
purpose it is submitted.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I Akshat Rana of class XII hereby declare
that this investigatory project of Biology
ON “CANCER” is made by my own hard
work andefforts under the supervision of
BIOLOGY.

TEACHER:

SIGNATURE:
 INDEX

 INTRODUCTION
 HYPOTHESIS
 TYPES OF CANCER 1
 CHARACTERSTICS
 CAUSE
 TYPES OF TUMOR
 TYPES OF CANCER 2
 DIAGNOSIS
 LOCATIONS
 TREATMENT
 CARINOGENES
 ANTI-CARINOGENS
 CURE vs CURED vs REMISSION
 HOW TO AVOID CANCER
INTRODUCTIONTO
CANCER
This is Project Report/Essay – CANCER.
Among disease, Cancer ranks high as a major
killer being responsible in recent years. Cancer
is estimated that about one million people in
United States receives treatment for some kind
of cancer each Year.
There are several kinds of cancer all of them
are malignant tumors. A Tumor is a swelling or
mass resulting from abnormal growth of tissue.
Cancer is likely to damage important or vital
organs or tissue in any or all part of our body. It
leads causing serious disease and often death.

OBSERVATION:
Nowadays, lot of
People suffer from
unavoidable disease
known as cancer.
PROBLEM: Figure.1 Cervical cancer cell

Cancer still tolls huge

numbers of lines. In
spite of effective treatment, basic understanding
of the causes and factors responsible for cancer.
HYPOTHESIS:
 Cancer remain in initial stage.
 Ccancer which are prevent in environment
s of body become and cause cancer.
 s in public to identify the cancer
The Cancer is an incurable disease but it
can be treated by combination of
surgery,drugs and radiation therapy.

TYPES OF CANCER Figure 2: Soft tissue sarcomas

Some important type of Cancer is:
 Leukemia: Cancer of blood in
which white blood cell show
abnormal increase.
 Carcinomas: Cancer of
epithelial cells.
 Sarcomas: Cancer of connective Figure 3: Lipomas

tissue.
 Lymphomas: Cancer of
lymphatic tissue.
 Lipomas: Cancer of adipose
tissue.
Characteristics of Cancer Cells
 Cancer cell cultures are l and can grow
indefinitely.
 They do not show contact inhibition.
 They lack intracellular adhesion.
 They does not depend upon anc.(something
that provides secure hold)
 Tuberous cells consume much more glucose
than normal cell because they have to grow
and multiply.

Causes of Cancer
The cause of cancer is not fully understood.
However it is known that some chemicals are
Carcinogenic or Cancer Causing. Some other
causes of Cancer are given below:
Certain chemicals found in cigarette and
smoke,asbestoses,nickel and certain dyes, to
mention only a few of the many substances
implicated in the induction of Cancer.

Figure 4: Causes of Cancer

Diagnosis of Cancer
The detection and diagnosis of cancer are very
important before it spread to other parts of the
body. Identification of cancer genes is pivotal to
prevent cancer.
The following methods are used to detect
cancer:
Bi(A biopsy is a rom the body in order to
examine it more closely)
Histopathological studies of tissue.
Radiography technique.
Computed tomography .(CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging. (MRI)
Molecular biology techniques.

Figure 5: Biopsy
 Locations of Cancer
Now there is a list of various parts of body in
which Cancer commonly occurs:
o BREAST: The breast is the common site
of cancer. Woman lumps in the breasts is
caused by cancer. So physician dealing
with early case of lump in the breast has
to diff/bet benign tumor and
malignant one.
o BONE: It grows due to blood
streams or from some adjacent
organ or tissues. It causes pain
swelling and weakens the bone. Figurecancer
6: Severe Bone

o LUNG :
The cancer of lungs is becoming more
prominent in our country which causes
maximum death in our country. Smoking
is main reason for lung cancer,
withouttreatment survival rate for the
usual type of lung cancer is Zero. In the
total type of cancer 40% are infected by
the lung Cancer.
The reasons for the high mortality are:
 It is highly malignant.
 It causes no distinctive
early symptoms.

