1 Element

Replacement & retraining of staff is a cost that an organisation may face following a workplace accident

List EIGHT other possible costs to an organisation when an employee has been seriously injured in
such an accident (8)

 Compensation payments to individual

 Fines from criminal prosecution
 Loss of production due to moral of workforce
 Loss of reputation
 Loss time spent investigating the accident
 Hospital costs
 Payment to HSE for their time investigating the accident
 New plant & equipment costs
 Higher insurance premiums for employers’ liability insurance

2 Element
1.Outline the main components of a health & safety management system
(8)
 Policy
 Organisation
– 4Cs
(Competence, commitment, Co-operation & Communication)
 Arrangements
– planning & implementing
 Monitoring
– auditing
 Review

2.Outline the items that may be included in the “arrangements” section of a health & safety policy
document (8)
 Accident/incident reporting
 Risk assessment
 First-aid
 COSHH
 PTW
 Contractors
 Welfare
 Training

3.AExplain the purpose of EACH of the following sections of a health & safety policy document
(i) “Statement of Intent” (2)
(ii) “Organisation” (2)

b) Outline the issues that are typically included in the arrangements section of a health & safety
policy document (12)
– Commitment from top
– How policy will be implemented
(A ii) 4c,s how policy will be organised (Competence, commitment, Co-operation &
Communication)
 B) Accident/incident reporting
Risk assessment
First-aid
COSHH
PTW
Contractors
Welfare
Training

4.Outline the circumstances that may give rise to a need for a health & safety policy to be revised
(6) Change in risk assessment procedure
 Change in workplace layout/design
 New tasks or equipment
 Change in rates of production
 Change in legislation
 Change of any other major circumstances
3 Element
1.Outline the THREE standard conditions that must be met for an employee to prove a case of alleged
negligence against an employer
– Duty of care owed
– Breach of duty of care
– Breach caused the loss

2.Explain THREE possible defences to a civil law claim of negligence (6)

Denial of liability,
Contributory negligence,
Third party liability,

3.Explain, using examples, the differences between civil law & criminal law
(8)
 Criminal
– Statute, no loss, punishment, cannot insure against, action brought by the state, burden of
proof beyond all reasonable doubt
 Civil
– Case law, judge made law, judicial precedence, common law, has to be a loss, compensation,
can insure against, action brought by an individual, burden of proof on the balance of
probabilities

4.Define the term “negligence” (2)

Tort of negligence a common law duty to look after our neighbour

5.Outline the powers normally given to health & safety inspectors under safety legislation
(8)
 Entry
 Confiscate, seize & destroy
 Photographs
 Take witness statements
 Issue notices to insist on improvement, the prohibition of certain work activities
 Bring a policeman
 Take samples
  Cordon off area
 Investigate accidents
 Etc, etc

6.Explain, using an example in EACH case, the circumstances under which a health & safety inspector may
serve (i) An improvement notice
(2)
(ii) A prohibition notice (2)

i) Where a H&S regulation is being broken

(ii) Where there is a risk of imminent serious injury

7.List the factors that could be considered when assessing the health & safety competence of a contractor

 Employers/public liability insurance details

 Past enforcement notices
 Training records
 Relevant experience in the type of work required
 Policy statement, etc
 References (verbal, written etc)
 Risk assessment procedures, method statements, safe system of work including PTWs
 Type of contract (labour only, fixed price, totally separated sites
 etc

8.Identify the actions that the company should take to help ensure that the health & safety of their own & the
contractors employees are not put at risk (10)

Full exchange of information including policy, safe systems of work, risk assessments, co-ordination,
cooperation, training, monitoring, induction training for contractors including site layout, etc, meetings, etc

4 Element
1.Explain the meaning of the term motivation (2)
b) Describe the motivating factors that could lead to improved health & safety performance in the
workplace (6)

The force which stimulates an individual to do something. People are motivated by their wants or
needs
b) 4cs (Competence, Commitment, Co-operation, Communication)
– Performance standards made clear & enforced & reinforced with commitment from the top
– Reasoning behind H&S rules, etc with appropriate training for personal growth
– Communication & consultation with risk assessment, etc
– Rewarding safe behaviour

2.a) State the criteria that should be used in assessing a person’s competence to carry out a task
(4)
b) Outline the personal & organisational factors that may cause a person to work unsafely even though
they are competent

 a)
– Relevant experience, qualifications, training & good personal qualities
– The nature of the task & the level of risks involved
 b)
 – Personal
 Attitude, motivation, aptitude, perception of risk
– Organisational
 4Cs (Commitment, Co-operation, Consultation, Communication)

3.Outline ways in which employers may motivate their employees to comply with health & safety procedures

 4cs (Competence, Commitment, Co-operation, Communication)

– Performance standards made clear & enforced & reinforced with commitment from the top
– Reasoning behind H&S rules, etc with appropriate training for personal growth
– Communication & consultation with risk assessment, etc
– Rewarding safe behaviour
–
4.Outline the reasons why employees may fail to comply with safety procedures at work
 Organisation
– 4Cs (Commitment, Co-operation, Communication, Competence)
 Individual
– Attitude, aptitude, personality, competence, peer pressure, perception
 Job
– Poor ergonomics, fatigue, env conditions,
– Work rate, rest breaks, etc
5 .a)Explain the meaning of the term “perception”(2)
b) Explain how an understanding of perception can help to improve health & safety performance

 a) Is the way we individually perceive or take in information from our surroundings using our
common senses, such as hearing, sight, smell, touch taste, etc
 b)
– Peoples physical, mental disabilities/limitations, the extent of decision making, aptitudes
– Improving process of risk assessment, improved procedures & instructions
– Improving task routines, work patterns, etc
– Providing ergonomics
– Better environmental conditions
– Induction, Supervision, Instruction & Training
–
6. a) Identify the factors that place young persons at greater risk of accidents at work
(4)
b) Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risk to young persons

 a)Inexperience, lack of knowledge, lack of maturity, physical development, peer pressure, reluctant to
ask questions
 b)
– Induction training, full supervision, on the job training, acclimatisation, mentor, not employed
on higher risk activities, matching aptitude to task
–
7.a) Explain using examples, the meaning of EACH of the following terms
(i) “motivation” (3)
(ii) “Perception” (3)
(iii) “Attitude” (3)
b) Outline ways of reducing the likelihood of human error in the workplace
(11)
 a)
– (i) The force which stimulates an individual to do something. People are motivated by their
wants or needs e.g. Reward for us working safely or reporting an incident
 – (ii) Is the way we individually perceive or take in information from our surroundings
using our common senses, such as hearing, sight, smell, touch taste, etc - e.g. We may
not perceive a hazard as being dangerous until we are hurt by it
– (iii)Is the way we think we react or may react to situations (as opposed to the way we
actually respond which may be quite different), our point of view
A combination of our beliefs, feelings & intention to act e.g. We may have a poor
(negative) attitude towards H&S
 b)
– Organisation
 4Cs
– Individual
 Attitude, aptitude, personality, competence, peer pressure, perception
– Job
– Poor ergonomics, fatigue, env conditions,
– Work rate, rest breaks, etc

8.Describe the types of human error that can lead to accidents in the workplace
(20)
 Errors fall into 2 broad categories
– Slips & lapses
 These can when conducting very familiar tasks where there is normally little need to
pay conscious attention. Driving a car is a good example of a typical “skill based” task
for many of us, but is very prone to error, with grave circumstances, should attention
be diverted
 Slips
– failure to carry out actions of a task, or “actions not as planned”
– Performing an action too early or too late in a procedure
– Omitting steps or a series of steps from a procedure
– Turning a control knob in the wrong direction
– Doing the right thing on the wrong object
– Reading the wrong dial

 Lapses
– cause us to forget to carry out an action or even forget what we set out to do.
– These are most common when there is a long period of waiting or tasks take a long time to
complete
 Mistakes
– More complex failures where the wrong thing is done, but the person believes that the correct
action has been taken
 Rule based
– Behaviour is based on remembered rules or familiar procedures often without checking for
changes
– There is a strong tendency to revert to these rules or solutions even when not always the most
efficient
 Knowledge based
– When in unfamiliar, or circumstances that may feel familiar but unknown, there is a tendency
to apply first principles or try to match it with a situation that resembles a familiar one, I.e.
one that they are knowledgeable with
– Experienced & knowledgeable personnel without complete information on the hazards &
risks, are susceptible to this type of mistake

9.Outline the factors that may influence a persons perception of risk in the workplace
– Poor ergonomics
 – Physical stressors
– Task routine
– Work patterns

10.Outline the reasons why an organisation should monitor & review its health & safety performance

 Cannot manage what you cannot measure

 Identify strengths & weaknesses
 Proactive
– To check if safety management system is working
– To ensure SMART objectives are being met
– To produce a baseline against which continual improvement can be measured
– Mitigate circumstances from prosecution

