UTTARANCHAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY zm UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY 2021-2022 A PROJECT REPORT ON “MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WOVEN NAT FIBER REINFORCED LAMINATED COMPOSITE” Submitted to partial fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of engineering In MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Submitted by: Harshit Pandey (0801060001) Madan Singh (0801060002) Mukesh Singh (0801060003) Sumit Khanduri (0801060006) Under The Guidance Of : Mr. Saurabh Aggarwal Assistant Professor Department Of Mechanical Engineering Ww UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY (Established vide Uttaranchal University Act, 2012) (Uttarakhand Act No. 11 of 2013) Arcadia Grant, P.O. Chandanwari, Premnagar, Dehradun, UttarakhandUTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY DGEME ACKNOWL It gives us a great sense of pleasure to present the report of the b.tech project undertaken during the B.Tech final year. We owe a special debt of gratitude to the lecturer selection grade Asst.Prof. Saurabh Aggarwal Department of Mechanical Engineering (Uttaranchal Institute Of Technology) for his constant support and guidance throughout the course of our work. His sincerity, thoroughness, and perseverance have been a constant source of inspiration for us It is only through his cognizant efforts that our endeavors have seen the light of the day. We also take the opportunity to acknowledge the contribution of Sanjeev Kumar Joshi (HOD), and Prof. (Dr.) Shiv Dayal Pandey (dean) of Uttaranchal Institute Of Technology for their full support and assistance during the development of the project. Z UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY Established vide Uttaranchal University Act, 2012) (Uttarakhand Act No. 11 of 2013) Arcadia Grant, P.O. Chandanwari, Premnagar, Dehradun, UttarakhandUTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY DECLARATION We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written another person nor material that to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or b. tech of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. Guided by : Name: Saurabh A, al Harshit Pandey Yas (Assistant Professor) Madan Singh Sumit Khanduri %i4— Mukesh Singh — huush_ UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY (Established vide Uttaranchal University Act, 2012) (Uttarakhand Act No. 11 of 2013) Arcadia Grant, P.O. Chandanwari, Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand: UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project report entitled “MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF WOVEN NATURAL FIBER REINFORCED LAMINATED COMPOSITE” was submitted to Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand in partial fulfillment for the award of B.tech in Mechanical Engineering is a bonafide record of the project work carried out by them under our supervision during the year 2021-22. eo PROF. Dr. SH! 'ANDEY salto JOSHI (DE (HOD) Uttaranchal Institute Of Technology Uttaranchal Institute Of Technology DEHRADUN DEHRADUN DEAN mctnty titute of Tecnology f uttaranchal Ins jiversity nchal Uni é ee ehradun (UK) cae SAI ARWAL 'T GUIDE | Uttaranchal Institute eit sishciogs % UONWERSTTY (Established vide Uttaranchal University Act, 2012) (Uttarakhand Act No. 11 of 2013) Arcadia Grant, P.O. Chandanwari, Premnagar, Dehradun, UttarakhandWwW UTTARANCHAL UNIVERSITY TRACT The objective of this Research work is to evaluate & analyse the Tensile properties of developed composite specimen with different epoxy as matrix material. Natural fibre which are used on research testing are jute fibre, hemp fibre and cotton fibre as Reinforcement material. The first research experimentation shall be the tensile test is done as per the ASTM 638 standard to investigate the tensile properties of this combination of composite materials The main aim of this experimentation tests done are to investigate mechanical properties & strengths of newly developed E2/CJH/CJH/CJH reinforced composites with epoxy (pourfect epoxy art resin) to resist against the subjected tensile. In this investigation it has been found that the reinforcement of jute fibres, hemp fibre and cotton fibre with matrix have drastically increased its respective tensile strength, increasing its sustainability