Revised Version 2006

.. .
- · - - - - ~ ~ - ;: , · .. _, .: · •• t'"~ • - •

PART IV - CROP PROTECTiON · ~

 Third Printing , 2006
ISBN 971-8778-56-X ·

Copyright © by UPLB College of Agriculture , 2003

All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced , stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, eiectronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise , \.vithout permission
in writing from the publisher.

• Contributors (Part IV):

Dr. Candida 8. Adalla, PhD (entomology)
Ms. Fe D. Alzona, BS (entomology)
Dr. Edna Y. Ardales, PhD (molecular biology & biotechnology)
Dr. Narceo B. Sajet, PhD (virology)
Dr. Grace F. Barroga, PhD (entomology)
Dr. Teresita U. Dalisay, PhD (mycology)
Dr. Henry T. Facundo, PhD (entomology)
Dr. Lina L. llag, PhD (fungal physiology)
Ms. Ester A. Magsino, BS (entomology)
Dr. Marina P. Natural, PhD (bacteriology)
Dr. Oscar S. Opina, PhD (crop protection)
Prof. Joey I. Orajay, MS (nematology)

UPLBCA AdHoc Committee on Agriculture Board Examination:

Dr. Orville L. Bondoc, chair 1'
Dr. Lutgarda L. Tolentino, member
Dr. Severino S. Capitan. member
Dr. Virginia R. Ocampo, member
Dr. Jose E. Hernandez, member
Dr. Eduardo P. Paningbatan Jr. , member
Dr. Ernesto V. Carpio, member
Prof. Janet B. Matanguihan, member

UPLBCA Support Staff:

Ms. Valentina S. Fernandez
Ms. Gina A. de Asis
Ms. Lorina M. Castillo
Mr. Feliciano L. Latayan Jr.
Mr. Ramoncito A. Abano
 PREFACE

Wh ile agriculture remains as the backbone of the country's

economy, it is ironically regarded as an aiiing profession . All other
speciaiized fields - which majority emanate from or based on agriculture -
have_ prospered and are believed to have greatly contributed to the
economy's growth .

But our Philippine government believed otherwise - and so are we .

The government's intent to professionalize agriculture education is thus a
concrete move to throw light on the wrongly perceived profession.
Moreover, this move will bring the agriculture profession in the forefront as
we conti nue to support the goals of the Agriculture and Fisheries
M.oderniza~0 Act of 1997.

The first licensure examination takes place in July 2003 . Our

a'.'.)ricu lture graduates - both the older and new ones - may seem to be in
fe.ar on how they will fare in the examination . We, as their educators, must
rnake sure that they will not be below par, because their performance is also
cur performance.

Hence. in the aim for excellence in the licensure examination, the

Un iversity of the Philippines Los Banos, through its College of Agriculture .
takes the courage of supporting the preparation of. our would-be licensed
agriculturists by providing this ample machinery of review materials. This
initiative is, we believe, one of our unwritten tasks as a premie( institution of
higher learning in agriculture and allied sciences.

Th is compilation of review materials was prepared through a

collaborative effort of the faculty members of the UPLB College of
Agriculture. It has gone through many thinking , writing , and rewriting with
the examinees in mind . The compilation consists of six parts cons istent with
the major parts of the licensure examination These . include: cigricultura l
economics and management; agricultural extension and communication ;
animal science ; crop protection; crop science; and soil science. Each part
inciudes a corresponding answer key to the questions.

··- - ~ ~ · ·- -- .

1
 W"ltl"l this modest output, I take pride in the UPLB College of Agricul-
ture's great task of supporting and encouraging our agriculture graduates to
t:>eat their best - not only in the licensure examination - ·but also as they
pe.iorin varied profeSsional roles for, and contribute to, the continuous
growth of the agricuiture sector.

Be.st wishes to al! examinees!

~ I
CANDIDA B. ADALLA
Dean, UPLB-CA ·
 FOREWORD

The Agriculture and Fishery Modernization Act of 1997 (AFMA}

mandated , among other things, the professionalization of the agricultural
education in the country, in order to boost the morale of and promote
excHn~ in the agricultural profession.

In supp-:lrt to this very noble cau&e, the agricultural colleges and

universities in the country take pride in assisting t1e Philippine government
implement the provisions of the AFMA through their modest efforts directed
towards the successful conduct of the first Licensure Examination foi
. -- - ··· - ·--
Agriculture this July 2003 and therea_fter.

To ensure a satisfactory performance, therefore, of our agriculture

graduates, the Association of Colleges of Agriculture in the Philippines, Inc.
(ACAP) hereby endorses tf'iis "Compilation of Review Questions for the ·
Licensure Examination in Agriculture developed by UPLB College of
Agriculture". It is hoped that this publication will help prospective examinees
in their p;eparatiori for the iicensure examination.

PEDRO D. DESTURA, PhD

ACAf' President
 Part IV
- ... . . . . .
• ;_

Sampie Questions in Crop F:rotection .. ~ :. ,. .

Section 1. Probiems In Insecticide Calcu latior.s.

If Insecticide X contains the activ5 inoiedient imidadooiid at 300 al iite; of

the formulated prod uct, what pe r ~nge of the f=;roduct is i~ acti v~
ingredient?
a. 0 .3 b. 3 C. 30 d. 300

? lr.se::ticide Y has 3% active ingredient. . Express tr1e concentration of

Insecticide Y in parts per miliion.
a. 300 b. 3000 c. 30,000 d. 300,000

During seyere corn borer infestation , Furadan 3G should be aoplied at 33 .3

kg/ha _ How much cf th.z ;:;rvewct is needed for 15,000 m2 of com in case of
_severe com borer i nfes!at:c~?
a. 133. 3 kg J?.: 49.95 kg C. 92.29 kg d. 33.33 kg

4. if 33.3 kg Fu;adan 3G had been used and it has 30 g Cartofurar. active

ingredientfKg product how many kiiograms of Carbcifuran was applied?
a. 0.5 b. 5 c. 1 d. 10 ·

5. At the application rate of 33.3 kg Furadan 3Gfna, how much would be

applied per plant r. there were 75 ,000 plants in the 15.000 m 2 farm?
a . ~.O?g _E: 0.67gc . 1.6g · d . 7.5g

6. How much of Confider SL 100 is nee-::ied to prepare ..a 2,500 liters efspray
soJlfijon if the dilution rate is 25 m i/1 00 L of water?
a. 625 ml b. 62.5 L c. 5.25 L d. 250 L
...._
7. If the only available packaging in a fanner s favorite store is 250 ml bottle of
Confider SL 100, how many bottles should the farmer buy if he needs 2.25
liters?
a. 7 b.8 c. 9 d. 10

8. Confider SL 100 costs P750 per 250 ml bottle . How much does a mango ·
farmer has to pay for 2.25 liters of Confidor SL 100?
Ci . P? ,500 b. P6 .500 C. ?€.250 A ?6 ,750
S. Sumicidin 3EC hes t o~ mixed at 5 tbsp!';6 liter water. What is the diluiio:i
rate cf Sumicidin 3EC to water?
a. 5:16 b. 25:rn c. 50:16 d._1:320

Sumicidin 3EC has to be mixed at. 5 tbsp/16 L water, what is the -

'"'· If
• I"\

percentage of Sumicidin 3EC in the spray solution?

a. 0.31 b. 5 C. 8 d. 32

4
 11. ."'-! the seedling stage of the rice plant, insecticide M should be applied at 19
16 ii-S?raye: loads per hectare. How many liters of spray solution have to
be prepared for a 1.25 hectare rice fann at seediing stage?
a. 304 b. 19 ~380 d. 16

12 .Re;::ommeridation cal!s ioi 40 and 30 ml of inse:::ticide M per sprayer lead . if

i8 and 3~ sprayer loads will be used during the seedling and vegetative
stages of the rice piant, respectively, how much more insecticide M is
needed in spraying a hectare at vegetative than at seedling stage?
a. 120 mi b. 10 ml c. 17 ml d. 170 ml
=
A ~rbamte insecticide, effective against thrips, has 500 g Methiocarb per
icg formulated product. Wnat is the concentration in percent of the
formulated product? · ·
a. 5 b.50 c.0.5 d . 31.25

!4. For severe infestation, a pyrethroid insect:d~ wi i ~ ·;.-5% active ingredient

should be used at 5 tbsp/16 liter of w2te i". What is the concentration in
percent of the spray solution?
a. 0.025 · b. 0.05 c. 0.075
=d. 0.08
15. If i 50 iiters of the spray solution should be prepared , how many kilograms
of t"le formulated product are needed with the recommendation ti•at ii has iO
be applied at 5 tbsp/16 liters of water?
a. 4.7 b.0.5 .f.:..0.47 d. 15

16. A slurry. good for 1 kg of seeds , is prepared by mixing 12.5 ml of Insecticide f<-J.~
ST in '\.O ml of water. How much of the slurry is needed for 4.5 tons. of
seeds? · ·
a. 101 .25 L b. 10.12 L c. 1.25 L d. 1.21 L

17. How much v-:ater is needed in the preparation of a slurry for 4 .5 tons of
seeds if the dilution rate is 12.5 ml of Insecticide ST per 10 ml of water per
kiiogram .of;seeds?
a. 54 L b. 45 L c. 450 L d. 102 L ·

18. If a farmer would do his own seed treatment how muGh of Insecticide ST
wouid he need to treat 20 kg seeds enough to plant a hectare given a
dilution raie of 12.5 mi of Insecticide ST in 1O ml of water?
· a. 25 ml b. 10.5 ml c. 20 ml s;L250 ml

-+ 19. A farmer used 360 ml of Insecticide Y in his farm . He foilowed the

recommended dosage of 3 tbsp/16 liters of water and spray voiume of 160
liters per hectare. What is the area of his farm?
a. ! .02 Ji 1.2 c. 1.12 d. 1.45

20. W r.at ls tie rate of application.i:i amount of formulated product per hectare if
the recommended dosage is 3 tbsp/16 liter of water with spray volume of
160 Ii/ha?
a. 35 ml/ha b. 350 ml!na c. 300 mlf:-i;:; rl '<r1 ,._1r~- .

5
2i . Wr.at is t~ rate of appl i::ation in terms of g aifna if Insecticide Y whid"l has
2.5% active ingredient, has to be diluted at 4 tbsp/16 Ii of water and applied .
at 240 E/ha?
b. iO c. 15 d. 20

22 . insect pest to be controlled : leafhopper of eggplant

Labor cost: P160.00!rnan day

Insecticide EC Insecticide W?