 Reactive
– Look for trends & analysis of accident statistics to highlight hot spots
11.Outline FOUR proactive monitoring methods that can be used in assessing the health & safety
performance of an organisation
 Inspections
 Audits
 Samples
 Surveys
 Tours
12.Explain how the following may be used to improve safety performance within an organisation
(i) Accident data
(4)
(ii) Safety inspections
 a)
– Highlights hot-spots & areas that require improvement, shows trends & patterns, identifies
weak areas & deficiencies in risk assessment process, helps to prioritise risk assessment
process
 b)
– Helps Identify & reduce hazards,Involves consultation with workforce, checks improvements
made from last inspection, van be carried out by people at all levels within the workplace,
covers all aspects,
13.State EIGHT measures that can be used to monitor an organisations health & safety performance
(8)
 Accident/incident statistics
 Training records
 Maintenance records
 Checking SMART Objectives
 Risk assessment registers
 Safe systems of work, P.T.W.
 Inspection / audit etc findings
 Bench marking
14.Outline the main components of a health & safety management system
(8)
 Policy
 Organisation
 Planning & implementing/Arrangements
 Monitoring / auditing
 Review
15. a) Outline the factors that should be considered when planning an inspection of the workplace
(10)
b) Identify information that should be included in a report of a workplace inspection. Explaining how
the information should be presented in order to increase the likelihood of action being taken (10)
 a)
– Previous inspection records
– Familiarisation of legislation relevant to workplace being inspected
– Checklists, topics, etc
– Which part of the workplace
– Route to be taken
– Inform line manager, etc of inspection
– Escort
 b)
– Breaches of legislation, inadequately controlled hazards, any improvements, who was spoken
to, time & date of inspection, area visited, topics covered, bench marking
– Report format
 Summary, main body, conclusions & recommendations
 Moral, legal, costs

16.Explain the main features of

a) A safety inspection (4)

b) A safety audit (4)

a)
– Identifies hazards which are not controlled to an adequate standard, uses checklists, physical
in walkabout, can be carried out by all levels of personnel
 b)
– Systematic evaluation of the whole management system both software elements (written
documentation) & hardware elements (people), follows a trail through the workplace to verify
documentation is known to people, understood by them & used by them
– Can be internal (inter-departmental) or totally independent, i.e. external
–
17.Outline the methods that may be used to assess an organisations health & safety performance
 Audits
 Inspections
 Samples
 Tours
 Surveys

18.Outline FOUR advantages & FOUR disadvantages of using posters to communicate health & safety
performance (8)
 Advantages
– Simple easy to understand, striking powerful message, can be moved around, cheap, visual,
pictorial, etc
 Disadvantages
– May become stale, not always read, not relevant, can be damaged or vandalised, information
overload if next to safety signs, no feedback, etc

19.In relation to the Health & safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996
(i) Identify the particular health & safety matters on which employers must consult their
employees
(4)
 (ii) Outline the entitlements of representatives of employee safety who have been elected under
the regulations(4)

 (i)
– Introduction of new measures, H&S information required by statute, planning & organising of
H&S training,H&S consequences of new technology
 (ii)
– Time off for training, facilities, represent a group of employees in consultation at the
workplace with enforcement officers, to make representations to employer on hazards,

20.An investigation has identified the two key underlying causes of a workplace accident as ineffective verbal
communication between employees & shortcomings in the quality of health & safety training
(i) Identify the barriers to effective verbal communication that may have existed (8)
(ii) Outline the measures by which verbal communication could be improved (6)
(iii) Describe the variety of training methods a trainer could use to improve the effectiveness of
employee training in health & safety (6)

 (i)
– conceive, encode, effective listening, decode & interpret, feedback (jargon & technical terms),
poor telecommunication connections
 (ii)
– Encourage effective listening & respond by giving feedback, make notes of essential items, ask
for verification, use more one to one or group visual communication, back-up with written
information

 Demonstrations, visual aids/props

 Group / syndicate exercises
 Interactive training packages
 Videos, power-point presentation, overhead projector, flip-chart
 Practical exercises
 Quizzes, tests, exams
 Classroom orientated
 Workplace orientated

21.Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to communicate health & safety information in the
workplace (8)
 Formal
– Safety committees, audits, inspections,Risk assessments, training,etc
 Informal
– On the job training, toolbox talks
 Written
– Minutes of meetings, newsletters, memos
 Verbal
– Instructions, SSs of W, SOPs
 Visual
– Posters, safety signs, hazard warnings on machinery, colour coding

22.With respect to the safety Representative & Safety Committees

(i) Explain the occasions when a safety representative is normally legally entitled to
inspect the workplace (6)
(ii) Describe the facilities that an employer may need to provide to safety representatives
(2)
  (i)
– Following an accident, reportable disease or dangerous occurrence
– Every 3 months after first giving reasonable notice
– Following a change in conditions of work
– When new information is published by HSC/HSE relating to hazards
– After complaints by members they are representing
 b)
– Access to a telephone, locked filing cabinet, place where people can speak in confidence

23.Outline the various methods for communicating health & safety information to the workforce (8)
 Formal & Informal
 Verbal, visual, written, intranet
 H&S committee meetings
 Inspections, audits, etc
 Interviews, toolbox talks
 Risk assessments
 Posters, safety signs, visual/audible warnings
 Training
 Minutes of safety meetings, bulletins, newsletters
24.Outline the sources of published information that may be consulted when dealing with a health & safety
problem at work
 H&S Legislation, regulations, ACOPS, guidance
 Free guidance leaflets – Government (HSE)
 HSC/HSE annual reports & national statistics
 H&S journals, published reports, etc
 Libraries
 HMSO
 CBI / trade union
25.Outline the topics that may need to be included on the agenda of a safety committee meeting
(8)
 Accident/incident statistics
 Audit reports
 New legislation
 Training
 Risk assessments
 New work equipment
 Safety management Action Plan
 Any other specific issues, etc
26.Outline the reasons that may prevent a verbal instruction being clearly understood by an employee
(8)
 Noise, other distractions, etc
 Jargon, technical
 Not conceived correctly
 Not encoded correctly
 Not decoded correctly
 Not interpreted correctly
 Lack of feedback/verification
 Lack of competence

27.(i) Explain the difference between consulting & informing

(2)
 – Consulting is a two-way process whereby the opinions of employees are asked for & taken into
consideration
– Informing is more of a one way flow of information to the employees
28.Outline the functions of safety Representatives (8)
 Investigation of accidents, diseases, dangerous occurrences
 Inspection of the workplace
 Attend safety committee meetings
 Represent employees on safety
 Attend a trade union safety course
 Have time off to carry out their duties
 Have access to reasonable facilities
 Liaison with enforcing authorities
29.Outline the sources of information that may be consulted when dealing with a health & safety problem at
work (8)
 External sources
 Internal
– Risk assessments
– Accident/incident statistics
– Training records
– Maintenance records
– Etc, etc
30.Outline the factors to be considered when preparing & presenting a health & safety training session
(8)
 Classroom or in situ in workplace
 Number & types of people (inductees, executives engineers, admin, etc or a mixture) attending
 Duration, start & finish times, breaks, questions, etc
 Demonstrations
 Power point, overhead projectors, flip charts, etc
 Induction, refresher, specific
 Internal/external, accredited
31.Outline the various circumstances that may create a need for a review of health & safety training within
an organisation(8)
 Influx of new employees
 Increase in accident/incidents
 Following an inspection by an enforcing authority
 Review of risk assessments, safe systems of work, etc
 Change in or new legislation
 New work equipment
 Change to the work routine
 Changes to the workplace layout
32.Explain how induction training programmes for new employees can help to reduce the numbers of
accidents in the workplace
(8)
 Provides trainees with the information necessary for H&S in respect of the hazards that may be
encountered at various stages of development to full job competence
 To introduce new employees to the culture of the organisation, the emphasis that it places upon health
& safety for example
 To provide reassurance & support for new employees at a very stressful time
 Induction training can help decide what their specific training needs may be
 By learning about identification of hazards, etc it will increase their initial awareness
 Enlightening them that they must ask supervisors, etc for help if they are not sure of what actions to
take
 By also tailoring the training more specifically to the work areas that the new people will be working
33.Outline the events that may create a need for additional health & safety training within an organisation
(10)
– A major/serious accident, dangerous occurrence, reportable diseases
– An increase in accidents/incidents in general
– After an enforcement notice has been served on the organisation
– Results of internal or external audits
– A major disaster in a similar type of organisation
– After major redundancies
34.Explain the meaning of the term “competent person” (4)
Outline FOUR checks that could be made to help assess a person’s competence
(4)
 a) when someone is considered to have suitable practical experience, knowledge &
relevant qualifications & good personal qualities such as common sense
 b) Training matrix/needs/requirements to carry out the task, training records, time in
organisation, employment / performance appraisal observations, references from supervisors,
etc, past experience qualifications, NVQs