against the subjected loads. Keywords: Composites, fibre, jute, cotton, hemp, matrix, Reinforcement, tensile test.CONTENT S.NO: TOPIC PAG 1 CHAPTER 01 00-01 1,1 Introduction Oot 1.2.composite matrix materials & Types an 1.3.Evolution of composite material 2a 1.4.Fiber 03-04 1.4.1, Natural fiber 04-04 1.4.2. Main components of natural fibers 05-07 1.5.Synthetic fibers 08-08 | 2 CHAPTER 02 2.1. Literature review 2.2. Gap Observed 3 CHAPTER 03 3.1. Methodology 3.1.1. Layering technique 3.2. Base material 3.3. Sample making process 3.4. Test method 4 CHAPTER 04 4.1. Implementation 4.1.1 Woven natural fiber 4.2. Adhesives/epoxy material 4.3. Some usefill tools 4.4. Cost analysis 5 CHAPTER 05 5.1.1. Tensile Test analysis 5.2.1. Graphs analysis 5.3. Result 5.4. Some Material tested images 6 CHAPTER 06 6.1. Conclusions, 6.2. Future 7 ReferencesS.No Ol 02 03 04 LIST OF FIGURE NAME OF THE FIGURE CHAPTER 01 FIG: 1.1, SYNTHETIC FIBER MATERIAL, FIG: 1.2, EVOLUTION OF MATERIAL. FIG: 1.3, PROCESS TO FIBRE TO FABRICS FIG: 1.4.1. A. NATURAL FIBRE FIG: 1.4.1. B. FLOW CHART OF NATURAL FIBER FIG: 1.4.3. MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE FIG: 1.4.4. PARTIAL STRUCTURE OF HEMICELLULOSES. FIG: 1.4.5. PARTIAL STRUCTURE OF LIGNIN FIG: 1.5. SYNTHETIC FIBER CHAPTER 03 FIG: 3.1.1.4. HORIZONTAL LAYERING 3.1.1.B. VERTICAL LAYERING 3.1.1.C. APPLY MANUAL LAYER : 3.1.1.D. APPLY WAX i: 3.1.1.E. APPLY CROSS PATTERN FIG. 3.1.1.F. APPLY EPOXY ROLLER ._ WOODEN BLOCK CUTTING |. HEMP CUTTING . APPLY PVC SHEET ). JUTE CUTTING A/ CCC/SI/HHH A/ CJH/CJH/CJH El/ CCC/JJJ/HHH }. El/ CIH/CJH/CJH . E2/ CCC/SI/HHH . E2/ CJH/CJH/CJH CHAPTER 04 FIG: 4.1.1. COTTON FIG: 4.1.2. JUTE FIBER FIG: 4.1.3, HEMP FIBER FIG: 4.2.1. ARALDITE, 4.2.2. EPOXY. 4.2.3. POURFECT EPOXY ART RESIN/ULTRA CLEAR FIG: 4.3.1. HACKSAW FIG: 4.3.2. EPOXY ROLLER FIG: 4.3.3. PAINT BRUSH FIG: 4.3.4. WAX FIG. 4.3.5. WOODEN BLOCK FIG: 4.3.6. WEIGHING MACHINE. FIG: 4.3.7. UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE. CHAPTER 05 FIG: 5.4. A BONE TYPE TESTED SAMPLE, FIG: 5.4. B UTM ASTM 638 FIG: 5.4. C BONE TYPE TESTED SAMPLE FIG: 5.4. D. MARKING FOR SAMPLES PAGE NO o1 02 03 04 04 0s 06 07 08 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 18 19 19 21 22 38 38 38Uttaranchal University CHAPTER 1 TRODUCTION 1.1, COMPOSITE MATERIALS Composite material is defined as the materials/ constituents macroscopically that are distinct in the propertiesand they do not dissolve into each other. The combination of different constituents in the composites provides the composite material with unique properties which are different from the individual constituent. ial formed by combining two or moredifferent An example of composites is the mud building bricks used since ancient times, which are formed by combining mud bricks and straws. This allowed the composite to have the strength and resistance of mud bricks and the tensile strength of straw. {A fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) is a high-performance composite material made up of three components - the fibers as the discontinuous or dispersed phase, the matrix acts as the continuous phase, and the fine interphase region or the interface. FIG.1.1.SYNTHETIC FIBRE MATERIAL 1.2 TYPES OF COMPOSITE MATRIX MATERIALS There are three main types of composite matrix materials: 1.2.1, CERAMIC MATRIX : Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite materials. They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix, thus forming a ceramic fiber reinforced ceramic (CFRC) material. The matrix and fibers can consist of any ceramic material. CMC materials were designed to overcome the major disadvantages such as low fracture toughness, brittleness, and limited thermal shock resistance, faced by the traditional technical ceramics.Uttaranchal University 1.2.1. METAL MATRIX + Metal matrix composites (MMCx) are Composite materials that contain at least two constituent parts ~ a metal and another material or a different metal, The metal matrix is reinforced with the other material to improve strength and wear, Where three or more constituent paris are present, it is called a hybrid composite, In Structural applications, the matrix is usually composed of a lighter metal such as magnesium, titanium, or aluminum. 