MAHAVEER INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BANDLAGUDA, HYDERBAD,500005.
PROJECTWORK REPORT ON
“DESIGN OF CHANDRAYAAN-3 ROVER”
In partial fulfilment of the course requirements for the award of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted by
Mirza Abdul Aryan Baig (20E31A2112)
Mohammad Fayaz (20E31A2113)
Under the support and supervision of
Project guide Head of the department
Mr. G. Sudharshan Dr.S.R. Dinesh Kumar
Assistant professor Professor
[1]
MAHAVEER INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
BANDLAGUDA, HYDERBAD,500005.
DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitles “DESIGN OF
CHANDRAYAAN-3 ROVER” has been carried out by Mirza Abdul
Aryan Baig (20E31A2112), Mohammad Fayaz (20E31A2113) under
the guidance of Mr. G. Sudharshan, Assistant professor, in partial
fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Aeronautical Engineering during academic year 2023 –
2024.
Project guide Head of the department
Mr. G. Sudharshan Dr.S.R. Dinesh Kumar
Assistant professor Professor
[2]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our deep-felt appreciation and gratitude to Mr. G. Sudharshan,
Assistant Professor, Department of aeronautical engineering for his skillful guidance constant
supervision, timely Suggestion, keen interest, and encouragement in completing the project
within the stipulated time.
We express our profound sense of gratitude to Dr. S.R. DINESH KUMAR, Head of
Department, Aeronautical Engineering, who has served as a host of Valuable corrections and
for providing me time and amenities to complete this project.
We express our thanks to, Dr. V. Usha Shree, Principal of our college and the management of
Mahaveer Institute of Science & Technology for providing excellent academic environment
in the college.
We wish to express our gratitude to the Members of Staff and all other who helped us in more
than one way.
M.A. Aryan Baig (20E31A2112),
MD. Fayaz (20E31A2113),
L. KOMALIKA (20E31A2128)
[3]
Declaration
We hereby declare that the major project entitled “DESIGN OF
CHANDRAYAAN-3 ROVER” submitted to Mahaveer institute of science and
technology, affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological university Hyderabad
(JNTUH) for the award of the degree of Bachelor of technology in
Aeronautical engineering is a result of original research work done by us.
It is further declared that the project report or any part thereof has not
been previously submitted to any University or institute for the award of degree.
M.A Aryan Baig (20E31A2112)
MD Fayaz (20E31A2113)
[4]
ABSTRACT
In this project, we design a rover of dimensions are 8 by 8 by 12
inches in size. The main aim is to collect the information using the
rover such as to find the temperature and humidity and to capture
the images. This project involves studying the rover’s specifications,
understanding its mechanism, and utilizing various materials and
technologies to recreate its appearance and features. We used some
materials like acrylic chassis body frame, 150 RPM high quality BO
motors and wider Wheels, Audino (Uno smd), Humidity and
temperature sensor, L298 module, 4 pin Bluetooth module, Cell
holder, 3.7v battery for the construction of the rover body.
[5]
TABLE OF CONTENT
Certificate…………………………………………………………2
Declaration…………………………………………………….......3
Acknowledgement………………………………………………...4
Abstract……………………………………………………………5
[6]
LIST OF TABLES
[7]
CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
The Moon is the largest and brightest celestial object present in
the night sky. As the only natural satellite of the Earth, it has been a
subject of study to scientists and researchers all over the world. The
exploration of the Moon began with Luna 1, a first fly by mission
launched by the Soviet Union in January 1959. Although Luna 1 did not
reach the Moon’s surface and flew within about 5,995 km from it. On
September 13, 1959, Luna 2 became the first spacecraft to land on the
lunar surface making an impact. Whereas Luna 9 became the first
spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing on the lunar surface and
Luna 10 became the first spacecraft to orbit around the Moon. On
October 22, 2008 India participated in the race of lunar exploration with
the launch of Chandrayaan-1, ISRO began India’s first planetary
exploration mission of India.