35.Outline how health & safety training needs can be identified (8)
 Task or job analysis
 Reference to risk assessments
 Reference to accident/incident records
 Speaking/interviewing/tool box talks
 Training matrices
 During monitoring (audits, inspections, sampling, tours, surveys etc)
 Competence checks
 Questionnaires

36.Outline the main health & safety issues to be included in an induction training programme for new
employees (8)
 Emergency procedures for fire etc,
 First aid provision
 H&S policy statement, H&S law poster
 Risk assessment
 Accident/incident reporting
 Traffic system, i.e one-way systems, blind corners etc
 Who safety reps/safety department are
5 Element
1. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors that should be considered when carrying out a risk assessment
(8)
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 The types & range of hazards
 The types(people more at risk, (e.g. pregnant, disabled, young, old, lone workers,etc) & numbers of
people exposed to those hazards
 The likelihood & severity & existing control measures
 Methods of recording & communicating
 Methods & occasions for reviewing
 Remember:
– Suitable & sufficient, remain valid for a reasonable time, appropriate to nature of work, prioritises

2. Past Exam Question

a) Identify the main topic areas that should be included in a planned health & safety inspection of a
workplace (8)
b) With reference to the Workplace, outline the requirements of FOUR types of welfare facility that an
employer must provide for his employees
(8)
c) Describe the possible enforcement actions that might be taken against an employer for failing to
provide adequate welfare facilities (4)
2. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)
– Access & egress/workplace layout / housekeeping, welfare, workstations / seating, environmental
conditions, equipment
 b)
– Washing facilities, accommodation for clothing, sanitary conveniences, drinking water, Facilities to
eat meals & rest
 c)
– Improvement & prohibition
6 Element
1. Past Exam Question
a) Outline the factors to be considered when developing a safe system of work
(8)
b) Outline the sources of information that could be consulted when developing a safe system of
work (6)
c) Explain the actions an enforcement officer could take when an organisation has failed to
provide a safe system of work (6)

1. Past Exam “Answer”

 a)Analyse the task (e.g JSA)
– Method of work, Environment, Equipment and People
– Implementation
– Monitoring and review
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)
 Internal
 Existing risk assessments, SOPs, safe systems of work, employees, competent persons, etc
 Accident/ill-health data
– External
 Comparison of best practice with similar workplaces
 HSE accident/incident statistics
 Legislation, ACOPs, guidance
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 c)
– Verbal advice
– Written advice
– Improvement notice
– Prohibition notice
– Prosecution
2. Past Exam Question
 a) Explain the meaning of the term” safe system of work” (2)
b) Describe the enforcement action that could be taken by an enforcing authority when a safe
system of work has not been implemented
(6)
2. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)
A safe system of work is a formal procedure which results from a systematic examination of a work
task to identify all the hazards. It defines safe methods to ensure that hazards are eliminated or risk
minimised
 b)
– Verbal advice
– Written advice
– Improvement notice
– Prohibition notice
– Prosecution
3. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors that should be considered when designing a safe system of work
(8)
3. Past Exam “Answer”
– Analyse the task (e.g. JSA)
– Method of work, Environment, Equipment and People
– Implementation
– Monitoring and review
4. Past Exam Question
Outline the sources of information that could be consulted when developing a safe system of work
(8)
4. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)
– Internal
 Existing risk assessments, SOPs, safe systems of work, employees, competent persons, etc
 Accident/ill-health data
– External
 Comparison of best practice with similar workplaces
 HSE accident/incident statistics
 Legislation, ACoPs, guidance
5. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors that should be considered when carrying out a risk assessment
(8)
5. Past Exam “Answer”
 The types & range of hazards
 The types(people more at risk, (e.g. pregnant, disabled, young, old, lone workers,etc) & numbers of
people exposed to those hazards
 The likelihood & severity & existing control measures
 Methods of recording & communicating
 Methods & occasions for reviewing
 Remember:
– Suitable & sufficient, remain valid for a reasonable time, appropriate to nature of work, prioritises

6. Past Exam Question

a) Explain the meaning of the term “hazard” (2)
 b) Outline the main hazards that may be present during the demolition of a building
(6)
6. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)
– Something with the potential to cause harm or loss to an organisation
 Could be physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, psychological
 b)
– Dust, asbestos, noise, premature collapse, working at height, machinery, chemicals & other toxic
substances, falling objects
7. Past Exam Question
Explain, using examples, the meaning of the following terms
(i) Hazard (2)
(ii) Risk (3)
(iii) So far as is reasonably practicable (3)
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 i) Something with the potential to cause harm or loss to an organisation
 Could be physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, psychological
– Example – trailing cable
 ii) Likelihood & severity & number of persons affected & existing control measures
 iii)
– Quantum of risk is placed on one hand & the time trouble & effort to overcome that risk
– If there is a gross disproportion between the two, then employer is absolved of any duty, unless the
risk is so great then either stop the activity or do everything that is required

8. Past Exam Question

Outline a hierarchy of control measures for controlling risk
(8)
8. Past Exam “Answer”
 Eradicate
 Replace with something less hazardous
 Isolate
 Change the work process
 Protect the individual (PPE)
 D
9. Past Exam Question
a) Define the term “permit to work system” (2)
b) Explain the operation of a permit- to-work system for entry into a confined space
(6)
9. Past Exam “Answer”
 a) Part of a safe system of work that requires written confirmation that certain activities have
been carried out to eliminate risks or control risks during a specific high risk activity
 b)
 Issue, Receipt, Clearance/return to service, Cancellation, Extensions
10. Past Exam Question
a) Explain the meaning of the term “hazard” (2)
b) Outline techniques for identifying hazards in the workplace (6)
10. Past Exam “Answer”
a) Something with the potential to cause harm or loss to an organisation Could be
physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic, psychological
b)
Inspections
HAZOP
Fault tree analysis
JSA
Hazard books & contact schemes

11. Past Exam Question

a) Outline the hazards associated with work in confined spaces (6)
b) Describe the precautions that may be needed when an emptied solvent degreasing tank is to be
cleaned including the removal of sludge from the bottom of the tank (14)
11. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)
– Restricted access & egress, oxygen deficiency, hazardous substances, poor environmental conditions,
explosion & fire hazards, structural collapse, electrocution, mechanical hazards
 b)
– Is entry necessary, gas purging, testing/monitoring of atmosphere, PTW/SS of W, anti-static equipment,
lighting, ventilation, communications, emergency procedures, anti-static equipment, harnesses & other PPE, ISIT &
competence

12. Past Exam Question

Explain, with examples, the meaning of the term “confined Space”
(4)

12. Past Exam “Answer”

Any space, including any chamber, tank, vat, silo, pit, trench, pipe , sewer, flue, well or other similar
place in which, by virtue of its enclosed nature, there arises a reasonably foreseeable specified risk

7
ELEMENT 07
MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
1. Past Exam Question
Outline the precautions to be used when using a mobile elevating work platform (MEWP) to reach a
high point such as a streetlight (8)
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 Firm & level ground
 Cones & warning signs, barriers, lane closure, etc
 PPE – safety harness etc
 ISIT – competent persons
 Not over-reaching
 Isolate power
 Brakes, chocks etc

2. Past Exam Question

Diesel powered fork-lift trucks are used in a wide range of organisations and can introduce additional
hazards into the working environment
(i) Identify FOUR hazards associated with such vehicles that may pose a
risk to the health of drivers (4)
 (ii) Describe the circumstances that may cause such a vehicle to
overturn (8)
(iii) Outline the precautions that may be needed to ensure the safety of
pedestrians in areas where fork-lift trucks are
operating (8)
2. Past Exam “Answer”
 (i)
– Oils & lubricants - dermatitis
– Noise & vibration - hearing loss
– Fumes – respiratory illnesses
– Reversing - WRULDs

2. Past Exam “Answer”

 (ii)
– Longitudinal instability
 Excessive loads, position of loads, travelling forwards down slopes, excessive speed
– Lateral stability
 Uneven loads/load position, excessive speed, travelling with raised load, negotiating slopes, uneven
ground/potholes, faulty suspension, incorrectly inflated tyres, live loads

2. Past Exam “Answer”

 (iii)
– Demarcation markings, barriers , signs
– Audible & visible warning on FLT
– ISIT
– One-way systems
– Good lighting, access & egress, no sharp corners
3. Past Exam Question
Outline the health and safety considerations when a fork-lift truck is to be used to unload palletised
goods from a vehicle parked in a factory car park
(8)
3. Past Exam “Answer”
 As question 2 a, b and c
– Cordon off or close car park
– Watch for kerbs
– Weather conditions
– Pedestrians
– Collision with other vehicles
– Pallets stacked correctly
– Stability of load – falling items
– Ground conditions
4. Past Exam Question
Outline the hazards & corresponding precautions to be taken when charging batteries for fork-lift
trucks (8)
4. Past Exam “Answer”
 Explosions & fires
– Flameproof/intrinsically safe lighting, non-conducting tools, insulating covers for hot surfaces,
overcharge protection, no-smoking or naked lights, connection procedure, designated area, immobilise FLT,
overcharge protection, signs
 Manual handling
– ISIT, lifting equipment
 Fumes
– Ventilation/extraction
 Acid burns
– PPE spill kits drench/showers & eye wash stations
5. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors that should be taken into account when planning traffic routes for internal
transport (8)
5. Past Exam “Answer”
 Demarcation, signs, mirrors, one-way systems
 Quantity of traffic, size of vehicles
 Suitability of road surfaces & widths
 Loading & unloading operations
 Segregation from pedestrians, barriers
 Speed retarders
 No sharp bends or corners, limited headroom
 Parking restrictions
 Adequate lighting
6. Past Exam Question
Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when pedestrians are required to work in vehicle
manoeuvring areas (8)
6. Past Exam “Answer”
 High visibility clothing
 Adequate lighting
 ISIT – competence
 Banks persons
 Audible/visible warnings on vehicles
 Segregation, demarcation, signs etc