Figure 7: LUNG Cancer

o OVARY: This is most dreadful cancer
amongst the woman. Most of the women die
due to this in our country.
This can be treated by
Surgery.
o PANCREAS: The cancer of
pancreas causes pain in
upper part of membrane. It Figure 8: pancreas cancer

also causes Jaundice. It is

highly malignant and is more common in
men than women.
o THYROID: This cancer causes the
enlargement of thyroid gland,
development of nodules in the
gland. The removal of these
nodules is very necessary for the
treatment of this. Figure 9: Thyroid cancer
o TONGUE: Cancer of tongue
cause more death than any other cancer
within mouth. It results persistent
inflammation.
o STOMACH: Cancer of stomach is more
common in men than women. Symptoms
are indigestion, loss of appetite, loss of
weight etc. Surgical removal without delay
of all parts of the stomach is only proper
treatment.
Treatment of Cancer
Commonly, three types of
treatment are available for
cancer:
 SURGERY : Surgically
removing localized cancerous mass.
(effective for Benign tumor)
 Radiation Therapy: In this therapy,
radiation is used to kill the cancer cell.
 Chemotherapy: Chemotherapeutic drugs
are used to kill cancer cells.
Many chemical drugs have side effects in
cancer patients like hair loss. So,interferons
are injected into cancer patients to develop
immunity against these side-effects.

CARCINOGENS
Any substance, radionuclide, or radiation
that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation
of cancer.
Substances Target tissue
 Alcohol Breast, Liver
etc.
 Ultraviolet Rays Skin
 Radon/Cigarette/ Lungs
Tobacco/Asbestos/
 Afiotoxin Liver
 2-Napthylamine Urinary bladder
 And
4-

Aminobiphynle
 Coulter Skin and Lungs
 Cadmium oxide Prostrate glands

ANTICARCINOGENS
They are substances which prevent the
actions of Carcinogens. They occur in green
yellow vegetables, fruits and milk.
Anticarcinogens Source
 Riboflavin Milk
 Flavonoids Green yellow
Vegetables and Fruits
 Vitamin-C
Cabbage
CURE vs CURED vs REMISSION
For centuries, doctors have used the word
“Cure” to describe a medical condition that’s
completely gone and will never comeback.
In the language of cancer, “Cure” works
differently.
Doctors can give you their best perspective,
based on statistics from large groups of people,
on whether or not your cancer will come back.
But no doctor can guarantee that you’ll be
cured.
There are two reasons for this:
 Doctors don’t know everything about the
disease yet.
 Some cancer cells may remain somewhere
in the body and grow, divide, and become a
new tumor. So doctors avoid saying you’re
cured.
Instead of talking about “cures,” most medical
professionals use word “treatment.” If you have
treatment, and your cancer doesn’t comeback
the rest life, you’re considered cured.
“Remission” is another key word. It means that
your cancer symptoms have gone away. It
doesn’t always last for rest of your life.
HOW TO AVOID CANCER
1. Don't use tobacco:
Using any type of tobacco puts you on a
collision course with cancer. Smoking has been
linked to various types of cancer — including
cancer of the lung, mouth, throat, larynx,
pancreas, bladder, cervix and kidney.Even if
you don't use tobacco, exposure to secondhand
smoke might increase your risk of lung cancer.
2. Eat a healthy diet:
 Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables- Base
your diet on fruits, vegetables and other
foods from plant sources — such as whole
grains and beans.
 Maintain a healthy weight-Eat lighter and
leaner by choosing fewer high-calorie foods,
including refined sugars and fat from
animal sources.
3. Protect yourself from the sun:
Skin cancer is one of the most common kinds of
cancer — and one of the most preventable.
Avoid midday sun.
Stay in the shade.
Cover exposed areas.
Don’t skimp on sunscreen.
Avoid tanning beds and sunlamps.
4. Get vaccinated:
Cancer prevention includes protection from
certain viral infections. Talk to your doctor
about vaccination against:
 Hepatitis B-Hepatitis B can increase the
risk of developing liver cancer. The
hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for
certain adults at high risk — such as adults
who are sexually active but not in a
 mutually monogamous relationship, people
with sexually transmitted infections, people
who use intravenous drugs
 Human papillomavirus (HPV) - HPV is a
sexually transmitted virus that can lead to
cervical and other genital cancers as well as
squamous cell cancers of the head and neck.
5. Get regular medical care
Regular self-exams and screenings for
various types of cancers — such as cancer
of the skin, colon, cervix and breast — can
increase your chances of discovering cancer
early, when treatment is most likely to be
successful.