With the Indian as well as international payloads on-board,
Chandrayaan collected very important data during its mission of ten
months. The most significant findings from Chandrayaan1 includes,
discovery of presence of hydroxyl (OH) and water (H2O) molecules on
the lunar surface and enhanced abundance towards the polar region,
validating the global lunar magma ocean hypothesis, signatures of water
ice present under the permanently shadowed regions near the poles,
detection and mapping of reflected solar wind protons and identification
of mini-magnetosphere, possible existence of water molecules in lunar
environment, presence of Magnesium, Aluminium, Silicon and Calcium
at several locations on the lunar surface, discovery of new rock types
with unique chemical composition and radiation environment en-route
and around the Moon (VSSC, 2019). After the success of Chandrayaan-
1, The launch of Chandrayaan-2 took place atop a GSLV MK-III M1 on
July 22, 2019 at 2:43 PM Indian Standard Time (IST) from the Second
Launch Pad (SLP) at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR,
Srihari Kota. The launch of GSLV MK-III M1 is captured. The
Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft to the Moon is a composite module mission
consisting of Orbiter, Lander, and Rover. Chandrayaan-2 is planned to
be launched onboard Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)
in the summer of 2019. The Orbiter will carry the combined stack up to
[8]
moon till the Lunar Orbit Insertion (LOI). The combined stack is then
inserted into a lunar orbit of 100 km x 100 km. The Lander with the
Rover is then planned to be separated from the Orbiter for soft-landing
on a site near south polar lunar surface. The overall objective of
Chandrayaan-2 is to build on the successes of the Chandrayaan-1
mission, testing new technologies and conducting experiments on the
moon. The rover will collect samples from the lunar surface and analyse
them on site, relaying data to Earth via the orbiter. The orbiter will map
the contents of the surface down to a depth of a few tens of meters and
carry out a detailed study of the lunar exosphere.
Chandrayaan-3 is a follow-on mission to Chandrayaan-2 to
demonstrate end-to-end capability in safe landing and roving on the
lunar surface. It consists of Lander and Rover configuration. It will be
launched by LVM3 from SDSC SHAR, Srihari Kota. The propulsion
module will carry the lander and rover configuration till 100 km lunar
orbit. The propulsion module has Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable
Planet Earth (SHAPE) payload to study the spectral and Polari metric
measurements of Earth from the lunar orbit.
[9]
Chandrayaan-3 consists of an indigenous Lander module
(LM), Propulsion module (PM) and a Rover with an
objective of developing and demonstrating new
technologies required for Inter planetary missions. The
Lander will have the capability to soft land at a specified
lunar site and deploy the Rover which will carry out in-situ
chemical analysis of the lunar surface during the course of
its mobility. The Lander and the Rover have scientific
payloads to carry out experiments on the lunar surface.
The main function of PM is to carry the LM from launch
vehicle injection till final lunar 100 km circular polar orbit
and separate the LM from PM. Apart from this, the
Propulsion Module also has one scientific payload as a
value addition which will be operated post separation of
Lander Module. The launcher identified for Chandrayaan-3
is LVM3 M4 which will place the integrated module in an
Elliptic Parking Orbit (EPO) of size ~170 x 36500 km.
[10]
The mission objectives of Chandrayaan-3 are:
1. To demonstrate Safe and Soft Landing on Lunar
Surface
2. To demonstrate Rover roving on the moon and
3. To conduct in-situ scientific experiments.
The overall specifications for Chandrayaan-3 are provided
below:
Sl
Parameter Specifications
No.