7. Past Exam Question

Outline the precautionary measures to be taken to avoid accidents involving reversing vehicles within
a workplace (8)
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 Banks persons
 Proximity warning on vehicle
 Audible & visible warnings on vehicle
 CCTV in cab
 Safe system of work
 Refuge
 Physical stops
 Segregation from pedestrians, signs, demarcation
8. Past Exam Question
List EIGHT rules to follow when leaving a fork-lift truck unattended in the workplace (8)
8. Past Exam “Answer”
 Keys out policy
 Apply handbrake, chock wheels if not on level ground
 Not blocking fire exits or lanes or passing traffic, parking at corners or crossings etc
 Secure load & park remotely if load is flammable etc
 Lower mast to floor & tilt back
 Leave light on if lighting is poor

9. Past Exam Question

Outline the main precautions to be taken to ensure the safe transport of hazardous substances by
road (8)
9. Past Exam “Answer”
 Suitable container
 Markings – UN number, danger sign, class of goods, mass or volume, tremcard for emergency
services
 Name & address of consignor & consignee
 Certification
 Route planning, park in remote safe areas
 Emergency spill kits, first-aid etc
8
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS ELEMENT 08
MANUAL & MECHANICAL HANDLING
1. Past Exam Question
a) List THREE types of crane used for lifting operations (3)
b) Outline factors to be considered when assessing the suitability of a mobile crane for a lifting
operation(7)
c) Outline a procedure for safe lifting & lowering of a load by use of a mobile crane, having ensured that
the crane has been correctly selected & positioned for the job (10)
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 a) Gantry, tower, overhead
 b)SWL, certification, outriggers, working on uneven & sloping ground, height of jib e.g. overhead
power cables, vision requirements, reach of jib (air space), manoeuvrability
 c) Safe system of work, PTW, ISIT, planned by a competent person, environmental conditions,
communication, signals etc, safety helmets, high visibility jackets, cordon off area, operator visibility check
lifting tackle
2.Past Exam Question
Prepare a checklist for the safe use of suspended access equipment such as a window cleaning cradle (8)
2. Past Exam “Answer”
 Access & egress
 PPE
 Pre-use checks
 Harnesses, handrails, toe-boards
 Warn occupants
 Cordon off area below
 SWL
 Communication, emergency procedures
 ISIT competent persons
3. Past Exam Question
Outline FOUR hazards & the corresponding precautions in the use of conveyor systems for material
handling (8)
3. Past Exam “Answer”
 Hazards
– Traps or nips between moving & fixed parts, trapping in drive mechanisms, traps between conveyors
– Sharp edges
– Items falling or jamming
– Personnel riding on or taking short-cuts over
 Precautions
– Guarding to head & tail pulleys, bridges over long conveyors, complete enclosure, trip switches,
barriers, ISIT
4. Past Exam Question
With respect to manual handling operations
(i) Identify ways in which the nature of the load may present a risk of injury (4)
(ii) State FOUR factors relating to the individual that may increase the risk of injury (4)
4. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Sharp, heavy, unwieldy, hot, cold, slippery, off-set centre of gravity, shifting contents
 b)Disabled, young, elderly, gender, physical capabilities, lack of ISIT
5. Past Exam Question
In an assessment of manual handling operations, outline the factors that should be considered when
assessing (i) The task(4)
5. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Involves stooping, twisting, bending, reaching
– Repetitive, frequent or prolonged physical effort, sudden movements of the load, handling while
seated, holding the load away from the trunk
– Carrying excessive distances
6. Past Exam Question
a)List TWO types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect manual handling of loads (2)
b)Outline a good handling technique that could be adopted by a person required to lift a load from the
ground (6)
6. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Acute or chronic, strains to muscles, sprains to ligaments & tendons, prolapsed disc
 b)6 point lift – Feet shoulder width apart, check load, route etc, back straight, bend legs, slow smooth
& controlled, keep load close to the body, use a power grip, put down carefully
7. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors that should be considered in an assessment of manual handling activities (8)
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 Load
 Individual
 Task
 Environmental conditions
9
ELEMENT 09
WORK EQUIPMENT
1. Past Exam Question
In relation to machine safety outline the basic principles of each of the following types of safeguard
(i) Fixed guard (2)
(ii) Interlocked guard (2)
(iii) Automatic guard (2)
(iv) Trip device (2)
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 (i) Fixed guard
– Prevents access, minimal maintenance, permanently in place
 (ii) Interlocked guard
– Totally moveable or moveable part, allows access, if operated automatically isolated, should fail to
safety
 (iii)
– Moved into position automatically by operation of machine, thereby removing the person gently
 (iv)
– Pressure pads, optical beam etc, that switches off power before a person can approach machine

2. Past Exam Question

State the factors to be considered before introducing a new item of machinery into the workplace
(8)
2. Past Exam “Answer”
 Ergonomics
– Work space, access & egress, location, lighting, noise, heat, vibration, ejection from machine, floor
loading, means of securing machine, level of floor, fire, explosion & other hazards
 Supply of Machinery Safety Regulations 1992 as amended
– Manufacturers instructions, CE marking, technical file
3. Past Exam Question
List EIGHT non-mechanical hazards associated with machinery (8)
3. Past Exam “Answer”
 Noise & vibration
 Extremes of temperature
 Electrical
 Chemical
 Ergonomic
 Radiation
 Manual handling
 Dust & fumes
4. Past Exam Question
a) Identify with examples
TWO types of mechanical hazard associated with moving parts of machinery (2)
b) Outline a hierarchy of measures that may be used to eliminate the risk of injury from dangerous
parts of machinery (8)
4. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)(i)Entanglement, Nips, Traps, Impact, Contact, Ejection
 b)Fixed guards, other types of guards, jigs & push-sticks, ISIT
5. Past Exam Question
List TWO advantages & TWO disadvantages of a fixed machine guard (4)
5. Past Exam “Answer”
– Advantages
 Minimal maintenance, just a visual inspection
– Disadvantages
 Not practical where frequent access is required, no protection during maintenance
6. Past Exam Question
Identify FOUR mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drills & outline in EACH case how injury
may occur (8)
6. Past Exam “Answer”
 Entanglement
– Loose clothing, jewellery, long hair
 Ejection
– Swarf or work piece
 Puncture
– Contact with skin
 Contact
– Contact with skin
7. Past Exam Question
Explain, using ONE example in EACH case, FOUR requirements of the Provision & Use of Work
Equipment Regulations 1998 (8)

7. Past Exam “Answer”

 ISIT
 Lighting
 Markings
 Suitability
8. Past Exam Question
Outline the practical precautions that might need to be taken prior to the repair of a large item of
process machinery (8)
8. Past Exam Answer
 PTW as part of a SS of W
 Isolation
 ISIT
 Competent persons
 Access & egress
 Emergency procedures
 Housekeeping
 Cordon-off
 COSHH
 PPE
9. Past Exam Question
Outline EIGHT factors that may be important in determining the maintenance requirements for an
item of work equipment (8)
9. Past Exam “Answer”
 PTW as part of a SS of W
 Isolation
 ISIT
 Competent persons
 Access & egress
 Emergency procedures
 Housekeeping
 Cordon-off
 COSHH
 PPE
 Confined spaces
 Hazardous substances
 Poor environmental conditions
10
ELEMENT 10
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS
1. Past Exam Question
List the items that should be included on an inspection checklist designed to ensure the safety of
portable electrical equipment (8)
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 CE mark
 PAT label. Past inspection register
 Correct fuse rating, means of isolation, plugs, connections, casing, double insulation, RCD, sockets
not overloaded
 Pre-user checks
 Housekeeping – cables, etc