Type of formulation emuisifiable wettabie pow-de;

con~tre
Recommended rate 1.25 Uha 1.75 kg/ha
insecticide cos! P980/L P750/kg
Required man-days for
appiication/ha 2 .- 3
1- ([ '<?l~-:2 '-
Considering insecticide and labor costs , how -much wou:ci the farmer save ff he
used tie wettabie powder rather than the emu!sif.abie concentrate?
a. P87 .50 b. ?230.00 c : P267 .50 d. P180.00

23 . How mu:::r. of ins=:ii:ide G is needed for i .7 5 he:tare eggp:ant farm if the

recommended rate of application is 6 kg!na/appiication?
c:. 10 k~ b. ~C.5 kg :::. 17.5 kg d. 151.:G

24 . Consider the following information:

Insect pest to be c::r.1trolied: leafhopper of eggplant
Area to be treated: 1.75 ha
tabor cost- P180.00/man ciay

Insecticide G Insecticide EC Insecticide WP

Type of formulation Granule Emuisiiiable wettable

concentrate powder
Recommended raie S kg.Iha 1.25 L/ha 1.5 kg/ha
Insecticide cost P160!K P980!L P750"-g
Required man-days for
application/he 3 2 2
Interval of application every every every
30 days 2 weeks 2 weeks

\IV.'lich formulation is the cheapest to use in the long run?

a. granuie b. emu!sifiable concentrate
C:- wettabie powder d. b& c

25. At spray volumes of 240 and 176 Uha, a molluscicide shoufd be dil:.:ted at
70 and 100 liters of water, respe:::tiveiy. Which of the spray volumes would
require less of the molluscicide?
a. '176 L./ha b. 240 Uha c. a & b d . it depends
6
26. Among the invertebrates, only insects have this characters?
a. Segmentation c. Antennae
b. Wings _-9. ~ 3 pairs of j ointed legs

2i From which character v.ras the name "Arthropoda" derived?

a. Segmentation c. Antennae
b. Vftngs d. Jointed legs

28. V'i .1ich of these is important. in distinguishing damselfi ies from

dragonfiies?
a. Wings _c. Eyes
b. Cerci d. Antennae

29. Vl.'hi::h of these is important in distinguishing beetles from earwigs?

a. Wings c. . Eyes
b. Cerci · d. An tennae

30. In insects, where are the cerci iocated?

a. Head _g.. Abdomen
b. Thorax d. Legs

31. In insects. where are the wings found?

a. Head c. Abdomen
b. Thorax d. Thigh
= -~

32 . !n insects, where are the genitalia found?

a. Head ~ Abdomen
b. Thorax :cl: Hindieg
~ - In caterpil ~ ars . where are the prolegs/pseudolegs located?
a. . Head ~ Abdomen ·
b. Thorax d. Pseudo thorax

34. Which of the following is used to enclose the stylets in insects with pierclng-
sucking mouthtype?
a.Labium c. Labrum
b. Hypopharynx d. Epipharynx

35. \Alhere would you least !ikely find insects?

_a_ North Pole c. Laguna Lake
b. ML Makiling d. Sulu Sea

36. Whi::h of the folloWing is NOT a characteristic of arthropods?

a. Radial symrnet!'")' c. Jointed legs
1i.' Exoskeleton d . Segmented body

37. Wnd; of the following pests is NOT an ~rthopd?

a. Santo! gall mite . c. Melon fruit fiy
b. Golden apple snail d. Com earworm
7
 38 . Wnich of the following rice pests possesses chewing type of mouthparts
during the destructive stage?
a. Green leafhopper .s.
Stemborer
b. Rice bug d. Brown p!ant.'lopper

39 . Vv'hich is NOT true of ALL insects?

a. They have antennae c. They have three body regions
b. They have wings d. They have three pairs of legs

40. This sensory organ is NOT found among insects.

a. Mouthpart ..c... Chelicera
b. Antenna d. Eye

41 . The first segment of the insect antenna

fa- Scape c. Flagellum
'b. Pedicel _ ___ . _ d. Clavola

42. The second segment of the inse;;t antennae

a. Scape c. Flagellum
E:__ Pedicel d . Ciavola

43. !n the piercing-sucking type of mouthpHrts, this component cannot be

inserted into the host plant, hence it bend;; when the insect is feeding
a. Labrum c. Ma:idlla ·
b. Mandible d. Labium

44. In the chewing type of mouthparts, t'lis component cuts and grinds the food
a. Labnim · c. Maxi!ia
b. Mandible d. Labium

45 . In the chewing type of mouthparts, this component is immediately behind

the mandible, and it holds and pushes the food into the mouth
a. Labrum c. Maxilla
b. Mandible d. 1abium
~
~ -:. ..
46. This body regioo bears tne legs-and the wings. of the insect
a. Head · c. Abdomen
b. Thorax d. Cephalothorax

47. The basal segment of an insect leg

a. Trochanter c. Tarsus
b. Tibia .s!.:_ Coxa

48. The opening to the respiratory system of an insect

a. Tympanum c. Spiracle
b. Cerci ([ Hypopharynx .
. .
49 . This body region bears the genitalia and visceral organs of the insect
a. Head ~ - Abdomen
b. Thorax d. Cephalotho:ax

8
50. The 2 pairs of insect wings, when present, are located in
a. The.prothorax and mesothorax
~ The mesothorax and metathorax
c. The prothorax and metathorax
d. Ali segments of the thorax

51 . Ter,:nites have this type of antenna.

a. Geniculate c. Fi!iform

--b. Moniliform d. Lamellate

52. This type of antennae is found among scarabaeid beetles.

a. Bipeciinate c ~ Filiform
b. Clavate _.! Lanieliate
53. The setaceous type of antennae is· found among
·· a. Butterfiies ~ Dragonflies
b. Grasshoppers d . Houseflies - - ... ;:... }.,n;.:, ... J~ :.·~ ·. ·: . : .. .,...... - .~ : ,. · , .~ ~:.-
.· : ~ '=~
. . .
54. The aristate type of antennae is found among .,... : . ; ~;,.:- .: (: ; '•!' ; .:., • •~ · '•:: •. ~ : • •·- H_

•.,..<"':'•_;;:·,'":·.Z.:.': •. ·;..;. •. .... ,... . . ~ ·!'.".""-- • ..

a. Butterflies c. Dragonflies
b. Grasshoppers d. Houseflies ·-.. .:G..· z c~ c. ~- ~ ... -1.~ ·
' --.............__ __ ~ ·- -~ · · """'".__,,.,.
55. This ·elbow-like type of antennae found among ants
. a. Geniculate c. Lameliate
.b:'". Clavate . .. . d. Plumose ·

56. This type of antennae is found among mosquitoes.

a. Geniculate c. Lamellate
b. Ciavate d: Plumose

57. Preying manties use this type of forelegs to catch thin prey
a. Grasping c. Walking
b:' Clinging , d : - Digging
.. r -~•; ..., - - .,:_~ .. _:"'-:; ..
58. Headlice use this type cf legs to anchor themselves on the host.
a. Grasping c. Walking ·
E.:_ 1 Clinging d .- Digging

59. In what type of insect development is the young stage known as a naiad?
a. Ametabolous c. Paurometabolous
b. Hemimetabolous d. Holometabolous

60. What type of insect development has larval and pupal stages?
a. Ametabolous c. Paurometabolous
b. Hemimetabolous .&:_ Hoiometabolous

61 . The pest population density where the cost of control is much higher than
the expected cost of harvest of the protected crop.
a Economic injury level c. Equilibrium level
b. Economic threshoid ievel d. Damaoe level
9
52. A modem approach to minimize damage by pests with the ultimate goal of
population management rather than eradication
a. Integrated pesticide management
.g. Integrated pest management
c. Pest control strategies
d. Pesticide management

63. A control method whereby synthetic toxi::: substances or bioaciive plant

products are used to combat pest population
a. Use of resistant varieties c. Chemical control
b. Cultural control 'fl. Biological control
64. An unwanted organism which competes with man for food and shelter or
fareatens their heaith, comfort or welfare
§.;... Pest c. Weed
b. Insect d. Pathogen .

65. A serious pest species that occurs perennialiy & regularly limits crop
productivity
a. Occasional pest c. Potential pest
~ Key pest d. Destructive pest

66. A pest that occurs at infrequent intervals and causes economic damage
only at a certain time and place
a. Occasional pest c. Chronic pest
b. Key pest · d. Potential pest

67. A kind of pest that has no significant damage under prevamng agro-
ecosystem but might bring about damage with a change in crop and cultural
practices
a. Occasional pest c. Potential pest
b. Keypest d.
Chronic pest :: ,

68. The relative amount of heritable qualrues . in , plants that influences the
ultimate degree of damage by the pest.
~ Host plant resistance c. Tolerance ' ~ · ·
. b. Insecticide resistance d. Antibiosis ·- · -

69. The man-directed control of insect pests by employing the use of natural
enemies
a. Mechanical control ~ Biological control
b. Cultural control d. Autocidal control

70. A control method that utilizes sur.able agronomic practices to reduce pest
population
a. Mechanical control c. Biological control
~ Cultural control d. Genetic control

10
71. The term given for crop destruction, injury or loss of value caused by the
feeding activity of different pests .
a. Characteristic damage c. Threshold
.~ Pest infestation d. Damage indicator

72. A kind of damage caused by the feeding of an insect throtigh the removai
of plant sap or plant parts in contrast with the damage caused by
disease-transmit"Jng insects .
.a. indirect damage c. Damage indicatbr
b. Direct damage d. Adion threshold

73. The pest density at which artificial control measures should be applied to ·
prevent pest population increase or pest outbreak
a. Economic injury level c. · Economic threshoid level
b. Equilibrium level d. Satiation level

74. An insect whi\.h ;:.ar:•.es and transmits a disease causing organism to a

plant
e. Predator c. Vector
b. Parasite d. Symbionts
75. A toxic substance which is readily avaiiable and kills pest instantly
a. Insecticide c. Rodenticide
b. Pesticides d. Weedicide

76. An insect that feeds on a number of unreiated species of plants

a. Polyphagous insect c. Monophagous insect
~ b. Phytophagous onsect d. Entomophagous insect

77. A biological control agent that consumes many preys in its lifetime
a. Parasite · c. Predator ·
b . . Vector d:.. Syrilbionts

78. The collective term for parasitic and predatory insects

. _. a. ·Phytophagous insects c.· Polyphagous insect
· b. - Entomophagous insects d. _ Phagocytic insects

79. A biological 'control organism that. usually lives inside the body of its host
and consumes oniy one host to complete its life cycle
.?· Parasite c: Vector
b. Predator d. Pathogen

80. The symptom of stemborer damage during the reproductive stage of the rice
plant characterized by tl'\e appearance of whole panicles of unfilled grains
a. Deadheart · c. Wilting
..b..;. . Whitehead d. Mosaic

81 . The symptom of yellowing and Wilting of the youngest leaf as a result of

feeding by the stemborer larvae during the vegetative stage of the rice plant.
,k:_ ·Deadheart c. Leafroiling
b. Whitehead d. Rottino
11
 82 . . The growth stage/s of the rice plant that is/are most preferred by the rice
bug
a. Negative stage· c. Milk stage .
b. Soft ciough stage st Both B and C

83. The most destructive avian pest that attacks rice and other sman grains
.s.... Philippine weaver c. Phiiippine oriole
b. Philippine eagle d. Philippine bird

84 . A vertebrate pest which is a perennial problem in crop prodxti::m and

which usualiy demands a unified, coordinated and sustained community ·
action for its effective control
a. Birds ~ Rodents
b. Snakes d. Crocodile

85. A serious pest of com !hat attacks all parts of the plant except the roots
.a.. Cutworm c . Com-semi-looper
b. Cornstalk borer d . Corn-borer

86. A Homopteran inse-d pest that t;ansmits the tungro vir...1s disease
a. Brown planthopper c. Wnitebacked plant'lopper
b. Green leafhopper d. Zigzag leafhopper

87 . Substances, such as sex pheromones, that lure insects and can be used as
a means of control
a. Anti-feedants c. Attractants
c, Repel\ants d . Chemo-sterilants

88. A group of rodenticides that are slow-acting and are usualiy referred to as
· anti-coagulant rodenticides
a. Sterilants c. Baits .
b. Chronic rodenticides d . Actite rodenticides
= .......
· :.<: 89. The ability of populations of J)O..sts to survive doses of. an .insectici<ie which
are normally lethal -... - ·
~ Insectid resistance b . Insecticide threshold ievet
b. Overdose d. Insecticide ·mismanagement

90. Synchronous planting is an example of

a. Mechanical control · c. Chemical control
b. Bioiogical control d . Cultural control

91. The physical removai of insect pests from the infusted plants is a
~ Mechanical control c. Chemical control
b. Biological control d . Cultural control

92. The ability of a plant variety to withstand infestation and to support insect
populations that would otherwise severely damage susceptible p:ants
a. Antibiosis c. Tolerance
b. Host evasion Z
Non-preference ·
12
93. Includes all adverse effects exerted ·by the plant on the insect' s survival,
development and reproduction
a. Antibiosis c. Tolerance
b: Host evaSion d. Non-preference

94 . The toxic compon_ent of a pesticide

a. Diluent c. Active ingredient
b. Inert ingredient d. Surfactant ·

95. An insecticide that is absorbed by and transloeated in the plant and the insect
a:;quire the poison through feeding ·
a .. Contact insecticide £.: Systemic insecticide
b. Stomach insecticide d. Surfactant

96. A liquid pesticide formulation that does not dissolve iri water but is dissolved in
organic solvents ·
.a- Emulsifiable concentrate c A.quem:.s concentrate
b. Dust d. Aerosols

97. A solid pesticide formulation applied undiluted where the active ingredient is
combined with inert ingredients such as clay to form particles about the size of
coarse sugar
·a. Dust c. Wettable powder

98.
b. Water soluble powder
--
d . Granule

Pesticide category symbolized by a red band and skull and crossbones

,..s. Category I c. Category Ill
b. Category II . d. Category IV

99. Which is NOT an expression of active unit in pesticide labels?

a. percent c. ml or g/liter
b. g/kg £, ppm . .