Mission Life (Lander &
1. One lunar day (~14 Earth days)
Rover)
2. Landing Site (Prime) 4 km x 2.4 km 69.367621 S, 32.348126 E
Lander:
1. Radio Anatomy of Moon Bound
Hypersensitive ionosphere and
Atmosphere (RAMBHA)
2. Chandra’s Surface Thermo physical
Experiment (ChaSTE)
3. Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity
3. Science Payloads (ILSA)
4. Laser Retroreflector Array (LRA) Rover:
5. Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer
(APXS)
6. Laser Induced Breakdown
Spectroscope (LIBS) Propulsion
Module:
7. Spectro-polarimetry of Habitable Planet
Earth (SHAPE)
1. Propulsion Module (Carries Lander from
launch injection to Lunar orbit)
Two Module
4. 2. Lander Module (Rover is
Configuration
accommodated inside the Lander)
5. Mass 1. Propulsion Module: 2148 kg
[11]
2. Lander Module: 1752 kg including Rover
of 26 kg
3. Total: 3900 kg
1. Propulsion Module: 758 W
2. Lander Module: 738W, WS with Bias
6. Power generation
3. Rover: 50W
1. Propulsion Module: Communicates with
IDSN
2. Lander Module: Communicates with
7. Communication IDSN and Rover. Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter
is also planned for contingency link.
3. Rover: Communicates only with Lander.
1. Laser Inertial Referencing and
Accelerometer Package (LIRAP)
2. Ka-Band Altimeter (KaRA)
3. Lander Position Detection Camera
(LPDC)
4. LHDAC (Lander Hazard Detection &
Avoidance Camera)
8. Lander Sensors
5. Laser Altimeter (LASA)
6. Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV)
7. Lander Horizontal Velocity Camera
(LHVC)
8. Micro Star sensor
9. Inclinometer & Touchdown sensors
9. Lander Actuators Reaction wheels – 4 nos (10 Nms & 0.1 Nm)
Bi-Propellant Propulsion System (MMH +
Lander Propulsion MON3), 4 nos. of 800 N Throttleable engines
10.
System & 8 nos. of 58 N; Throttleable Engine Control
Electronics
11. Lander Mechanisms 1. Lander leg
2. Rover Ramp (Primary & Secondary)
3. Rover
4. ILSA, Rambha & Chaste Payloads
5. Umbilical connector Protection
Mechanism,
[12]
6. X- Band Antenna
1. Vertical velocity: ≤ 2 m / sec
Lander Touchdown 2. Horizontal velocity: ≤ 0.5 m / sec
12.
specifications 3. Slope: ≤ 12 deg
DETAILS OF CHANDRAYAAN-3 ROVER
The Pragyan rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of 26 kilograms
(57 pounds). It is 917 by 750 by 397 millimetres (36.1 in × 29.5 in
× 15.6 in) in size. The rover is expected to take multiple measurements
to support research into the composition of the lunar surface, the
presence of water ice in the lunar soil, the history of lunar impacts, and
the evolution of the Moon's atmosphere.
[13]
Rover payloads: Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)
and Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS) for
deriving the elemental composition in the vicinity of
landing site.
Sl.
Rover Payloads Objectives
No
Qualitative and quantitative elemental
analysis & to derive the chemical
LASER Induced Breakdown
1. Composition and infer mineralogical
Spectroscope (LIBS)
composition to further our understanding
of Lunar-surface.
To determine the elemental composition
Alpha Particle X-ray
2. (Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca,Ti, Fe) of Lunar soil and
Spectrometer (APXS)
rocks around the lunar landing site.
[14]
[15]
DESIGN OF ROVER
The Pragyan rover is a six-wheeled vehicle with a mass of 800 grams
(1.764 pounds). It is 8 by 8 by 12 inches in size. The rover is expected to
take multiple measurements required for the research.
PARTS OF ROVER
The parts required for the construction of chandrayaan-3 rover are as follows:
1. acrylic chassis body frame
2. 150 RPM high quality BO motors and wider Wheels
3. Audino (Uno smd)
4. Humidity and temperature sensor
5. L298 module
6. 4 pin Bluetooth module
7. Cell holder
8. 3.7v battery
Details of rover Parts
1. acrylic chassis body frame
Acrylic is a popular material for robot chassis due to its aesthetic appeal and
durability. It has advantages such as Light Weight, Easy to work with (cut and
drill) and Transparent sheets available which can be used in robots where
internal mechanism is to be displayed.
2. BO motors and wider Wheels:
BO motors: This BO (Battery Operated) Motor is lightweight DC geared motor
which gives good torque and rpm at lower voltages. This motor can run at
approximately 100 rpm when driven by a single Li-Ion cell. Great for battery
operated lightweight robots. It can do reverse and forward directions.