2. Past Exam Question

Outline a range of checks that should be made to ensure electrical safety of portable electrical
equipment (8)
2. Past Exam “Answer”
 CE mark
 PAT label. Past inspection register
 Correct fuse rating, means of isolation, plugs, connections, casing, double insulation, RCD, ESLV, sockets
not overloaded
 Pre-user checks
 Housekeeping – cables, etc
3. Past Exam Question
Describe options for reducing the risk of electric shock when using a portable electrical drill on a
construction site (8)
3. Past Exam “Answer”
 CE mark
 PAT label. Past inspection register
 Correct fuse rating, means of isolation, plugs, connections, casing, double insulation, RCD, ESLV, sockets
not overloaded
 Pre-user checks
 Housekeeping – cables, etc
4. Past Exam Question
a) Describe the function & limitations of a fuse as an electrical protection device
(6)
b) Explain ONE advantage that a residual current device (RCD) has over a fuse
(2)
4. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Slow acting, easily defeated, incorrect rating, only protects the equipment not people
 b)Protects person, fast acting, simple & safe for non-electrical person to re-set
5. Past Exam Question
Describe the principles of operation of the following types of electrical protection
(i) Earthing (4)
(ii) Reduced voltage (4)

5. Past Exam “Answer”

 a) Electricity will always try to reach zero potential. Since the mass of the earth is at zero
potential, electricity will track through the most conductive (least resistant) route. Wherever there is a
risk of exposed conductive materials becoming “live” under fault conditions those materials must be
bonded electrically to earth by means of a low resistance conductor. These earth connections
must be capable of carrying the maximum fault loading
5. Past Exam “Answer”
 b) Voltages less than 50 v & preferably less than 25 v in particularly hazardous environments.
These low voltages may be provided by voltagereducing transformers provided there is no electrical
contact between the primary circuit (often 240v) & the secondary circuit to which an appliance is connected.
The secondary circuit receives an induced charge & is separated from the primary by an insulating barrier
6. Past Exam Question
Outline the effects on the human body from a severe electric shock (4)
6. Past Exam “Answer”
– Fibrillation, internal & external burns, shock & medical shock, stopped breathing, secondary effects

7. Past Exam Question

Woodwork on the exterior of a two-storey office building is to be repaired during July. Preparation
work will be carried out from a mobile scaffold tower using blow-lamps, scrapers & an electrical hand-held
sander
(i) Identify the measures that should be adopted in order to protect against the dangers of people
and or materials falling from the scaffold (8)
(ii) Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk from electricity when using the portable
sander (8)
(iii) List FOUR other hazards arising from the preparation work &, for EACH hazard state the
possible means of protection (8)
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Full boarding of platforms
– Toe boards
– Handrails & intermediate rail
– Brick guards
– Correct storage of materials & kept to a minimum
– Movement of materials by mechanical means (no throwing etc)
– ISIT
– Safe access & egress (tying of ladders, I metre above platform, etc)
– Ties for tools
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)Battery operated, SELV, centre trapped transformer, RCD, double insulated
– PAT Testing
– Environmental conditions
– ISIT
– Correct use suitable for task (do not overload, misuse) & storage of sander
– Rubber soled shoes, gloves, etc
7.Past Exam “Answer”
 c)Trailing cables (routed to prevent trips/cordless tools where possible, good housekeeping
– Dust from sander (LEV, eye protection, face mask))
– Noise from sander (PPE)
– Fire from blow-lamp & paint (fire extinguisher/housekeeping/PTW)
– Cuts/abrasions from scraper & sander (gloves, etc)
– ISIT for all above
8. Past Exam Question
a) Outline
(i) The effects on the human body from a severe electric shock (4)
(ii) The emergency action to be taken if a person suffers a severe electric shock (4)
8. Past Exam “Answer”
 a) Fibrillation, internal & external burns, shock & medical shock, stopped breathing, secondary
effects
 b)Isolate supply
– Resuscitation
– Treatment of burns
– Minimise effects of shock
– Removal to hospital
9. Past Exam Question
a) Outline the dangers associated with electricity (4)
b) Outline the emergency action to take if a person suffers a severe electrical shock (4)

9. Past Exam “Answer”

 a) Burns, Shock, Arcing, Fire, Explosions
 b) Isolate supply
– Resuscitation
– Treatment of burns
– Minimise effects of shock
– Removal to hospital
11. Past Exam Question
a) Outline the precautions to take to protect against electrical contact when
(i) Excavating near underground cables (4)
(ii) Working in the vicinity of overhead power lines (4)
11. Past Exam “Answer”
 (i) Plan, locate, isolate, dig
 ii)Isolate
– Warning signs
– ISIT
– Wooden ladders
– Marked height restriction
12. Past Exam Question
Outline the main electrical hazards arising from work on a construction site (4)
12. Past Exam “Answer”
– Trailing cables, poor housekeeping – nails, bricks etc, vehicle & equipment movement, environmental
conditions, untested equipment, underground services, contact with overhead power lines
13. Past Exam Question
a) List TWO types of fire extinguisher that can be used on “electrical” fires (2)
b) Outline the measures that should be taken to minimise the risk of an “electrical” fire (6)
13. Past Exam Question
 a)Co2 & dry powder
 b)PAT testing, maintenance
– Housekeeping
– ISIT RCD
– Correct storage of flammable materials
– “Safe” equipment
11
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
ELEMENT 11
FIRE
1.Past Exam Question
Outline the main requirements of a safe means of escape from a building in the event of a fire(8)
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 Early detection
 Travel distances
 Protected routes, no obstructions
 Emergency lighting
 Place of relative safety
 Fire exits, open in right direction
 Signs
 Fire extinguishers, alarm call points
2. Past Exam Question
Outline the precautions to be taken when storing & handling flammable solvents in small containers(8)
2. Past Exam “Answer”
 Keep quantities to a minimum
 Internal storage
– Metal cabinets
 External storage
– Special designed storage room outside with top & bottom ventilation located away from other
buildings & roads etc, signs, no-smoking
 Fully labelled
 LEV, fume cupboards, dilution ventilation, PPE
 Keep away from ignition sources
3. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors to consider when carrying out a fire risk assessment of a workplace(8)
3. Past Exam “Answer”
 Means of detecting fire & raising the alarm
 Means of fighting fire
 Means of escape, travel distance, place of relative safety, protected routes
 Occupancy numbers types of people
 Type of workplace
 Practices
 Fire marshals
 Muster points
 Maintenance of the above
4. Past Exam Question
Outline reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the workplace(8)
4. Past Exam “Answer”
 Legal requirement, records of practices can verify compliance
 Familiarisation of personnel with exits, procedures, muster points
 Highlight any hazards or deficiencies in risk assessment procedure for fire
 Check that detection, alarm, extinguishing systems are working & suitable & sufficient
 Check travel distance are not too long & escape times are within limits set
 Aids in reviewing the fire risk assessment
5. Past Exam Question
State the factors that should be considered when carrying out an assessment of fire risk in the
workplace (8)
5. Past Exam “Answer”
 Means of detecting fire & raising the alarm
 Means of fighting fire
 Means of escape, travel distance, place of relative safety, protected routes
 Occupancy numbers types of people
 Type of workplace
 Practices
 Fire marshals
 Muster points
 Maintenance of the above
6. Past Exam Question
a) Identify FOUR types of ignition source that may lead to fires in the workplace (4)
 Outline ways of controlling each of the ignition sources identified in a) 4)

6. Past Exam “Answer”

 a)Smoking materials (matches cigarettes)
– Poorly maintained electrical equipment
– Friction from machinery
– Sparks/flames from welding equipment/hot work
 b)No-smoking or designated areas with sand buckets
– PAT programme
– Maintenance
– PTWs, SSW

7. Past Exam Question

 With reference to the fire triangle outline TWO methods of extinguishing fires(4)
b) State the ways in which persons could be harmed by a fire in work places(4)
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Removal of oxygen
– Reduction in temperature
 b)Asphyxiation / lack of oxygen
– Burns
– Toxic fumes
– Crushed

8. Past Exam Question

a) Explain with a suitable sketch the meaning of the term “fire triangle”)
8. Past Exam “Answer”
 a) Oxygen, ignition, heat, fuel
9. Past Exam Question
a) List TWO types of fire extinguisher that may be used on “electrical fires”(2)
b) Outline the measures that could be taken to minimise the risk of an “electrical” fire (6)
9. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Dry powder, CO2
 b)Maintenance, PAT testing
– Keep away from flammable objects, etc
– Good housekeeping (no storage of combustible materials)
– Not overloading sockets
– Correct fuse rating
– Do not coil cables when equipment is in use
10. Past Exam Question
Explain the methods of heat transfer that cause the spread of fire (8)
10. Past Exam “Answer”
 Conduction
 Convection
 Radiation
 Direct contact
11. Past Exam Question
a) Explain the meaning of the term “flash point” (2)
b) Outline the precautions to be taken to reduce the risk of fire when using flammable liquids in the
workplace