100. A universally a~pted name given a pesticide by an appropriate professional

·~ ·_.~,: • ••!_• • ~ I ~·
organization -< • • •
a. Trade name . c. Preprietary name
"£ Common name· d. Brand name

Section 2. Bacteriology

1. The shape of majority of plant pathogenic bacteria

a. spherical c. helical
~ rod-shape d. Filamentous

2. Developed the substage condenser for the microscope

a. Leeuwenhoek ~Abe
b. Pasteur d. Hooke 13
3. Showed that fire blight of pear and twig blight of apple were caused by a
bacterium
a. Erwin Frank Smith c. Martinus Willem
b. Demetri Iwanowski .!· Thomas Jonathan Burrill
4. Causal agent of crown gall
a. Rhizobium trifolii
b. Aarobacterium tumefaciens
C. Pseudomonas syringae pv. savastanoi
d. Agrobacterium rhizogenes

5. Not among the five major genera of phytopathogenic bacteria

a. Bacterium · c. Pseudomonas
!)." Xanttiomonas d . Ef"Winia

6. Causal agent of soft rot of vegetables

a. Pseudomonas solanacearum
b. Pectobacterium carotovorvm
c. Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris
d. Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea

7. Causal aoent of bacteria! wilt of tomato .

a: Pectobacterium carotovorum .S. Ratstonia solanacearum
b. Xanthomonas vesicatoria d. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae

8. Causal aaent of bacterial blight of rice

a. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola
c. Xanthomonas sacchari
b. Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
d. Xanthpmonas campeStris
9. Causes fire blight of apples and pears
a. Erwinis amylovora
c. Erwinia carotovora
b. Erwinia chrysanthemi d. Erinia stewartii
10. Not' fou~d · i~ the cell envelope of Gram positive bacteria
a. inner cytQPlasmic mebran~ c. peptido9Jyean iayer
b. outer mefnbrane z · d. periplasmic space
pe t id~lycan
11. ; ntibiotic that interferes with sy~the {~ nd
thereby prevents
cell wall synthesis in growing bactenal cells .
a_1 kanamycin · J;.. PElnicillin
·b. cycloheximide d. streptomycin

12. Bacterial surface appendage responsible for motility

a. cilia ~ flagella
b. fimbriae · d. pili

13. Main means of reproduction of bacteria

a. budding · .£ binary fission
b. s;)ore formation d. transverse fission
14. Missing in mollicutes
a. cell membrane c. cell wall
b . cytoplasm d. ribosomes

15. Flagellation pattern characterized by the presence of a single flagelrJm

a. peritrichous c. amphitrichous
b. monotrichous d. polytrichous

16. The genetic material of bacteria

a. hydrochloric acid c. phosphatidic acid
b. ribonw...leic acid

~ 7. Where protein synthesis oceurs

-d. deoxyribonucleic acid

a. lysosomes c. mesosomes
J2., riboSO!fleS d. chromosome

18. Contains the genetic material

a . mesosome c: ribosome

-b. chromosome d. lysosome

19._ Where cellular respiration oxurs in bacteria

~ · cell membrane c. mitochondria ·
::
b. chloroplast d . ribosome - .:,;-~_ ~ ••,; ~ •~ - ,z: ·, - .~ \'.~ •. :
. :·c:...
20. Five-carbon sugar component of DNA ·,,_
a. ribose c. maltose

--
b. deoxyribose

21 . The two purine nucleotides in DNA

a . adenine and thymine
d. dextrose ·

c. · cytosine and guanine

E:_ adenine and guanine d. arginine and guanine

22. The two pyrimidine nucleotides in RNA

a. cytosine and thymine c. adenine and thymine ·
_E: . . cytosine and uracil d. a~ine and uracil
23. Provides structural integrity to the cell
.a.. cell _wall - · · c. cell membrane
b. cytoplasm d . . nucleus
24 . Regulates the transport of materia!s into and out of the cell
a. cell wall _g,. cell membrane
b. cytoplasm d '. nucleus

25. Type of ribosome present in a bacterial cell

a. BOS c. 30S
b. 50S Ji- 70S -

26. Filamentous bacteria

a. Bacillus c. Streptomyces
b . Clostrkiium ~ s=f'UJ ; f"\;~
15
27. Bacteria devoid of cell wall
a. Mollicutes c. Firmicuies
''b: Gracit.~es d. Mendosicuies

28. Tne buiiding blocks of proteins

a. fatty acids · c. nucleic acids
b. peptides d. amino acids

29. The buikiing blocks of polysa~ride .

a. disaccharicles c. monosacd'larides
b. glucose d. carbohydrates

30. Metabolic pathv.-ay that converts glucose to pyruvate

.,§, gtycolysis c.. hydrolysis
b. gluconeogenesis d. photosynthesis

31 . At~o called the Citric Acid Cycle

a. ketog!utaric acid cycle ~ tricarboxylic acid cycle
b. famaric acid cycle d. succinic acid cycle

32. Organisms that can use carooii dioxide as their sole principal source of
ca~n ·
_e. autotrophs c. heterotrophs
b. lithctrophs d. organotrophs

33. Organisms that use reduced, preformed organic molecu!es as carbon source
a. autotrophs c. heterotrophs
b. prototr0phs . d. auxotrophs
34. A micronut'ient that is needed by bacteria in small amount
a. carbon c. nitrogen
~ manganese d. phosphorus
- . - .
35. A stage in the bacterial growth phase characterized by toe exponential
increase in cell population ·
a. lag phase . c. stationary phase
~ logarithmic phase ·d. death phase

_36. The basic unit of bacteria! classification .

a. kingdom c. genus
b. family .! species
37. A group within a pathogen species that infects a set of differential varieties
a. species c. pathovar
.Q_. race · d. biova;

38. A virus that infects bacteria ·

a. prophage £:. bacteriophage
b. baculovirus d. macrophage
16
39. The sequence of events that give rise to disease
a. pathogenesis c. saprogenesis
0: disease cycle d. pathogen cycle

40. Stage of pathogenes.'s that involves the transfer of the inoculum from a
source into the infection court
a. penetration c. infection
b. establishment .9., inoculation
41. Openings in the epidennis by two specialized epidennal cells
a. stomates c. lenticels ·
b. hydathodes d. neciarines

42. Natural openings in the stem and root surface

a. stomates £,_ lenticels
b. hydathodes d. nectaries

43. External secretory structure where water from the interior of the ieaf is
discharged to the leaf surface
a. stomates c. lenticels
· _£,;. hydathodes d.·nectaries

44. Extrafloral structures that secrete a sugary liquid

a. stomates
b. hydathodes
c. lenticels
· d. nectaries

45. A microbial product other than an enzyme which causes obvious"damage 'to -·
.!, ..··..'\.:,_~·
r- ; ~:-;"! ,.:< \ , ~-
:·- :- ~ ~ -=
: ' .·~
):._ . .:.
.:_ __; • .• ,_.
. . -,
~ :~ :-·

plant tissues, and which is known with reasonable confidence to be involved

in disease development

- a. phytoalexin
b. phytotoxin

46. ~raUXiny
a.. cytOkinin
.
c. cutin
d. sut>erin

is ·the accumulation of unusually high concentrations of

C., ethylene
c ~ giberiliin .d:·indole acetic acid
"-'

4 7. H~ne involved in fruit ri~ng

a. cytokinin c. ethylene
b. giberillin d. indole acetic acid

<-8. Clustering of roots. flowers . fruits or twigs around a common fo.~s

a. hypertrophy c. hyperplasia
b. epinasty· S,. fasciation
49. A plant overgrowth due to abnormal cell enlargement
a. h}i?ertrophy · c.. hyperplasia ·
. epinasty d. fasciation
50. A plant overgrowth due to increased cell ditJision
a. hypertrophy c .. hyperplasia 17
~ Z - - - · - .o~- -
 51 . Yellowing caused by some factor other .t han light. such as infection by a
virus or a mycoplasma
a. gummosis c. chiorosis
b. chlorophyliosis d.
Variegation

52. Caused by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of rneristematic and

parenchymatous tissues
a. canker c. scab
E.:_ gaff d. blight

53. A genera! necrosis caused by the rapid growth and advance of the causal
bacteria through leaves and stems
a. wilt s,
biight _
b. blast d. rot

54. Overgrowths of the prctoplast of adjacent living parendiymatous cel!s,

-- whi':h protrude into xylem vesseis through pits
a. gums c. abscission iayers
~ tyloses - - d. cork layers

55. Tne severity of ba;;teiia! leaf blight in hybrid rice seed production has been
hastened by the clipping of the flag leaf of one of the parents. Why is this
so?
.a:.
clipping produces wounds that serve as bacterial erit-y points
b. dipping disrupts physiological processes in the plant
c ~ d ipping reduces photosynthetic rate
d. an of the above

56. Potato scab is caused by the pathogen

a. Ralstonia solar:acearwn · c. Erwinia amylovora
b. Xylella fsstidiosa · E_. Streptomyces scabies
57. A common media used for bacterial isolation is
a.PDA c.PDPA . _,.
b. TZCA d. none of the above
58. Bacterial isolation can be accomplished using the
a. Baermann Funnel Technique
b. Ttssue Planting Technique
f.:. Streak Plate Method
d. Slide Culture Technique

59 . Vlhich of the following crops can be a possible host forRafstonia

solanacearum?
a. banana ·c. rice
b. potato !!: eggplant
· 60. The soft rot bacteria produces whidl makes it able to degrade ·
the middle larrella and cause tysis of the cell contents.
a . peroxidases pectinas~
b. catalase d . amylase
18
 61 . Type of flagellation of Erwinia species.
a. monotrichous c. lophotrichous
.Q.. pemrichous d. amphitrichous

62. Common bacterial plant pathogen in the Philippines that prodw--es yellow and
mucoid colonies in ordinarv culture media.
a. Pseudomonas ·, c. Ralstonia
_hXanthomonas d. Agrobacterium

63. Common isolation method of bacterial plant pathogens from plant tissues
_g.. streaking c. staining
b. tissue planting d. baiting

64. Causal agent of bugtok and moko diseases of banana.

a. Fusarium oxysporJm c. Fusarium oxysporum
b. Pectobacterium carotovorum _g. Ralstonia solanacearum
65. Citrus greening or mottling is now believed to be caused by a:
a. Phytoplasma c. fungus
b. bacterium d. virus
~

Section 3. Mycology

1. Fungal rriycelium appearing on rotten fruit is a

a . symptom · · c. · pathogen ...,,-....... --····· - ·-
......
.e,. sign d. disease ~ -·

. 2. Mummification of fruits is an example of :. ~: ~ .. ~ -: 0+ · :~ ~ -.,:_ ; :~J.-7_"!· ./~:

a. sign ..c.. symptom ·, - \I."' :. ~ ~ : -· ~ . ~ : ~ .~ .!", i_ · ~.r: #,-" ~;i

b'. . susce_pt d. host ./ .