Wider Wheels: A Wider Wheel Always Means a Wider Tire. A shorter sidewall
will make the tread more stable and rigid which can give you better
[16]
performance in dry conditions, tires of this type can be less than ideal when
you are trying for performance on wet roads, however.
The tyres size is about 2.5mm x 6.2mm and it has 6 wheels as shown in the
figure.
3. Audino (Uno smd)
The Arduino Uno SMD is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It
has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs and 6
can be used as analog inputs), a 16 MHz resonator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an in-circuit system programming (ICSP) header, and a reset button.
4. Humidity and temperature sensor
Humidity and temperature sensors are used to measure the amount of water
vapor in the air and the temperature of the environment. They are designed
[17]
for various applications, including measuring humidity and temperature values
in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, predicting weather
conditions, and monitoring soil moisture levels in agriculture. These sensors
can also help patients who have trouble breathing by enabling them to keep
the humidity and the temperature of the place at the optimum level .
Since humidity can have huge effects on different biological, chemical, and
physical processes, it should be measured and controlled in different
industries . For example, higher relative humidity reduces the effectiveness of
sweating to cool the body .
5. L298 module
The L298 module is a high power motor driver module that can be used to
drive DC and stepper motors . It consists of an L298 motor driver IC and a
78M05 5V regulator . The module can control up to 4 DC motors or 2 DC
motors with directional and speed control . The L298 module receives TTL logic
signals and is mostly used when high power motor drivers are required . It can
regulate the rotating direction in DC motors and control the speed and rotation
direction of two DC motors.
7. 4 pin Bluetooth module:
The 4 Pin Wireless Serial Bluetooth Module is a popular Bluetooth module that
can be used with any microcontroller . It uses the UART protocol to make it
easy to send and receive data wirelessly . The 4 Pin Wireless Serial Bluetooth
Module can be used for various applications, including wireless communication
between two microcontrollers like Arduino or communication with any device
with Bluetooth functionality like a phone or laptop.
[18]
Mechanism of rover
Rovers has a complex computer system, called the brain, The brain processes
data, and helps transmit information back to Earth. A rover can move around
on its wheels and legs. The wheels typically have thick treads, to help the rover
move more easily along uneven surfaces.
In the rovers the two rockers connect to each other and to the body through a
mechanism called a differential. The differential is what keeps the body level.
Relative to the body, when one rocker goes up, the other rocker goes down.
Rocker-Bogie mechanism:
Rocker-Bogie mechanism is a specialized suspension system that allows a
rover to maintain stability while navigating over rough and uneven surfaces.
It consists of a combination of articulated wheels and pivoting joints, which
work together to keep the rover's body level and ensure that all wheels
maintain contact with the ground, even when encountering obstacles.
[19]
PROCEDURE:
Firstly, we have taken the hard material plastic of rover chassis for
construction of rover body. And with there attachments and wheels
We have assembled the whole body parts.
And we added electronic sensors like Audino (Uno smd, L298 module,
Bluetooth receiver, temperature and humidity sensor and after that we
power with the help of battery we can rechargeable the batteries
Finally the rover was done we checked the rover the rover shown
temperature was 27 degrees and humidity was 32 degrees and the
rover operated by phone with the help of Bluetooth remote controller
and finally the rover was completed
Dimensions of lander:
Rover size 8 by 8 by 12 inches
The tyres size is about 2.5mm x 6.2mm and it has 6 wheels as shown in the
figure.
[20]
References
1. https://www.cnbctv18.com/science/chandrayaan3-russia-luna-25-who-
is-likely-win-space-race-17524541.htm
2. https://spacenews.com/chandrayaan-3-india-becomes-fourth-country-
to-land-on-the-moon/
3. https://physicsworld.com/a/india-launches-chandrayaan-3-mission-to-
the-lunar-surface/
4. https://www.nytimes.com/live/2023/08/23/science/india-moon-landing-
chandrayaan-3
[21]
[22]