(6)
11. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Temperature at which vapours given off will ignite when subjected to an external ignition source &
will extinguish when the ignition source is removed
 b)Keep quantities to a minimum, stored in suitable closed vessels in a metal cabinet (50 litres max
indoors), outdoors fireproof or separate storeroom with top & bottom ventilation & kept cool away from
ignition sources, correctly labelled, suitable fire extinguishing equipment
12. Past Exam Question
List EIGHT rules to follow that may reduce the risk of fire starting in a workplace (8)
12. Past Exam “Answer”
 Good housekeeping
 Correct storage of flammables
 No-smoking or designated areas with sand bins
 Keep ignition sources & flammable materials apart
 Security (arson)
 Maintenance of electrical equipment
 keeping combustibles away from heaters
 ISIT
13.Past Exam Question
Outline the issues that should be included in a training programme for employees on the emergency action to
take in the event of a fire (8)
13. Past Exam “Answer”
 How to raise the alarm
 Where the fire exits are
 Where the call points & extinguishers are
 Muster point
 Don not run
 How evacuation of the premises will be conducted
 Practices
 How to fight a fire with different extinguishers?
14. Past Exam Question
a)List FOUR sources of ignition that should be considered when storing & using flammable solvents(4)
b) Identify TWO extinguishing agents that can be used on fires that involve flammable solvents AND
explain their mode of action (6)
14. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Naked flames, smoking materials, cigarettes/matches
– Mechanical friction
– Electrical sparking/arcing
– Welding
 b)Foam – smothers by creating a floating blanket, Dry powder – interferes with the chemical process
involved in burning
12
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
ELEMENT 12
CHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL
1. Past Exam Question
a) Give TWO examples of a disease resulting from biological hazards at work
(2)
b) Outline the control measures that could be used to reduce the risk of infection from ONE of the
biological hazards given in a) (6)
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Zoonoses:
 Anthrax
 Leptospirosis
 b)PPE, hygiene no eating/smoking/ISIT, pest control, immunisation, occ health
surveillance/monitoring, maintenance, air etc monitoring, cleaning/disinfection, water treatment
programme/temperature control, procedures – handling/disposal/containment
2. Past Exam Question
Inadequate lighting in the workplace may affect the level of stress amongst employees.
Outline EIGHT other factors associated with the physical environment that may increase stress at
work (8)
2. Past Exam “Answer”
 Extremes / lack of environmental conditions
– Noise / vibration, temperature, ventilation, lighting, access & egress
– Lack of maintenance
– Poor housekeeping
– Inadequate welfare facilities
– Poor ergonomics
 Layout, task, plant & equipment
3.Past Exam Question
Outline the factors to be considered when making an assessment of first-aid provision in a workplace
3. Past Exam “Answer”
 Number of persons employed
– Appointed person up to 50 office workers
 Nature of work
– High risk (engineering) low risk (offices)
– Peripatetic workers
– Transport
 Size, layout & location of the workplace
4. Past Exam Question
In relation to occupational dermatitis
(i) Identify TWO common causation agents (2)
(ii) Describe the typical symptoms of the condition (6)
4. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Solvents, acids, alkali, oils, fuels, metal salts, cement, dusts
 b)Inflammation / reddening of the skin
– Itching
– Open sores through dryness / de-fatting & breaking of the skin
– Non-contagious
4. Past Exam “Answer”
 c)EH40
– HSE Guidance
– COSHH
– CHIP
– Hazard data sheet

5. Past Exam Question

a) Identify the possible effects on health that may be caused by working in a hot environment such as a
foundry (2)
b) Outline the measures that may be taken to help prevent the health effects identified in a)
(6)
5. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Heat stress/stroke/fatigue
– Cataracts
– Dehydration/muscle cramps/confusion/disorientation
– Erythema/burns from radiant heat
5. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)Acclimatisation
– Regular breaks/refreshments
– Ventilation
– Health surveillance
– Decrease humidity
– Screens / PPE
– ISIT
6. Past Exam Question
a) Explain the term “respirable dust” (2)
b) Outline methods for measuring airborne dust in the workplace (6)
6. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Atmospheric dust of a particle size normally less than 10 microns that can enter the small air sacs
(alveoli) & lodge there
 b)Personal monitoring
– Workplace monitoring
 Dust lamp, grab sampling, dust deposits on surfaces, direct / indirect reading
7. Past Exam Question
A group of production line workers is required to check the operation of padlocks manually as the
last stage of a manufacturing process. A number of cases of work related upper limb disorders (WRULD’s)
have been reported amongst the employees
(i) Identify the typical symptoms that the affected employees would have shown (4)
(ii) Outline the specific causal factors that may have contributed to the condition (4)
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 (i)Aches & pains,numbness of hands,limb restriction,fatigue & stress
 (ii)Force used, posture adopted, repetition of work, number of rest breaks, lack of job rotation, lack
of acclimatisation
– poor ergonomics
 Environmental conditions, task, layout, equipment used
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 (iii)
– Automation
– Good ergonomics
 Task/tools & equipment design, job rotation, layout reduce speed of production, rest breaks, job
rotation
– Occupational health surveillance/pre-medical
– ISIT
8. Past Exam Question
State the health & safety risks associated with welding operations (8)
8. Past Exam “Answer”
 Health
– Fumes, respiratory diseases, asthma
– Arc eye/cataracts
– Heat stress/fatigue
– WRULD’s
– Fumes
 Safety
– Fire, explosion, burns
9. Past Exam Question
a) Define the term target organ within the context of occupational health (2)
 Outline the personal hygiene practices that should be followed to reduce the risk of ingestion of a
hazardous substance (6)
9. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Organs affected in a particular way (as primary, secondary or tertiary response) to the absorption,
inhalation, ingestion of a harmful substance
 b)Clean PPE & correct disposal, no beards or long hair, showering, hand washing, no long nails, etc,
food/smoking in designated areas
10. Past Exam Question
a) Identify the TWO main functions of first aid (2)
b)Outline the factors to consider when making an assessment of first-aid provision in a workplace (6)
10. Past Exam “Answer”
a) Preserve life & promote recovery
b) Number of persons employed
Appointed person up to 50 office workers
Nature of work
High risk (engineering) low risk (offices)
Peripatetic workers
Transport
Size, layout & location of the workplace
11. Past Exam Question
a) Identify possible routes of entry of biological organisms into the body (4)
b) Outline the control measures that could be used to reduce the risk of infection from biological
organisms(4)
11. Past Exam “Answer”
 a) Inhalation, ingestion, Absorption,injection/puncture
 b) PPE, hygiene no eating/smoking/ISIT, pest control, immunisation, occ health
surveillance/monitoring, maintenance, air etc monitoring, cleaning / disinfection, water treatment
programme / temperature control, procedures – handling / disposal / containment
12. Past Exam Question
a) Identify FOUR forms that an airborne hazardous substance may take (4)
b) Outline the advantages & limitations of using a chemical indicator (stain detector) tube to monitor the
atmospheric concentrations of hazardous substances (8)
c) State the primary effect on the body of each of the following types of hazardous substance, giving a
named example of each type
(i) Irritant (2)
 (ii) Corrosive (2)
(iii) Toxic (2)
(iv) Carcinogenic (2)
12. Past Exam “Answer”
 a) Dust, fumes, fibres, smoke, mists & fog
 b)Quick, simple & cheap, over 200 tubes for different contaminants
– No good for dusts, only a snapshot in time, have to know what the contaminant is, not used for
personal monitoring
12. Past Exam “Answer”
 c)Hydrochloric acid
 Inflammation of the internal/external surfaces of the body
– Acid
 Causes burns to skin & internal organs, etc
– Mercury
 Affects the Central Nervous System
– Asbestos
 Causes changes to cell growth causing cancer
13. Past Exam Question
Outline factors in the physical working environment that may cause a person to feel stressed at work (8)
13. Past Exam “Answer”
 Extremes / lack of environmental conditions
– Noise / vibration, temperature, ventilation, lighting, access & egress
– Lack of maintenance
– Poor housekeeping
– Inadequate welfare facilities
– Poor ergonomics
 Layout, task, plant & equipment
14. Past Exam Question
Employees working for a specialist shoe manufacturer are engaged in trimming soles by hand prior to
using a solvent based adhesive to glue them onto the shoe
(i)Describe FOUR possible adverse health effects that may be experienced by these employees (4)

(ii) Outline measures to minimise health risk both from the trimming & the gluing operation(8)

14. Past Exam “Answer”

 (i)Dermatitis
– Irritation of eyes/lungs, headaches, nausea, loss of consciousness, light-headedness, narcosis,
disorientation,psychological effects (depression, mood swings, irritability, reduced mental capacity)
– WRULDs

14.Past Exam “Answer”