3. A di;seased plant is a
a. pathogen -_c.:...'5uscept
b. parasite: . _, . -. ~ , .._ ~· . abiotic

4. May not cause diseases in plants

a. AbiOtic factors c. Infectious agents
b. Parasites .,.a_ worms
5. The com disease incited by Bipofaris maydis may be contro!ied by
a. insecticides ·.£,;.. fungicides
b. antibiotics · d. miticides
6. Afl.atoxin is formed by
a. Aspergillus flavus .c. Aspergillus ·scabies
b. Aspergillus rhizopus d. Aspergillus ipomeae

7. Fungi in the Philippines 1eproduce mainly by forming

a. sexual spores c. mycelia
h :;J~"l ! !:I~-,. ..,.. ...
19
8. Fungal pathogens are often isolated by
a. serial dilution c. spore trapping
.8,;._ tissue planting d. Baennann funnel

9. Quiesce.-it or latent infection is often associated with

a. soft rot diseases c. biights
b. die-Oack d. anthracnose

10. Bacteria cannot enter the host plant through

a. stomata c. ienticels
b. hydathodes d. intact host surface

11. Group cf mi::rcorganisms that can d!rectiy penetrate the intact host surface
a. fungi . c. viruses ·
b. bacteria d. viroids

12. Fungal structure used for attachment to the host surface

a. pe~trc t ior. peg c. haustorium
b. germ tube ..Q_ appressorium

13. Some fungai pathogens form this structure to obtain nutrients from the host
a. gemi tube c. infection hypha
b. sporeh:tg L
haustorium

14. In tha absence of plants in fieid, fungal pathogens will not survive in
a. plant debris ' c. seeds
b. soa . £L human beings
15. Characte:istic of fungi
a. euk.aryotic c. chlorophyl!ous
D. prokaryotic d. photosynthetic
16. Not a source cf pathogen inocu!um
a. soil c. plant debiis
b. infected ~s ..9.:, unif~ed plant
17. The p;esence -of different nuclei in the same "mycelium is
a. heterotrophism ..£:. heterokaryosis
b. hermaphrodyte d.· heterothallism

18. Example of sexual spores are

a. zoospores c. chlamydospores
b. uredospores ...Q. as~pore

19. Examt>les of asexual spores are

a. teflCSpOres · c. oospores
b. zygcspores .,9..,. conidia
20. The walls of fungi generally contain
a. chffin c. chitin and alucari
b. g!ucan ,; ,..,,....+;,., - 20
21. Clearly demonstrated that fungi are the cause, and not the result of plant
dise~ .
..S. De Bary c. Kuhn
b. Prevost d. Burri!

22 : Dean of Filipino Plant Patrwlogists

a. Gonzales c. Teodoro

- b. Ocfemia d . Orillo

23. A common symptom of diseases caused by fungi

a. mosaic ..c., spot
b. sarcody d. yellowing

24. Sign's that do not indicate fungal infection

a. mycelial tufts c. .sclerotia
b. · spores - - _9.: gumosi~

25. Fungi like Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus infecting cereal and legume seeds
produce a carcinogenic toxin which is ·
a. mycotoxin c. fumonisin
b. aflatoxin . d. tabtoxin

26. Which among the following phyla belongs to the kingdom of true fungi
a. Oomycota c. -Myxomycota
~ Zygomycota d. Plasmodiophoromycota

27. Fungi belonging to Class.Oomycetes are Commonly called the

a. rust fungi c. powdery mildew fungi
b. plasmodi'lphoroid fungi J!,. down:f mildew fungi
. ·..·. ": ..
28. A known non-spore forming fungus is ·.-c ·
a. Fusarium &,. Rhizoctonia
·_ b . .. .f'.Sf>!3rgillus ,-.~ : c:- ·, :.-: ·:: d. -, Pyricularia ··.: ·. -~" -:._~ -= : :"'. ~ •. ,.· . ::.· - ·:.
; ..: _, -,
29. The as~xul stage of fungi is alSo known as the
a. ple6morph stage c. teliomorph stage
]... anamorph stage d. holomorph stage

30. The fungal inocula that initiate rust disease outbreak in the tropics are the
.Ch uredospores . c. basidiospores
b.'· teliospores d. aeciospores
31 . A fungus merely covering the surfa~ of the plant without necessarily
parasitizing it
~ sootymold c. powdery mold
b. slime mold' · d. grey mold .

32. A group of substances secreted by pattlogens that interfere with the

permeability of protoplast membrane
a . enzymes
21
33. Fungi that only reproduce asexually
a. Ascomycetes c. oeuteron1ycetes
b. Zygomycetes 0. Basidi9friycetes

34 . In a life cy1e of a typi~ I my'Xomycete. the myxamoeba are usually formed during
a. dry condition c. hot condition
b. humid condition d. sunny condition

35. The naming of newly discovered fungal species is based commonly on

a. location c. distinct structural character
b. host d. well-known mycologist
36. Non-parasitic fungi Which are present on plant parts with deposit of insects,
particularly aphids and scale insects. ·
a. downy mildew fungi c. sooty mold fungi
b. powdery mildew fung i d. slime molds
37. Growth of germ tube towards hosts or substrates may be due to chemicals. This
condition is
a. thigmotropism ,». chemotropism
b. phototropism d._ aerotropism

38. Phylogenetic dassffication of fungi is based on

a. character sets
b. ultrastructural features
c. hyphal arrangement
..ft evolutionary relationship
39. A subgroup . within a species usualiy characteiized by the · common
possession of a single or few ne~ characters
~ biotype ·. c. strain , .
b. race d. formae speciales

40. A fungal insect parasite . ._:::.. : - I ~ .. -. -·

a. Metarrhizium c. Giimaniefla
b:" Curvularia d. ChoanefXia

41 . The most common infectious agents of plant disease

a. bacteria · c. nematodes
b. fungi d. phanerogams

42. Sigatoka is a fungal disease of

a. mango c. citrus
_E. banana d. rice

43 . The causal agent of mango anthracnose is

a. Lasiodipfodia theobromae : c. Sp.'1aceloma.fawcetti
b. Diplodia natalensis d. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

22
44. Peronoselerospora philippinensis is the causal agent of
~ com downy , _ c. downy mildew of crucifer
b. downy mildew of grapes d. downy mildew of cucurbits

45. The causal agent of com rust is

a. Uromyces phaseoli ;:.. Puccinia po/ysora
b. Bipolaris maydis d. Ustilago maydis-zeae

46. Gibberella fujikuroi is the causal agent of

a rice blast c. rice sheath blight

-
b. bakanae of rice d. Brown spot

47. Rice fungal disease that caused the Bengal famine in 1943
a. rice blast c. brown spot -
b. rice tungro d. sheath blight

48. Fungal disease that destroyed the coffee industry of Batang?.s

~ rust c. Fusarium wilt
b. twig blight d. Sclerotium rot

49. Fungal pathogens that do not produce any spores

a. Oidium and Cladosporium c. Fusarium and Helminthosporium
---
b. Rhizoctonia and Sclerotium · d. · Colletotrichum and G/oeosporium
- .· . ,:· . - - . •.

_ 50. Which is not included in Koch's postulates?

a.· association c. inoculation
b.
-
isolation
= d. colonization

51. Effe.:;Uve se~ treatment fungicide against com downy mildew

a. mancozeb · •' c. captan
~
b. metalaxyf _ d. _benomyl
- ... _ ......... . .. . ...-
52. Color ~nd of highty foxlc 'pesticideS.
a. blue :'; _,.;).·':.: ' "-~·'_: c.: yen¥_;-_"'
b. red -- , .. ··.- -:_..· ·· ,_,_,:-.. d. green _· ·

Section 4. Nematology
~
1. The only plant pathogen belonging to animal kingdom
a. aphids £,_, nematodes
b. earthworrt}s · d. _mole crr...kets

2. This nematode is known as the root knot nematode and is considered as the
most destrUCtive to worldwide agriculture: · " - ·-
L Meloidogyne c. Trichodoros
b. Xiphinema _ d. Radopholus

3. This nematode is known as the burrowing nerr.atode and is a major oarasite of

J...------ - - . . . .

23
 a. Meloidogyne incognita c. Trichodorus primitivus

4.
b. X~vhinema index
--
d. Radopholus simifis

Some nernatodes are · able to transmit plant vin.ises. Vv'hat rote do these
nematodes play in disease development?
a. lncitants c. Pathogens
b. Vector$ d. Parasites

5. Some nematodes alter host p.'iysiology, rendering a resistant crop susceptibie to

invasion of fungal or bacteria! pathogens. Wnat TOie do these nematodes play in
disease development?
a lncitants c. Pathogens
o. Vectors d. Parasites

6. For annua! crops, the maximum number of nematode .parasites can be

recovered during
a. Fa!low period c. Fiowering stage
b. Vegetative stage JL Near harvest stage
7. This is the outer non-cellular layer covering U1e nematode body and is shed-off
during molting .
a. exoskeleton c. endoskeleton
b. skin d. cut!cie
-
8. This/these feeding . stn.icture/s distinguish/es plant parasitic from non-plant
parasit!c nematooes.
a. stylet c. mural tooth
b: denticles d. ai! of the above

9. For root knot and cyst nematodes, this is also kno11.rn as the infective s t a~
a. adult female c. 21\:l stage juven i~
b. 151 sta~ juvenile <1 4111 stage juvenile_
;·.--.···
10. Where are ~ eggs of root-knot nematode deposited? -•
a. _inside body of females .:. c. outside the root
b. in a gelatinous matrix d. . migration path
..
11 . Whal is the typical life cycle of Meloidogyne incognita?
a. migratory ectoparasite - c. migratory endoparasite
b. sedentary ectoparasite -2_. sedentary endoparasite

12. Wnich of the following root symptoms should raise sl!Spicion of a nematode
problem? ·
~ galls or swelling c. leaf spot ·
b: wilting d . chlorosis
13. Which of the following is nof typical of nematode injury to plants?
a. mechanical damage to cells .
..J?.
death of plants
c. virus transmission
· d. death of cells 24
14. Plant parasitic nematodes are diagnosed .by examining
a. soil and roots c. fruits
b. leaves d. · stems

15. Tne typical number of juvenile stag~ in the fife cycle of a nematode is
a. 2 b. 3 · c. 4 d. 5

16. Nematodes which prodtK:e eggs that hatch after being laid are called
a. parthenogenetic oviparous s
b. hermaphroditic ·d. ovoviviparous

17. Nematode species which require the presence of both females and males for
reproduction to occur are called
~ arnphimictic c. hermaphroditic
b. parthenogenetic d. ovoviviparous

18. Process of reproducing from eggs without fertilization by spe ~ !Jl.Ges-t~d _ .

a. amphimictic c. hermaphroditic __,.,,...;- - --:--•
.!?... parthenogenetic d. oviparous ./' ~ ~ <-f~1.;t o ;~<:K· ; ~'l? '""".-

.. ~€G;: /J;.G~lC\j:r ·
19. Possessing both functions! male and female repodu . c' ;i ve~ i< 6'> '"-p=~ ' ~ - ..,,,,
a. amphimictic £;, hermaphroditic '%'-- <;:; ?fK'~ .
b. parthenogenetic d. none of the above "--........._ - ~ · _., ..
. . ·- -- - ~r

20. In some genera of plant parasitic nematodes like Meloidogyne, Globodera,

Heterodera , etc., males and females have eritirely different morphology. How is
this phenomenon called? ·
a: sexual degeneration c. sexual diversity
b. sexual mutation j,, ~xual dimorphiSm
. ~-·

21 . If juveniles and adults are motile and outside of roots during aH fife cycle stages
a plant parasitic nematode is a /an . ·
9-. migratory ectoparasite ·· c.: direct parasite
. .b. migratory endoparasite ,. ·. ' d. · indirect parasite
...... -. _'-~ ~:. ._ ·_· -·"": .. :·-- . ·-~_ .... , ..
22. If juveniles and adults are motile during ·au life cycle stages but may be either
within or inside of roots a plant parasitic nematode is a Ian
a. migratory ectoparasite c. direct parasite
J>. migratory endoparasite d. indirect parasite
23. If an infective stage juvenile enters a root, takes up a feeding site and remains
at that site a plant parasitic nematode is a Ian
a. direct parasite .:;,;,,. sedentary endoparasite
b. indirect parasite d. sedentary ectoparasite