1.2.2. POLYMER MATRIX ; Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) can be divided into three sub-types, namely, thermoset, thermoplastic, and rubber. Polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds. PMCs consist of a polymer matrix combined with a fibrous reinforcing dispersed phase, They are cheaper with easier fabrication methods. PMCs are less dense than metals or ceramics, can resist atmospheric and other forms of corrosion, and exhibit superior resistance to the conduction of electrical current, 1.3. EVOLUTION OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL. FIG :1.3 EVOLUTION OF MATERIAL ing predates manufacturing as we know it ials in manufacturi ; ‘aif smposites weredeveloped and used for a The evolution of composite mat : today. From B.C. to the present, different types of co! wide variety of applications. In the early 1900s, chemical advat vinyl, polystyrene, phenolic, and provide strength and rigidity. development of plastics. Materials such as ges ar0ve, ie find reinforcement was needed to polyester were created , s it’! ily known, was ide, or Bakelite as it’s commonly kn - Polyoxy benzyl methylene sly! anhyride, © Bakele Go7, A thermosetting phenol developed by Belgian-born New YoNO: cosT ANALYSIS: 4a ; = SERIAL | Hte (1.51.51) <1 .——— @600 Cotton (1.5x1.5m) wie [MATERIAL RATE Tcosr eee @s00 Hemp (1.5x1.5m) | 450 600 —_| @400 400 EPOxY ARALDITE HRY 953 “T@aso tT INH &AW106IN-R @850 850 Epoxy Res (HV 953 @850 INH &AW106 IN- R) la 850 ae e Alpha system epoxy system Loa j— om EPOXY system 10 06 PourFEcT EPOXY ART RESIN 7 Pve sheet roller tape, brush and wax ad wax 08 Testing sample@6 Grand total5.2. GRAPH ANAL §.2.1, EPOXY 01; ALPHA SYSTEM EPOXY SYSTEM 103 a SS FIG: A. EV/CC ‘C/JJJ/HHH FIG: B. EWV/CSH/CJH/CJH 5.2.2. EPOXY 02: ARALDITE (HY 953 INH &AW106 IN- R) FIG: C. A1/CCC/JJJ/HHH FIG: D. Al/CJH/CJH/CJH 5.2.2, EPOXY 03 : POURFECT EPOXY ART RESIN FIG: D. E2CCC/JJJ/HHH FIG: E. E2CJH/CJH/CJHChapter 6 } CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK 6.1. CONCLUSIONS In this research & experimental investigation, Jute, cotton and hemp fiber reinforced matrix composites were fabricated & developed. Asaresult, the tensile test of the develop composites substantiate their mechanical behavior. Thus the number of conclusions can be drawn. In this investigation it has been found that the reinforcement of jute fibers, hemp fiber and cotton fiber with matrix have drastically increased its respective tensile strength, increasing its sustainability against the subjected loads. Thus the developed composite specimens E2/CJH/CJH/CJH with epoxy resin and epoxy hardener mixture ratio of 3:1 have Shown an increased its breaking when subjected to tensile test. In the overall study, the tensile strength of E1/CCC/JJJ/HHH, E1/CJH/CJH/CJH, AI/CCC/SIHHH, A1/CJH/CIH/CJH, E2/CCC/I/HHH and E2/CJH/CSH/CJH, has 8.18mpa,8.84mpa, 39. 1mpa,38.5mpa,39.5mpa and 44.1 mpa respectivily Hence reinforcement of fibers with epoxy matrix is one of the favorable Composite materials which can play a prominent vital role in future for many industrial & other applications. So it is concluded that further investigation on future experimental tests will definitely assure the use of this newer composite materials in coming future for our society. fe62. THE FUTURE Talay, composites Peseareh Attracts grants These investing from Universitios NLS allow innoy and ‘AtiON to aocelerate. Specialized companies such AS BeMOSPACE Composite SOmpanies, will find a place in the industry, Two applications that Somiinue to experience innovative Howth are airplane composite » sheets fOr marine use terials and composite Other materials such as environment: bio-based polymers meet the Products, Looking abe, applications tor everyd ally-thiendly ¢ demand for st ad, still to be d esins incorporating reeye ronger, lighter, leveloped fibers Y and specialized led plastics and and environmentally friendly and resins will cre, ate even moreee eee References: [1] V. Colomer-Romero, D. Rogiest, J. A. Garcia-Manrique, and J, B, Crespo Comp: ‘on of mechanical properties of hemp-fibre biocomposites fabricated with biobased and regular epoxy resins,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 24, pp. 1-8, 2020 doi: 10.3390/mal3245720, (2] 0. Faruk, A. K. Bledzki, H. P, Fink, and M, Sain, “Progress report on natural fiber reinforced composites,” Macromol, Mater. 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