 (ii)Gluing
 Substitution, minimum quantities/restrict surface area of application, good housekeeping (no open
containers/rags etc), rest breaks, RPE/PPE, good hygiene, ventilation, ISIT
– Trimming
 Automate, design of tools, ISIT
15. Past Exam Question
a) State TWO respiratory diseases that may be caused by exposure to asbestos (2)
b) Identify where asbestos is likely to be encountered in a building during renovation work(6)
15. Past Exam “Answer”
 a) Mesothelioma, asbestosis
 b) Wall cladding, ceiling tiles, boiler lagging, hot water pipe lagging, ceiling voids, roof tiles,
roof voids, wall voids
16. Past Exam Question
a)Identify TWO work activities that may give rise to work related upper limb disorders (WRULD’s)(2)
16. Past Exam “Answer”
 a) DSE work, Production line work, manual (bricklaying), mechanics,, tasks involving
repetitive gripping, twisting etc
17. Past Exam Question
a) List THREE respiratory diseases that could be caused by exposure to dust at work (3)
b) Describe the body’s respiratory defence mechanism against atmospheric dust(7)
c) Outline the control measures that may be used to eliminate or reduce dust in a work environment,
using practical examples where appropriate (10)
17. Past Exam “Answer”
 a) Silicosis, pneumoconiosis, asthma
 b) Nose hair / mucus, sneezing, coughing, turbulent motion, ciliary escalator
 c) Substitution, change process, isolate, enclosure, LEV, fume cabinet, general/dilution
ventilation,hygiene, cleaning methods, housekeeping, damping down
18. Past Exam Question
Outline specific measures designed to prevent the occurrence of occupational dermatitis (4)
18. Past Exam “Answer”
 Substitution, good hygiene, PPE, occupational health monitoring, assessment, ISIT
19. Past Exam Question
a) State the principles of EACH of the following methods used to control airborne contaminants at work
(i)Dilution ventilation (1)
(ii)Local exhaust ventilation (1)
b) Draw a labelled sketch of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system, clearly showing the main
components (6)
19. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)(i) Natural (open windows & doors) extraction fan, dilutes contaminant
– (ii) Removes the contaminant at source
20. Past Exam Question
An essential ingredient for a process is delivered in powdered form & poured by hand from bags into
a mixing vessel. Outline the control measures that might be considered in this situation in order to reduce
employee exposure to the substance (8)
20. Past Exam “Answer”
 Automation, substitution, job rotation
 Isolation
 Air monitoring
 Housekeeping
 LEV
 Reduce quantities, pellatise etc
 PPE
 ISIT

21. Past Exam Question

a) List the main components of a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system (4)
b) Outline the statutory requirements for the inspection of an LEV system (4)
21. Past Exam “Answer”
A) Extract point - hood
 Branch duct
 Primary / main duct
 Collection point / bags
 Filters
 Extract fan
 Discharge to atmosphere
B)Reg 9 of COSHH
– Schedule 4 for periodicity
– Full examination every 14 months
22. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors that may reduce the effectiveness of an LEV system (8)
22. Past Exam “Answer”
 Type of contaminant – particle size
 Lack of maintenance
 Incorrect use
 Blocked or clogged filters
 Fan connected incorrectly (blowing instead of sucking)
 Gaps in trunking
 Poor housekeeping
 Lack of ISIT
23.Past Exam Question
Outline the factors to be taken into account when undertaking an assessment of health risks from a
hazardous substance to be used in the workplace (8)
23. Past Exam “Answer”
 Toxicity of substance, quantity, particle size, solid, powder, vapour etc
 Environmental conditions
 Control measures & use of control measures
 Exposure time
 Spillages
 How work is carried our
 Number of people exposed
 ISIT
24. Past Exam Question
 Outline the factors that should be considered when carrying out an assessment as required by the
Control of Substances hazardous to health (COSHH) Regulations (6)
b) Outline the relevance of HSE Guidance Note EH40 “Occupational Exposure Limits” when carrying
out this assessment (2)

24. Past Exam “Answer”

 a)Assessing the risks from the use of the hazardous substance
– Deciding what precautions are required before using the substance
– Prevent people being exposed to hazardous substances, where this is not reasonably practicable,
control the exposure
– Make sure control measures are used & maintained & procedures followed
– Monitor exposure of personnel if necessary
– Conduct appropriate health surveillance where appropriate
– Properly inform, train & supervise employees
24. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)MELs List I
– OESs List II
– Biological
– Carcinogenic
– Risk phrases
25. Past Exam Question
Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV) systems must be thoroughly examined at least every 14 months.
Outline the routine maintenance that should be carried out between statutory examinations in order
to ensure the continuing efficiency of an LEV system (8)
25. Past Exam “Answer”
 Pre-use checks
 Visual inspection for “contaminant” deposits on surfaces etc
 Cleaning of filters, discharge vents, regular emptying of contaminant bags, hoods etc
 Checking ducting joints (contaminant deposits)
26. Past Exam Question
A fitter is employed to lay carpet tiles in a new premises using a solvent based adhesive. In relation to
the use of the adhesive in such circumstances
Outline the control methods that should be considered (4)
26. Past Exam “Answer”
 (i)Substitution, minimise quantities
– Good housekeeping (lid on container, dispose of rags etc)
– Ventilation, rest breaks
– ISIT, RPE, good hygiene, no-smoking
27. Past Exam Question
Outline the information employees should receive when there is a risk that their work will expose
them to a substance hazardous to health (8)
28. Past Exam “Answer”
 Hazard data sheet & its contents
– Spillages, toxicity, MEL, OES, etc
 use of any control measures
 Safe systems of work
 Use of PPE
 COSHH regs

13
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
ELEMENT 13
PHYSICAL & PSYCHOLOGICAL
1. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors in the physical environment that may cause a person to feel stressed at work (8)
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 Extremes of environmental conditions
– Heat, cold, noise, vibration, lighting, ventilation
– Lack of welfare facilities
 Poor ergonomics
– Poor access & egress, poor design of machinery & equipment, poor housekeeping
 Lone working on remote sites
– Lack of welfare facilities
– Isolation
2. Past Exam Question
 Identify the factors to be considered to ensure the health & safety of persons who are required to
work on their own away from the workplace (8)
2. Past Exam “Answer”
 Risk assessment & safe system of work,emergency procedures, first-aid
 Plant & equipment, access & egress
 Communication, automatic devices, phones, visits, etc
 Psychological profile, medical conditions
 Welfare facilities
 Violence & aggression (women more at risk?), young persons
 ISIT - (Information, Supervision, Instruction & Training)
3. Past Exam Question
a) Identify the main topic areas that should be included in a planned health & safety inspection of a
workplace (8)
b) With reference to the Workplace (Health, Safety & Welfare) regulations 1992, outline the
requirements of FOUR types of welfare facility that an employer must provide for his employees
(8)
c) Describe the possible enforcement actions that might be taken against an employer for failing to
provide adequate welfare facilities (4)
3. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Access & egress/workplace layout / housekeeping, welfare, workstations / seating, environmental
conditions, equipment
 b)Washing facilities, accommodation for clothing, sanitary conveniences, drinking water, Facilities to
eat meals & rest
 c)Improvement & prohibition
4. Past Exam Question
Outline the possible effects on health & safety of poor housekeeping in the workplace (8)
4. Past Exam “Answer”
 Safety
– Fires from build-up of combustible materials
– Blockage of fire exits & escape routes
– Blockage of fire lanes for fire fighting services
– Slips, trips & falls
 Health
– Biological - pest infestation
– Dusts & odours
– Toxins
– Stress

5.Past Exam Question

Outline the welfare requirements that should be considered before taking occupancy of a new office premises
(8)
5. Past Exam “Answer”
 Provision of adequate number of water closets & wash stations, adequately ventilated & cleaned
daily, separate facilities for men & women where possible
 Hot & cold running water
 Drinking water
 Provision of showers for dirty/strenuous work
 Provision of changing facilities
 Accommodation for clothing/PPE
 Eating & rest facilities
6. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors to consider when assessing the adequacy of lighting within an open plan office (8)
6. Past Exam “Answer”
 Task being carried out
 Natural daylight
 Size/type/quantity of furniture – shadows being cast
 Localised lighting where required
 Luminaires in relation to workstations
 Physical limitations of personnel (poor eyesight)
 (HSG38) lighting at work – lux levels
 Glare on work surfaces / DSE screens, etc

7. Past Exam Question

Outline the factors that should be taken into account when planning traffic routes for internal
transport (8)
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 Density of traffic use/peak times
 Lighting, signage
 One-way systems where roads are narrow
 Pedestrian crossings, pavements, barriers, segregation
 Design to keep reversing manoeuvres to a minimum
 Sped ramps, speed limit signs, route signage (visitors)
 Heavy plant used by contractors
 Blind corners/mirrors
 Avoids sharp corners/bends
 Parking facilities
8. Past Exam Question
a) Identify the types of hazard that may cause slips & trips at work (4)
6. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Trailing cables
– Poor housekeeping
– Spillages not being cleaned up immediately
– Worn/torn or loose carpets especially on stairs
– Unsuitable footwear