24. Education, quarantine, using certifi.ed . planting materials, checking suspect .

materials before planting, and cleaning equipment. are examples of what type of
management of plant t>arasitic nematodes
.,g. prevention c. eradication
b. nrnt""1"'tinn -' , _ _ .. _ ,_ _, . __ 25
25. Crop rotation, using resistant varieties. fal!Gwing, using cover crops, and varying
the date of planting and harvest are examples of what type of management of
plant parasitic nematodes

-
a. biological c. ph~'Sical
b. cultural d. chemical

26 . The most widely used category of chemicals for management of plant

parasitic nematodes has traditionally been
a. mebendazoles ~ fumigants
b. carbamates d. natural products

Z7. A broad spectrum gaseous dlemical used for management of plant parasitic
nematodes t.'1at is thought to be damaging to the ozone layer is
a. metam-sodium c. methyl bromide
b . carbamate d. all of the above
28. Tne practice of incorporating fresh plants or plant materials onto tie soil as a
mear. to control piant parasitic nematodes is called
a. biological control c. fallowing
~ -
b. biofumioation .
d. oraanic
.....
fertilization

29 . What is the main compound present in so:-11e species of Tagetes that repels and/
or suppress certain plant parasitic nematr ~ des?
a. a!pha tertienyl · c. · isothiccyar.ate
0. beta-ocimene d. all of the above

30. Wnat is the practice of ieaving the tarin unplanted for certain period, thus,
depriving the nematodes of their hosts which brings their population into a
significantly low level? · ·
a. crop rotation c. sanitation
b. fallowing d. solarization

31 . The foliowing except for one are -responsible for nematode control by
incorporating fresh chicken dung into infested soils.
a. It haibors lots of rniaoorganisms that may be parasitic to nematodes
b . It generates heat during decomposition
c. · It increases soil fertility
d. It imparts toxic compounds

32 . In the Philippines, BIOACT and BIOCON are commercial products of a fungus

that parasitizes Mefoidogyne spp ., Radopholus simifis, Rotylenchulus reniformis ,
etc. What is that fungus?
a. Paecilomyces Jilacinus
b. Verticil/ium chlamydosporium
c. Arlhrobotrys oligospora
d. Rhizoctonia solani .

33. What is the common pattern of nematode spatial distributio."l in a field? .

a. random c. uniform
b. patchy d. none of the above

26
34 . Which _of the following facilitates long-distance spread of nematodes?
a. · water
b. drainage
s, infected seeds/ bulbs/ corms
d. soil particles adhering on farm equipment

35. In what order does the most of the important genera of plant parasitic
nematodes belong ?
a. Triplonchida c. Tylenchida .
b. Dorylaimida . "'d.Aphelenchida

35. What is the most preferred site for root penetration of infective stage of
. Meloidogyne spp.?

-
.a. root cap c. zone of differentiation
b. zone of elongation d. zone of maturation

37. What soil texture's generally most preferred by plant parasitic nematodes?
a. sandy c. silty
b. clayey d. · muddy

38. Which life stage of the nematode will NOT be killed by a · systemic .
nernaticide?
~ eggs c. females feeding inside the roots
b. jweniles d. Females feeding on the root surface

39. Hot water treatment is a· very practical method of controlling nemat6des that are
possibly harbored by planting materials, thus preventing their introduction to a
new locality. The following planting materials can be subjected to this procedure
EXCEPT for - . ·' . . •·
a. seed potato . c. rice seeds -· .· . .. ··. .•: ' -
b. banana corm d. onion bulb .
,:
40. In nematology, a variety is said to be resistant if it \
a. . Produce good yieid despite of high level of nematode infestao ~,. . -,
_E. ·" Supre~ the l!lultiplicatic:m of nematodes "'""-,..~" -, .... ~ · . ...,
c. ~ Supports multiplication of nematodes
d. Leaves of plants appear normal
..
41. =A variety is said to be tolerant if it
..s..
Produce good yield despite of high level of nematode infestation
b. Suppress the multiplication of nematodes
c. Does not stiow symptoms
d. Low leve!s of nematode population

42 . The permanent nurse cel!s induced by ROOT KNOT NEMATODES in roots are

--
called
a . galls , c.
aiant cells
b. syncytia d. noduies
27
_,...
i
- ~

. ~'
..
43. The permanent nurse cells induced by C_YST NEMATODES in roots are called
a. root galls . c. giant cells
~ syncytia d. root nodules

44. Tylenc~us semipenetrans is the most widespread and serious nematode pest
of citrus in the Philippines. What citrus disorder is caused by this nematode?
~ citrus decline c. toppling disease of citrus
b. citrus tristeza d. citrus root rot

45. Which of the following is NOT true about the nature of plant parasitic
nematodes?
Worm-shaped except for females of some genera which are swollen
a.
b. Two or more species/ genera may infect a single host
.c- Parasitizes plants but in their absence, may feed on soil fungi and bacteria
d. Needs a thin film of water for movement

46. Consider the disease ro'Tlplex situatio.'1 between Pra~Jenchus sp. (a

nematode) and Fusarium sp. (a soilbome t..ingal pathogen) illustrated below.
Wnich of the statements be~:>w ie NOT correct?

y
1
E
L
D

P rotylenchsu F •$D rium Pray-I~nchu ., + tJ ~in fectcd

olone alone F•,oriu'ln

a. Pratylenchus is the more important pathogen .

b. Pratylenchus broke-down the resistance of the plant to Fusarium
~ It would be ne"....esSary to control bot.Ii Fussrium and Pratylenchus.
d. ltwould be enough to control only Pratylenchus

Section 5. General ?lant Virology

1. Which of the following methods primarily determines a biological property of a

plant virus?
' a. ease of inoculation
b. shape and size of its particle
c. positive reaction of cer+.ain s'.ains
s!.:- positive reaction of certain hosts
2. A plant virus is not stabie when
a. its infectivity is retained even with harsh environments
~ ~ infects only one host · .
c. it has a vector
d. it has a wide host range

28
 ··· 3 . In polyaCrtmide ~ get electrophoresis, the smaller/shorter species of proteins
and nucleic acid$
a. occupy the.upper {top) part of the gel
E,. occupy the bpttom part of the gel
c. remain stationary
d. occupies the middle part of the gel

4. Which of the following is true of non-persistent viruses?

a. infects and multiplies in specific tissues/cells of the host
b. is transrT1itted by both aphids and leafhoppers ·
·_s. .its vectors l~s the ability to transmit them after molting
: d. its vectors~? not _loss the ability to transmit the virus after molting

5. A plant infected with a virus and shows severe symptoms, high virus
concentration in it but shows no significant reduction in its yield is considered
a. Susceptible . ;;.,. tolerant
b. Resistant d. semi-tcierarit
.. .··
·: ..:·
6. In general, plants inf~cted with persistent viruses show symptoms that are mostly
a. dwarfing/stunting ahd mosaics/mottles
b. dWarfing/stunting and leaf cur1s/cupping
...£... .dwarfing/,~tu and yellowing/chlorosis
d. dwarfing/stunting and leaf fall

7. Wno among the scientists named below is considered the Father of Virology?
a. Berkeley . · · c. Newton · ·
Beijerinck .1- d. Galileo
' -
The shape of the virus particle is a stable characteristic. Which of the following is
not a known shape of the plant viruses? ·
a. rod c. geminae or double spheres
b. spherical .!t, triangle .....
~ - ~ . -~ · ·. , - ..,.:. .. .. ,,. - ~:; ·:..-:..;::_·,, .-......

9. - An example of a rod shaped plant virus is / _ , . r. "-

T t=·C:;osaic : ~- : . ~;1: : ~ ·~" ; .: : ' ~ - : . ~ . , ~ · · _;: ~> .' :< : ~: -. :

. .,., -;::,·
,... ;
·· 10. A virus is different from a viroid in that the viroid is composed of
a. · single stranded circular RNA and. a protein coat
b. sinale stra.nded RNA alone with extensive base paring
-C.-
single stranded DNA alone with extensive base paring
d. single stranded circular DNA and a protein coat

11. Pioneering experiments that laid the foundations of virology as a discipline of

biology were those by
a. Shepherd and co-worker$
b. Stanley, Markham and Smit~
c. Schramm, Frani-ae!-Conrat and Wdliams

-
d. Mayer, Iwanowski and Beijerinck
29
 -
12. The ear1y works on plant diseases due to viruses were based on the simple fact
that they are ·
a. veiy infectious and cause mosaidmottle symptoms
J:i., very infectious and very small
C. are transmitted by aphids
d. associated with leafhoppers
13. The plant viruses have been labeled as genetic parasites in that they ...
~ take over the genetic machinery of their host cells for their own reproduction
b. allow continuous and uncontrolled division of their host cells
c. take over the DNA of their host cells and package it as their own
d. use the enzymes of the host for their assembly into particles

14. The most important group of vectors of plant viruses , both in terms of number of
the viruses they transmit and the e6onomic importance of the diseases these
viruses cause, is the
a. hoppers .~ aph i ds
· b. whitefiies d. Beatles

15. A number of economically important virus diseases have been ravaging crops in
the P:-iilippines. Which of the following iS not a virus disease?
. a rice tungro c. a~c/bn bunchy to
b. papaya ring spot .S coconut cadang-cadang

16. Virus genome organization means.the an:angement of the

a. nucleic acid with its protein coat
b. amino acids in all its coat proteins
f:..- various genes along the whole nucleic acid strand
d. sugars with its coat protein

17. In plant viruses .having a double strar1ded nucleic acid genomes, which of the
following is/are not true? ::: · •• ;.:.
a. strands are held together by hydrogen bonds
b. strands are in opposite polarities ·-~
c. thymine or uracyl pairs with adenine
§._ ~tras are held together by nitrogen bonds ·

18. Which of the following would contribute highly to a fast characterization of a plant
virus? It being
a. a virus with known physical properties in vitro
b. transmitted only by certain species of a vector
c. infects specialized cells of its host
JL easily mechanically transmitted

19. The biological properties of a virus are reflected through infectivity assays. In
_this type of assay ...
a. only purified viruses can be tested
b.· both purified and viruses in sap can be tested
..£.;_ only infectious particles cause infections
30 d. both infectious and non-infectious particles necessary for infection
20. Plant viruses with genomes, whether composed of one or more than one strand,
enclosed in a single coat protein is a
a. helper virus _s... . monocomponent virus
b. dependent virus d. satellite virus

? ·l. From the site of inoculation, plant viruses spread through the plant in
- a slow
cel!-to-ceil spread through the
a. stomata _s. piasmodesmata
b. xylem d. phloem

22. Which of the following is a barrier to virus movement through the plant
a. movement from the first infected cell
b. movement out of parenchyma cells into vascular tissues
c. movement out of the vascular tissue into the parenchyma of an invaded leaf
d. movement out of the stylet of the vector among epidermal cells of the plant

23. The survival and spread of certain plant viruses depend _gD,_-..--'--- ··
a. amount of virus produced in infected tissues f ,..f '."<";:.;-_..:; ~. , ; , c: :·: · ._, ,:· , : ;~: . ..
b. its degree of stability
c. persistence in its vector
j... all of the above
~-: - e-. ' ~ ~

24. Which virus would most iikely survive? . ·-,'". -· - ' ~ _,_,_._, - ~,. -~ - - · ·
a. a virus that kills its host plants with a rapidly developing systerrncalSease
b. a virus that causes only mild or moderate disease that allows the plant to
- survive and reproduce effectively ·
c. a virus that will not infect and cause any disease
d. a virus n~t does not replicate in plants
25. Which of the following would not contribute to plant virus disease ep;demics?
a. presence of active and mobile vectors ·
b. planting of susceptible hosts
c. · monocropping · ·,.
_g,, multicropping - .. · . , . - ;.
·;>~ ' ,,. ;., ......

26. Roguing as ~ virus disease "control strategy is worthwhile or effective if disease

~ " .

a. is occurring rapidly relative to the lifetime of the crop

b. is occurring slowly relative to the lifetime of the crop
--C: is occurring simultaneously on several hosts
d. is oxurring at random

27. A seed infe~d with a virus is an important source of infection since the seed
introduces .. . . .
_g,.. the virus in_to t'"le crop at a very early stage
b. a concentrated foci of infection throughout the crop
c. the virus into the crop at all stages of the crop
d. the virus into the crop at a late stage. 31
 -_ ·- f .., .... .

. .;,,, .
28 . VVhen a virus preparation is treated with mild alkali (0 .3 M NaOH), the following
biomolecules would be are expected to be cleaved ...
a. Proteins ,>. RNAs
b. DNAs d. polysaccharides

29. A virus preparation which is not so pure (i.e. contains host components) when
used to immunize a rabbit, the rabbit wifi ·
a. produce antibodies against the virus only
b. produce antibodies of the host plant component only
~ produce antibodies to both the virus and host component
>cl. not produce any antibody

30. Which of the following is a form of susceptible response by the plant to a virus ·
infection? · · .
a . production of local lesions
j2.. relatively fast appearance of severe symptoms
c. slow virus multiplication and spread in it
d. slow appearance of symptoms

31 . Which of the following is true of a virus as an antigen?

induces the production of anubodies and reacts spe--....ifically to the antibodies
' 'b . should read to all antibodies produced · ·
c. induces only the production cf antibodies in a warm-blooded animal
d. not recognized by antibodies in immunized animals

32. The early definitions of a virus mentioned which of ti.ie following characteristic?
a. as obligate parasites ·
b. possession of RNA as genome
.s;... smaller than the pore size of bacterial fitters
a. cause mosaic symptoms
33. The virus capsid are made up of subunits called
a. coat proteins c. polypeptides
b. amino acids S, capsomeres
- ·~ . •. . ~ . ·. '.. .
34. DNA-and RNA are the two types of nlJCiejc aCids in virti5es. These nucieic acids
can best t>e·differentiated on which of the following? .· ·
a nitrogen bases c. phosphate groups
sequence d. length

35. The main components of plant vir.ises are

a. DNA + .gtycoprotein + lipids
b. Transfer RNA+ protein+ lipids
c. glyconucleoprotein + lipids
~ either DNA or RNA + prote~ .,

36. Tne structural protein component of plant viruses is the one assembled to be the
capsid while the nonstructural proteins are those that. ...
a. protect the nucleic acid oerome
~ mediate replication of ttie gerome
32
 c. determine the type of relationship with its vector
. d. protect another protein

37. Which of the following mediates t"te synthesis of RNA from a viral RNA
template?
a. DNA dependent DNA polymerase
b. DNA dependent RNA polymerase
s. RNA dependent RNA polymerase
d. RNA dependent ONA polymerase

38. The study of the reaction of the antibody and antigen in vitro is called

»
a. Immunology
Hematology
b. serology
· _ c. virology

39. ·Which of the following fungus is not known to include species as vectors of plant
viruses?
a. O/pidium spp. c. Spongaspora spp.
~ Phytophthora spp . d . P/asmodiophora spp .

40. Wrth the use of insecticides to control a persistently transmitted plant virus, the
following is/are not exp~ctd effect/s
a. reduction of total inoculum
b. reduction of disease spread
c. reduction of totai insect vector population
no reduction· of disease spread

41. Which of the following should not be considered in identifying or classifying a

plant virus?
a. ·genomic organization c. shape of particle
b. type of nucl<>.ic acid d organization of protein

42. A persistently transmitted virus

a. induces foliar symptoms such as mosaic, stunting or dwarfing

-
b. "· is lost by the vector after a few seconds to minutes of vector probing/feeding
c. · usually has no latent period · ·· · · ·
d. has a long latent period
. . . .
43. A virus that does not persist in its insect vector
a. infects specialized cells such as those in the vascular system
b. is transmitted after several hours to a few days of vector probing/feeding
c. is not lost after molting of the vector
~ .i~ lost after molting of the vector

Section 6. Management of Plant Diseases

1. lntegra~ Pest Management does not encourage

a. Combination of two or more contro: measures
b. Optimization of control methods
c. Utilization of r.atural mortality factors
,9... Frequent, non-judicious use of pesticides 33
 _ . ,... , • ~ -~ ' '? .... z r · - y- ~ · trsif ·i · tra - · -·r ' r ; ·~' £a t ~ c · - - nm 'm rrl't
1 7 8
2 . . Refers to the ability to endure pest attack without suffering from significant loss
of yield. ·
_a,_tolerance c. non-preference
b. antibiosis d. hypersensitive

3. Pest control method that includes tactics causing pests to contribute to the
destruction of their own species .
.a.. Autocidal Control c. Behavioral Control
b. Biological Control d. Genetic control

4. It is a type of host resistance where insects exhibit abnormal development when

they feed cm resistant host.
· a. Non-preference J;.... Antibiosis
b. Tolerarr....e d. Horizontal resistance

5. Refers to the control of pest by living organisms under either natural or artificial
circumstances.
a. Cultural Control c. Behavioral Control
...b.-- Biologic.al Control d. mechanical control
6. Refers to pest whose population equilibrium ;.; always above the economic
threshold level.
..a_ Key pests c. Potential pests
b. Occasional pests d. Minor pests

7. Refers to the !eve! of pest population or injury, which indicates potential danger.
a. Economic Threshold Level
b. Economic Injury Level
.c- Warning Threshold Level
d. Action Threshold Leve!

8. Principle of crop protection where the host is manipulated resist pest atck to ~
a. Protection · .i;.. Immunization
b. Host evasion d . · Avoidance

9. lnte.raction between two organisms where both are adversely affected is called
_g, competition c. amensalism ·
b. parasitism · d. symbiosis
10. It is a phase in the sequential development of crop protection (according to
Smith, 1969) which is cl-iaracterized by serious pe~t outbreaks due to excessive
use of pesticides and fir.ally the collapse of pest control program
a. Crisis Phase c. Exploitation Phase
b. integrated Pest Control ~ Disaster Phase

11 . V\.'hich of the following is an autotroph?

_g... weed c. insect pest
b. plant pathogen d. parasite or predator
12. Wnich of these are density-independent mortality factors
a. parasites c. food supply
b. predators d--=- drouoht 34
13. A concoction of lime, copper sulfate and water which had been accidentally
found to possess fungicidal activity
a. lime sulfur c. coppei fungicide

-
b. Bordeaux mixture

14. The principle of pest exclusion means

d. Paris Green

a. getting rid of a pest once it is introduced in an area

b. killing pest inside host
c'"' keeping pest away from the host
d. shielding host from pest through physical or chemical means

15. It refers to the population or injury level of pest where a pest control method
should be initiated in order to prevent significant economic loss
a. economic injury level (Ell) c. warning threshold level
~
b. economic threshold level •
d. damaoe threshold level
M

16. The foiicwing attributes of modem agriculture aggravates pest and disease
problems
a. continuous monoculture
b. use of high yielding varieties (HYVs)
c. excessive use of chemical inputs
£,_. alt of the above ·
17. Legal actions intended to·exclude potential pests and to prevent spread of those
already present ·
a. eradication · c. suppression
b. containment Jl quarantine

18. Which of the following is not an insecticide

a. End:in .. ·: :·;_ · .; : c .. Cypermethrin
b. Malathrin d . Perinetlirin
=- .. . .
19. Wnich of the following is a systemic fungicide
c:
- · · a ·Metalaxyl · : -< ' :-,.- c:>.r·. - _.. : 0 ; · Mancozeb · · :· '·
' :b.
ca·ptan · ·• d. Chlorothalonit' -

20. Which of the following crop is a heavy u~ of fungicide woridwide

a. Grape c. Banana
b. Apple d. Citrus
=-
21. Which of tl-tese pesticide groups is excessively used in the Philippines
a. Fungicides c. Herbicides
b. insecticides d. Nematicides
=·
22. Effective ·physical pest control action
a. Bagging · · · c. · Herding
b: Hand picking ft..·
Flooding

23 . It is a biological control product against pests

a. Kato! c. Methyl Eugenol
35
24 . It is a biological control product against weed
a. Dipel c. Kodiak
b. Gallex .-d.. Devine

25 . Which of the following is a contact heibicide

a. 2-4 D · ? Paraquat
b. Glyphosate d. Butachloi

26 . Physical pest control method required to eliminate fruit fiies on mango and
papaya for export to Japan.
a . Hot Water Treatment c. Refrigiration
b. Vapor Heat Treatment d. UV radiation
=
27. Which of these pesticide groups is excesstvely used worldwide?
a. Fungicides _9, Herbicides
b. Insecticides d. Nematicides

28 . Sustainable agriculture shall mean any method or practice that aims to make
agricul ure: -
a. economically vi<.ib e c. socially just .
b. ecologically sound Ji
all of the above

29. A phase in the development of crop protection which is characterized by

the use of traditional varieties and naturai pest' contro! methods.
a. Disaster phase c. Exploitation phase
b . Crisis phase j,. Subsistent Phase
30: A recommendation calls for 1 gm active ingredient (a. i.) of metalaxyl per kg of
com seeds. If Apron 5() SD (fonnulated prOduct) contains 50% metalaxyl, how
much Apron 50 SD is needed to treat 100 kg sweet com seeds?
A: 200 g c. 20 g
b. 100 9 -. -- . . --. ·d. 2 g -.
. . .. - .. -.....
~ - . - ·: ,,. .·: . :·: .

31 . If Sevin 50 WP is ·recommended for leafhopper control_ at the rate of 100 gm

Sevin 50 WP per 100 Ii of water, What is the ·concc...ntration or strength of the
finished spray in ppm?
a. 100 · · c. 500
. b. 1000 d. 5000

32. Given the application rate of 100 gm Sevin 50WP per 100 liter of water. what is
the concentration or strength of the finished spray in percent a.i. ?
a_ 0.01 _s. 0.05
b. 0.10 d. 0.005

33 . Given the application rate of 100 gm Sevin SOWP per 100 liter water, what is
the recommended rate of application in table spoon (tbs) per 16 liters of
water (1 tbsp=10g)?
.S- 1.6 tbs c. 16 tbs
b.- 3 tbs . ci R~

36
34. The interaction between two organisms where ~ne party is benefited while the .
other is adversely affected is called .
a. competition c. amensalism

-
b. pa;asitism d. mutualism

35. A type of cultural practice which tend to reduce both the initial
population or sources of infestation and reproductive ability of the pests .
a. crop rotation c. tillage
E.·
pruning d. furrowing

36. The principle of immunitation is achieved through

a. providing chemical or physical barrier
b. application of pesticides
;.. improving the nutrition of the host
d. pruning infected plant parts

37. The discovery of DDT is considered as one of the rna101 events in the history of
crop protection . When was DDT discovered?
a. 1959 c. 1935
b. 1937 d. 1939 .. , ....:···

38. It is considered as pest .o f quarantine interest in Palawan '· . ~ <,; .. - :~ : c ,. .,·,.

a. . Mango seed weevil · · : ~ · : ·. ·: . ; : :; :·.: ; - ~ . c:~ :·.
..Q.. Mango pulp weevil ' ,-: · r · . • . .

c. Mango weevil ,: ·-:.·.:·;·::;·,,,: ·

d. Asiatic Palm weevil . ·· :.· ...:: · ·

39. A me traditionally performed by the Romans to appease the goddess aSsociated

with cereal rust disease is
a. Robigus c. Robigalion
£· Robigalia d. Robicon

40. Comprises. the total_~plex . of organism in a crepped area together With all
aspects 6f the environment as modified by the activities of man. ·
. a. : Ecosystem - ·,· ,£.- agroetosystem
b. . Pathosystem d. crop system

41. The study of disease development in pla,nt po pul atio n s is

ca Ile d - - - - - - - - -
a. Epidemiology c. Phytopathology
b. Etiology d. Endemicity

42. W.'"lich of the following is a factor involved in disease production?

a. plant susceptibility and pathogen virulence .
b. duration and intensity of various environmental factors
c. intervention measures by man ·
d. all of the above
37
43. An epidemic is more likely to occur when ·
a. there is monocropping of a single variety over a wide area
b. plants are predisposed by excessive fertilization or injuries
c. the environment is favorable for disease development
d. all of the above

44. The prevention of a new pathogen from being introduced into a 10"...ality Where it is
currently unknown to occur is the principle of
a. Protection c. Eradication ·
b. Exclusion d. Immunization

45. Establishment of physical or chemieal barriers to avoid contact of the pathogen

and the crop is the principle of
a. Exclusion c. Protection
b. Eradication d. Immunization
46. The principle that aims to eliminate pathogens that have become established in
an area.
a. Exciusion c. Protection
b. Eradication d. Immunization

47. Modification of certain physiological o; physical fe<itures of the host so that it can
repel infection, as in breeding for disease resistance.
a. Exclusion c. Protection
b. Eradication _Q. Immunization

48 . A highly effective fungicide accidentally discovered by Pierre Marie Alexis

Mii!ardet in October 1982 is
a. Bordeaux mixture c. copper chloride
b. copper sulfate d . Mancozeb ·

49. Rice tungro can be effectively managed by application of insecticide. In this case,
disease management is achieved through .
a. reduction in the initial amount of inoculum
b. reduction in the rate of inoculum production
. c. controlling the vector
d. all of the above ·

50. An air pollutant is any factor mediated by the atmosphere that causes an
unwanted effect. 1Nhich is not an air pollutant?
a. ethylene c. cement dust
b. nitrogen oxide
-d. chicken dung

51 . The presence of ooze from the infected tissue is a sign of _ _ _ infection.

a. fungal · · c. nematode

-·
b. bacterial d . virus

52. The presence of this bodies in the nucleus or cytoplasm of the cell of an infected
plant mav indt:::a!e viral infection .

38
 a. fat bodies ' otH't at '
c . starch inciusions .

-b. inclusion bodies

53 . The components of the disease pyramid are

d. antibodies

a. pathogen, host, environment, time

b. pathogen, host, environment, time , human intervention
c. pathogen, host, environment
d. pathogen, host, environment, time, resources

54. The famous downy mildew of com (Peronosclerospora philippinensis) can be

effectively controlled by ·
a. rouging of infected plants c. detasseling
b. seed treatment with Apron® d. good fertilization

55. In disease assessment, thiS is the proportion of plant units diseased in relation to
the total number of units examined.
a. severity c. incidence
b. yield loss d. spread
55. This is a phenomenon where the pathogen spreads to and affects many
individus!s within the population over a relatively large area within a short
period of iime.
a. piague c. epidemiology .
~epidmc d. pandemic

57. The widespread distribution of clubroot disease of cabbage in the Mountain

Province can be attributed to
a. wet.and humid condition in the. area
b. the poor fertility ofthe soil
c. the elevation of the farms ·
d. none of the above ".

58. Coconut ptSntirl§ ·materials from the Bicol region are subjected under quarantine
to manage this diSease. - _.. , --. . , -: ._ ..
a. c:ocOOut bud rot - · ,. _s.,'"cactang-Ccidang disease
b. bunchytop d. bugtok

59. Fallowing the field can control diseases in crops by

a. reducing the rate of disease spread
b. reducing the amount of initial inoculum
C. both a and b
d. reducing the symptom expression

60. Some diseases may not be visible when the fruit is still unripe but begin to
manifest its symptoms when ripening has commenced. This is exemplified by
a. stem encl rot of avocado c. soft rot of carrots
-b. scab of citrus d. fruit blotch of watermelon

39
Section 7. Weed Science

1. A grassy weed capable of producing contractile roots and arrested shoot growth
when subjected io extremely dry condition
a. Large crab o;ass c. Mudgrass
.-b. . Itch grass - d . . Snodgrass

2. Damage caused by weeds is generally not visible or noticeable be--vause :

a. Weeds seldom causes total crop failure
b. Weeds are always assciciated with domestic animals
c. It is not easy to see and count weeds
st Weeds are hard to control

3. Which weed species does not belong to the group:

a . Eleusine indica
b. Paspalurn disticum
.c ~ ivionoch.:;ria vaainaiis
d . Rcttboelia cochinchinensis

4. Brood leaf weeds are those with expanded leaf b:ades which L--iclude:
a. Amaranthum spinosus
b. Monochoria vagina/is
c. Rottboelia cochinchinensis
_9.:- a and b

5. Vegetative reproduction is common among perennial weeds. Identify which ·

vegetative propagule iS applicable to Pistia stratiotes or water lettuce:
a. Rhizome c. Off shoot ·
b. Bulb 'Cf. Tuber

6. Not all weeds are destructive,

some are
useful to man in terms of:
a. . Providing food and cover for wild life ·
b. · soJrce ot prohibited drugsJ .,::
c. Makes the soil acidic
d_. Source of pathogenic microorganism
7. Weeds can also cause losses in terms of its effects on water management
such as:
a. Serves as barrier for inland waterways and harbors
b. Active evaporation
c. Serves as growth medium
d. Harbors fishes and crabs

8. Some weed species can cause hazard to human health as well as livestock.
Tnis aquatic weed serves as host habitat to mosquitos carrying the parasite
responsible for rural filariasis and
encephalomyelitis: .
a.· Pistia stratiotes (wate-r lettuce)
F Amaranthus Spinous (Spiny amaranth)
c. lmperator cyfindrica (::ogon)
d . . Monochoria vagina/is (water lily)
40
9. Some weeds are toxic to human and livestock. This species cause diannea ·
resulting to death of animals:
a. Tridax Procumbens
b. Chromolaena odorata
C. Portulaca Oleracea
d. Eleucine indica

10. Annual Weeds like Amaranthus and Sphenodea reproduce mainly by seeds and
complete its life cycle in: ·
~ ' One cropping season c. One month
b. One year d. One week

11 . Perennial weeds are also called "evergreens" and reproduce by seeds and
VE!9etative propagules. Water lettuce is an aquatic perennial that reproduces by:
a. Stolon · c. Off-shoot
b. Rhizome d. Tubers

12. Grassy weeds (Poaceae) look similar to sedges except that their stem called
culm is:
a. Triangular c. Polyhedral
J1 Cylindrical d. shapeless

13. The hairy membranous outgrowth in ·between leafsheath and leaf blade in
grasses is called:
. a. Leaf blade · c. ligule
b . . Petiole 'Ci: angular
14. Seed dispersal through wate run.,off is common among weeds because of:
a. · Light weight and posses only film to enable them to float ·
b. .Impermeable to water ·
. c. Sometimes possessing swimmerets ·
d. Active swimmers

15. Allelophaty in wed~ association means: -··

a. . Weeds secreting substances that may stimulate or retard the growth of
- the associated crop:
b. Weeds grow taller than the crop hence competing for source of light
c. Weeds harbors insects t'lat in tum destroy the associated crop
d. . weeds as alternate host to pathogens ·

15. Weeds adopt to the growing condition of the area. This turf grass was
introduced to S~uth<>.as Asia as a turf grass but g;owing luxuriantly as a
weed:
a.Echinochloa colona c. Beucine indica
b. Cynodon dactvton d. Diaitaris §P :" · - ~ · ~- · · - · - · ·-··· - - - ~ ...

.. - - ~· .. c: .;~ . ~ - -:...:: ..... : -:. :: -:- ...:•;' . . .. ~ ~.

·.::..>t'·
17. The most competitive stage of the weed plant .is·: "
a, Mature staae · c. Juvenile stage - · · ,.," ' · ,..,. · · ., ...,, - · ' ~ · · i:
b. Seedling stage d. Early stage '·. ~ ,..-'
18. Which among the following weed species is an example of a monocotyledonous
broad leaf?
a. Bidens pilosa c. Monochoria vagina/is
b. · 1mperata cylindrica T Sphenoclee zeylanice
19. The measure of the adaptive potential of a weed t"..at enables it to sur.Jive in an
environment which is continuo4sly disturbed by rnan is referred to as:
· a. Adaptability c. Phenology
b. Persistence d. Sociability

20. The following weed species reproduce asexually except:

a. Cyperus rotundus c. Pistia stratiotes
J?.:_ Fimbristylis littoralis d. Paspalum disiichum

21 . In weed sampling, a student determined the density and biomass of weeds in a

com area. If he is to compute for the Summed Dominance Ratio of all weeds
found in the area, he should:
a. Get the sum of the relative values oi def'.sity and biomass
b. Get the sum oi the relative .value of ctens.ity and biomass then divide it
by 3.
c. Dete;mine the sum of density and biomass a:1c: divide the sum by 2.
d. Determine the sum of the relative vaiues of density and biomass ther,
divide the sum by 2.

22. A weed which germinates, grows vegetatively, produces seeds and is able to five
from year to year is: ·
a. annual weed c. monocot weed
b. dicot weed ~ · perermial weed

23. Cyperus rotundus is able to perstst be~us :

a.It reproduces asexually.
i:i:"The seed has pappus, which enables it to be disseminated by air.
c.lts seeds have long viability period.
ct .None of the above
e.All of the above

24 . Which of the following weeds could be found in lcNliand rice areas?

a. Bulrush c. Tropic aoeratum
b.'" Dayflower .£!.. Sprangie top 1.,;

25. We:ads found in temperate areas differ from those in the tropics because of:
a.difference in soil condition
b.difference in crops grown
£,.difference in climatic conditions
ct.all of the above
e.none of the above

L:6 . Wnich among the following weeds is a sedge?

a. beggarstick c. little iron weed
b. bulrush d . s;>reading dayflower
42
27. It was observed in indigenous people's communities ttiat some weeds are
removed and controlled at once but others are left to grow with the crop for quite
sometime. This is p;actfced because:
a. the removed weeds are hard to ca:itrol while those retained are easier to
control.
b. The removed weeds are perennial while those retained are annuals.

-
c. The removed weeds are aggressii/€: whiie those retained are not.
d. The removed weeds are harmful io them while those retained are of some
use to them .

28 . Weeds with complete piant parts should be collected for a herbarium because:
a. it would facilitate easier identification of the weed.
It would provide a good specimen.
c. It would be a good practice to do so.
d. It would not be attacked by molds.

29. In crop production, the primary reason ·Nhy weed is cons!darerj as a pest is:
a. It is able to harbor other organisms.
£.,. It is able to significantly lower the quantity and quality of products.
c. It produces seeds and vegetative propagules .
d. It annoys human.

30 . Seed dormancy is an important adaptive mechanism of weeds because :

a. It permits weeds to germinate when environmental conditions in the farm
would give a greater chance for its survival.
b. It permits germination of the weeds after the crop has been established.
c. It removes the capacity of the weeds to reproduce asexually.
d . It prevents the weed seeds under the soil from decaying.

31. A grass is a weed which:

a. Has a hollow cylindrical culm, distinct nodes and internodes, leaves that
..... are arranged alternately and arises from the nodes.
b. Has long, narrow and thin leaves.
C. Has triangular culm, no distinct nodes and intemodes and leaves that are
arranged in a rosette manner.
d. None of the above
e. All of the above

32 . The primary propagule for reproduction of Jmperata cylindrica is:

a . tuber c. rhizome
b . stolon 0. seed
33. The period or stage ~n the life cycle of the crop where weeds' presence could
affect yield of the crop is referred tc as :
a. Critical density of weed competition
b. Critical threshold density
c. Critical period of weed density
d . Critical period of weed competition
43
34 . Annual weeds are known to be present in the farm every season in spite of
·good control measures because:
a. They happen to thrive in there .
b. They have enormous amount of seeds in the soil
c. Their seeds are not donnant
d. Tney have vegetative propagules in the soil.

35 . Most weeds belonging to Asteraceae famiiy like Vernonia cinerea are easily
carried by wind from one place to another due to:
a. Seed appendages like pappus
Seeds enclosed in burrs
c. Seeds covered by an oily film
d. Seeds being dormant

36 . Wnich among the following best describes a weed in relation to crop

productior.:
a. It is a product of natural selection
_Q_._ It is a pest at a particular situation .
c. ft is a plant Without any use nor f-..;nc!ion.
d. It is a plant whose virtues have not yet been discovered .

37 . Poisoning Specimens for herbarium collection mE:e.r.s :

a. Puttinq it in an oven or under the sun io dry.
b. Dipping it in a soiution that woukl inhibit pest attack.
c. Flattening the specimen by putting any heavy object on top.
d. Cutting it into small parts to facilitate drying.

38 . The best time to coliect weeds is during:

a. Lunch time >.,. Late in tt-ie afternoon
b. Mornings ·d . None of the above

39. It refers to the number of weeds in a given unit area:

a. Biomass c. Frequency
b. Density d. Summed dominance ratio

40. It refers to the amount of organic matter produced per_unit area.

a. Biomass c. Frequency
b. Density d . Summed dominance ratio

41 . Which among the following is a perennial weed?

a. Ageratum conyzoides _g,_ Paspalum distichum
b. Cyperus iria d. Synedrel/8 nodiflora

42. 2,4-D is an old herbicide that can effectively contro: broadleaf weeds. 2,4-D
stands for: · ·
a. 2,4 dichloro acetic acid
b. 2,4-ddlloro benzoic acid
c. 2 ,4-dichloro phenoxy acetic acid 44
d. 2.4-dichloro phenol a~tic acid
43 . · Identification of weeds at the seedling stage is quite difficult becau · s ~: - "'
a. Weeds belonging to the same family are very similar in appearance at
this stage. ·
b. Weeds cannot be easily s....:.en due to their small size .
c. Weeds tend to grow taller than crops .
d. Weeds do not grow at this time .

44 . Which among the following factors is always important for weed

germination?
a. Light c. Temperature
b. Amount of photosynthesis Ji. Water

45. Seeds of Cenchrus echinatus are easily disseminated by man and animals
because:
a. Their seeds are light and numerous.
b. Their seeds are enveloped by a thin and ily membrane .
c. Their seeds are enclosed in a bur.
'd. Their seeds are connected to a pappus.

46. Which among the following weed species is a sedge?

a. Ageratum conyzoides c. Paspalum conjugatum
~ Cyperus iria d . Sphenoc!ea zeylanica

47. V\lhich among the following weed species is a perennial grass?

a. Comrnelina diffusa c. Pistia stratiotes
b. Chromolacna odorata d. Rottboellia co::hinchinensis

48. Wnich among the following weed species reproduces by seed alone?
a. · Commelina dfffusa c. Pistia stratiotes
b. Chromolacna odorata d . Synedrella nodifiora

49. Which among th.e following weeds are ·spread easily by wind?
a. Echinochloa glabrescens c. Tridax procumbens
b. Mimosa pudica Cf Sp~enocla : . e!'l~ca

50. Tne tuberS of Cyperus rotundus would remain dormant if: : :.:
a. There is continuous cultivation _,
b. Cyperus rotundus plants are left intact.
c. Herbicides are not applied.
d. The area where they are planted.is weeded.
\'Vhich sampling parameter describes how often a weed is found in sampling
51 .
areas?
Biomass
c. Frequency
c;. .

b. Density
d. Summed dominance ratio

and vegetatively
able to reproduce '.through .seeds
52. Pistia stratiotes is
through:
a. bulb ...c.. off-shoot
b. corm d. tuber
45
53. The following are weeds found in upland areas except:
.g,. Samyard grass c. Spindle top
b. Goose grass d. Spiny amaranth

54. A monocot weed is one with:

.$. Fibrous root system and leaves having paraliei venation.
b. Taproot system and leaves having netted venation.
c. Fibrous root s¢.em and leaves with netted ver.ation.
d Taproot system and leaves having parallel venation .

55 . More than 95% of tile weeds that irr.est crops corns from
a . l'feighboring farms through irrigafon water.
b. Neighboring fa,-rns brought by wind .
c. Tne soil.
d. Ali of the above

55. Wnd"i of the follow!r.g affect the degree of weed-crop competition?

a. Competing abi!rty ·: if the dominant weed species
b. Competing abilii)· of the crop
c. Crop spacing
£; Ali of the above

fi7. \!'/hid! of the fol!OW. ~ reprod:..:ce tri mizomes. tu!:>ers and s...."'eds?
a. cogon grass k purple nutsedge
b. bennuda grass · d. all of the above

58 . Weed seeds are dfsseminated by

a. wind. c . srna!i animais.
b. ~man beings. d. all of the above

59. AHelopathic plants are these that sec:-ete substances

a. That enhance o; inhibit germinati-:m and growth of neighboring plants.
~ That inhibit germination and growth of other plants. ·
c. That prevent ~ fiowering of neighboring plants.
d. All of the above ·

00. Most often, weeds Co:'npete with crop plants for

a. space. . c. solar radiaror..
b. soi! nut~es ane water. _£ B and C

61 . Which of the following can be used as biocontrof agents of w-eeds?

a. ~:set c. sheep
b. plant pathogens d . All of the above

62.. Whd1 of the followrig can be considsred cuttural ~d C?Qntrol?

a. Thorough land preparation
b. l:rterrow cultivation
c. Use of high quaity crop seeds
d. A and B
46
63 . An effective biological =ntrol agent of weeds should
a. Feed and reproduce only on the specific problem weed species .
b. Feed on several weed species.
c. Reproduce faster than the problem weed species.

-
d. A and C

54 . lnterspecific weed competition is

a. Competition between the same weed species.
,,£. Competition between different weed species.
c. Competttion between the crop and the weeds.
d. All of the above

65. Once a crop is infested with weeds, significant yield reduction

a. will surely occur. ·
b. may occur.
~ will occur if population has reached a level that cannot be tolerated by
the crop. -
d. All of the above

66. Mulching with organic materials is a desirable method of weed control

because it
a. inhibits weed growth. c . softens th - ~ soi!. ·
b. helps in conserving soil moisture -E_. A and B
67. \f'vhich of the following weed control methods can be effectively used in
transplanted irrigated rice?
a . Thorough land preparation
b. Use of high quality seeds
c. Flooding
d. All of the above
...... ~ ' . ·- .
68. lnterrow cultivation with animal-drawn native _ plows' is a common weed
control method in dryland crops but , :~ ~; : '.~ : , ~ - . -: :. : · ·' - :: -: ~ .,_
a. It does notprovide effective control of weeds.along crop.rows .--
. ......... ;- .; '"}:-, ··v...
·- - ~
b. It may injure the roots of crops. -~ :>.- -, · - ~- ·~ _,--.
c. It cannot be Cione When the soil is too wet. - ·-. - - · --- -

-d: All of the above ··

69. Integrated weed management is the use of appropriate control methods that
a. compliment or supplement each other.
b. is ecok>gi:;alty and socially acceptable.
c. is cost effective.
d.
.,.... all of the above

70. Perennial weeds are more difficult to control than annuais be:::ause
a. they are able to reproduce asexually and sexually.
b. their vegetative orgails are mostly found under the ground.
c. they ~re at>le to regrow once they are cut.
d. All of the above 47
71. weeas are p:ants
a. that are out of place.
b . whose harmful effects greatly outweigh their beneficial ef~s .
c. that are undesirable.
d. Ali of the above

72 . Whi:::h of the following are benefits that may be derived from plants that mav
be considered weeds in crops?· ·
a. Biological filters
b . Possible source of germplasm for domesticated plants
c . Act as soil binders in roliing areas and minimize erosion
d . All of the above
=
73. Wnich of the foliowing growth stages of weeds are most vulnerable to
control measures?
.e,. Seedling stage c. Tiliering stage
· b: Flowering stage d. All of the above

74. Which of the following information . should help in effectively managing

weeds?
a. f~ors affecting germination
b . Number of days to flowering
c. Rate of :,:; owth of weed
_d . All of the above

75 . Factors that determine the weed distribution and abundance include

a . dimate. c. rainfall.
b. eda;>hic. ·~ All of the above

76. The following weed species are predominant in transplanted irrigated

lowland rice except
a. barnyard grass. _g, cogon grass.
b. pickerel weed . d. gose~ .

77. Covercropping is a desirable weed control method in plantation tree crops.

leg:.sminous plant species used for this purpose include
a. Calopagonium mucusoides.
b. Centrooema pubescens.
c. Puerarfe_phaseofoides
d. All of the above
78. 2.4-D is a
c . Seiedive postemergence translcr,,ated herbicide
b. Nonselective postemergence herbicide
c. Seiected contact herbicide
d. All of the above

79. impor-.ant parts of t'-ie knapsack sprayer are

a. tank. c. nozzle.
b. Pump assembly _s All of the above
48
80 . The types of spray nozzles available in the Philippines are
a. cone type . c deflecting type.
b. fan type . .£:A and B

81. The volume of spray solution delivered

a. Increases with higher pressures.
b. Increases with larger nozzle sizes.
c. Decreases wrth faster speed of travel.
d. All of the above .

82. The sprayer nozzle

JI..- transforms the herbicide solution into fine droplets.
b. mixes the herbicide and water in the tank.
c. guides the herbicide solution to target plants .
d. All of the at>::ive

83 . in an emu!sifiabie concentrate herbicide formulation , the active ingredient is

a. not soluble in organic solvents .
!L not soluble in water but soluble in org~nic solvents .
-= soluble_ir. organic solvents but not in water.
d. All of the above

84. Selective herbicides

a. Kill the weeds but not the crop. .... .. ,,.,_..........
-·
~-·,_ _

.
b. Kill the weeds and inhibit crop growth.
c. Kill some plants but not others . _.-.
d. A and C ~ -=,:" ~! : =.; (: .e:-, 0 : ~ "',. (, - . ·: L._ ,; .; · :,~ : . f :. ;: ?" ~ .;:

85. A postermergence herbicide is applied

a. after land preparation.
b. before land preparation . . ·
c. after tlie weeds or crops have emerged.
d. Al! of the above

86. If the rate of application of a powder herbicide containing 50% active

ingredient is 0 .5 kg active ingredient/ha, the weight of formulated product
needed for 1 hectare is
2 . 250 g. c. 150 g.
b. 500 g. JL 1000 g.

57. The recommended rate of appii:::ation of 2 liquid herbicide containing 20%

active ingredient/liter is 1 .0 kg ailha. If the delivery of a 16--liter knapsack
sprayer that will be used is 400 1/ha, the volume of the t-1erbicide needed for
each tankload of solution is ·
a. 200 mt. c. 300 mL
b. 100 ml. d. 400 mL

49
Answer to Questions In Crop Protection:

Section 1. Problems In lnae:ti:ide Caii: uldion

11. c
I ~ · ~ 111 . p ~ 6 . fA t2'\ . ~
I

l2 .
I
c
j
r.
I ""'
I
1.....
112. p !17
!' . 1s t22.
!
p i
II
I
p I 13. ~
I
I

f3. IS ~ · j18 . jD """3

~ ~ I
r9.
f

~ · E
I

ID
E· j14.
~
~
t 24. ~
E· . ~ 11 0. ~ 11s. EO. t ps. ~ l
f71. /8 185· s !
i72.
l
IA_ j87. F
f3. I
iSS. IQ
.....
159. 174.
I
f89. v.. f

~ · !D
'7I;.
1· . . .. !
[76. ~·
f77·
!3
~

~n .

153. pa.
a.4.
!
pg. D
'85. roo. 16
... ~ .........

::-<-;_--, ..,

-
50 ..
·
-.; :. :-
 Section 2. Bacteriology

K: 1. IS
I

l I
._~-'" ' ~- '

S·'t'Ctlon 3. Mycology

Section 4. Nematoiogy

51
Section 5. General Pl.ant Virology

1. ID . 11 . D
18 112. jD
!B l13. 3: ID !

~ p4.
~ 115.
116.

0. D

Section 6. Management of Plant diseases

Section 7. Weed Science

52