9. Past Exam Question

a) Give FOUR reasons why accidents may occur on staircases (4)
b) Outline the ways in which accidents on stair cases may be prevented (4)
9. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Unsuitable footwear
– Poor lighting
– Obstacles/trip hazards
– Not holding the handrail/carrying something which obscures vision
 b)Maintenance of the stairway and associated fittings
– ISIT
– Provide good lighting
– Remove all obstacles or trip hazards
10. Past Exam Question
Outline measures to be taken to prevent accidents when pedestrians are required to work in vehicle
manoeuvring areas (8)
10. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Banks-person
– CCTV/audible & visible warnings
– Turning areas to prevent reversing
– ISIT for both
– Barriers/crossings/pavements/traffic lights/signs/road markings, speed limits, etc
– Good lighting
11. Past Exam Question
Outline FOUR requirements of the Workplace (Health, Safety & Welfare) Regulations 1992 (8)
11. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Adequate lighting, temperatures, ventilation, working space, etc
– Adequate toilets, washing stations, drinking water
– Adequate accommodation for clothing, eating facilities
– Adequate access & egress, marking of traffic routes
12. Past Exam Question
a) For EACH of the following types of non-ionising radiation, identify an occupational source & state
the possible ill-health effects
(i) Infra-red radiation (2)
(ii) Ultra-violet radiation (2)
b)Identify the general methods for protecting people against exposure to non-ionising radiation (6)
12. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)(i)Furnace work
 Eye cataracts
 Erythema
 Heat stress
– (ii)Sunlight
 Skin cancer
 Heat stress
 Erythema

12. Past Exam “Answer”

 b)Time distance & shielding
– ISIT
– Health monitoring
13. Past Exam Question
a) Explain the difference between ionising & non-ionising radiation (3)
b) Describe the health effects associated with exposure to non-ionising radiation 5)

13. Past Exam “Answer”

 a)Ionising radiation which has sufficient energy cause a change in the electrical potential of an atom
or molecule & is normally particulate
– Radiant energy that does not have sufficient energy to cause ionisation in matter. It consists of
electromagnetic radiation & no particulate radiation is involved
13. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)Can cause damage to human tissue through heating effects
– Eye cataracts
– Erythema
– Heating of internal organs
– Skin cancer
– Retinal burns or corneal damage from lasers
– Arc eye
14. Past Exam Question
a)Outline the possible effects on health arising from exposure to ionising radiation (4)
14. Past Exam “Answer”
 a) Chronic
 Cancers, sterility, hereditary effects, teratogenic effect, cataracts, skin damage
– Acute
 Death, hair loss, erythema, radiation sickness

15. Past Exam Question

Identify TWO types of non-ionising radiation, giving an occupational source of EACH (4)

15. Past Exam “Answer”

– UV radiation from the sun

 Construction work or any work outdoors
– Microwaves
 Telecommunication maintenance workers
16. Past Exam Question
During routine monitoring within a factory, noise levels above 90dB(A) have been recorded
(i) Outline the possible effects on health from exposure to such noise levels (6)
(ii) Describe the factors to be considered when selecting suitable hearing protection to be
used as an interim measure to reduce employees exposure to noise (6)
(iii) Outline, with practical examples, the engineering means by which noise levels within the
factory may be reduced (8)
16. Past Exam “Answer”
 (i)Chronic – tinnitus, noise induced hearing loss, stress
– Acute – Tinnitus, temporary threshold shift, blast trauma, stress
 (ii)
– Properly selected, technically suitable, compatibility, easy to use & maintain, fits all types of person,
ISIT
 (iii)Enclose, isolation, absorption, silence
17. Past Exam Question
a) Explain the following terms in relation to noise exposure at work
(i) Noise induced hearing loss (2)
(ii) Tinnitus (2)
b) Identify FOUR limitations of personal hearing protection as a means of protecting against the effects
of noise (4)
17. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)
(i) Following exposure to high noise levels over a sustained period of time, the hair cells of the cochlea
become damaged. The result is that the threshold of hearing becomes raised, i.e. noises will not sound as
loud
(ii) Often, though not always, a result of noise exposure, tinnitus causesvarious buzzing or ringing sounds
in the ear. The sounds are continuous for long periods & can cause sleepdeprivation, it has been known to
drive people to suicide
17. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)Not effective if not worn correctly all the time
– Must be worn at all times
– Takes away control from management & relies on workers
– May mask other warning sounds, such as alarms, etc
– Compatibility with other PPE
– Needs to be maintained (& pre-use checks)
18. Past Exam Question
a) Describe the TWO main types of personal hearing protection (4)
b) Identify FOUR reasons why personal hearing protection may fail to provide adequate protection
against noise (4)
18. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Muffs – provide a total coverage of the ears with a plastic covered foam seal contained in a hard
plastic shell connected together by a headband
– Plugs – are inserted into the ear opening again connected by a headband
 b)Lack of maintenance, ISIT, incompatibility with other PPE or the person, not worn correctly or
constantly

19. Past Exam Question

A pneumatic drill is to be used during extensive repair work to the floor of a busy warehouse
(i) Identify by means of a labelled sketch, THREE possible transmission paths the noise could
take (3)
(ii) Outline appropriate control measures to reduce the noise exposures of the operators & the
warehouse staff
(5)
19. Past Exam “Answer”
 (i)Through the floor, air, walls
 (ii)Isolation, damping, absorption, silence, ISIT, time distance & shielding
19. Past Exam Question
a) Explain the meaning of the following terms in relation to noise
(i) “Frequency” (2)
(ii) “Intensity” (2)
19. Past Exam “Answer”
– Frequency – the number of oscillations of the sound wave or changes per second & is sensed as pitch
or tone & is measured in hertz
– Intensity – the amount of energy in the sound or amplitude intensity. Pure noise is a unit of pressure
& is measured in Pascal's
20. Past Exam Question
Explain the meaning of the following terms in relation to noise control
(i) Silencing (2)
(ii) Absorption (2)
(iii) Damping (2)
(iv) Isolation (2)
20. Past Exam “Answer”
 (i) Silencing
– The release of high pressure gases, steam or air causes high frequency noise by allowing for gradual
expansion (e.g. the silencers of vehicle exhausts). Noise from compressed air lines can be significantly
reduced (silenced) by allowing a low pressure stream of air to surround the high pressure jet. This has the
effect of reducing the turbulence which causes the noise
20. Past Exam “Answer”
 (ii) Absorption
– Of the sound in the workroom by means of acoustic absorbent panels on walls or suspended from the
ceiling. In large workrooms, particularly where many noises are present, much of the noise will be reflected
from the walls & ceiling. Absorbing this energy can significantly reduce the levels of noise to which people
are exposed
20. Past Exam “Answer”
 (iii)Damping
– Large panels such as inspection panels & doors to absorb vibration (e.g bonding fibres or even lead
impregnated sheets to the inside of panels
 (iv)Isolation
– Prevent noise being transmitted through the structure of the building (floor & walls) by isolating the
machinery from them. This is particularly important where the noise is in the low frequency ranges which
are most easily transmitted through structures – using anti-vibration mountings (rubber feet), flexible metal
hoses, rubber supports, flexible electrical cables
21. Past Exam Question
Explain the term “dB(A)” in relation to noise measurement (2)

21. Past Exam “Answer”

– This means that the equipment being used is set to be sensitive at the range of frequencies picked up
by the human ear, therefore mimicking it. It does this by means of a filter system which is “A” weighted

22. Past Exam Question

a) Explain the term “Daily Personal Noise Exposure (LEPd)” (3)
b) Outline the measures that should be taken under the Noise at Work Regulations 1989 when the
second action level has been exceeded (5)
22. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Read backwards, this is the daily personal exposure level of noise that can be tolerated safely within
the guidelines set out in the NAWR 1989
– The standard measure of average dose over a period of time, I.e. over an equivalent 8 hour period
 b)Reduce the noise at source, check engineering controls are maintained, ear protection is mandatory
& enforced, re-assess following significant changes
23.Past Exam Question
Outline the factors to be considered when assessing risks to the health of a user of display screen equipment
23. Past Exam “Answer”
 Ergonomics – environmental conditions, access & egress etc
 Work station equipment
 Task – rest breaks, speed of required work
 Individual
 ISIT for assessor & user/operator
24. Past Exam Question
a) Outline the possible health risks associated with working in a seated position for prolonged periods
(4)
b) Outline the features of a suitable seat for sedentary work (4)
24. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)WRULD’s/RSI, eye strain headaches, stress & fatigue, dermatitis, muscular skeletal fatigues
 b)Rotary, 5 legs, height & lumbar adjustable, arm rests
25. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors to be considered in the selection & use of personal head protection at work (8)
25. Past Exam “Answer”
 Appropriate to the risks, i.e. hairnets, bump caps, hard hat, crash helmet
 Compatibility with other equipment/PPE
 ISIT
 Ergonomics
 Adjustable
 CE marked
 Maintenance & replacement, accommodation
 Pre-user checks
26. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors to be considered in the selection of eye protection for use at work (8)
26. Past Exam “Answer”
 Appropriate to the risks, i.e. hairnets, bump caps, hard hat, crash helmet
 Compatibility with other equipment/PPE
 ISIT
 Ergonomics
 Adjustable
 CE marked
 Maintenance & replacement, accommodation
 Pre-user checks
 Appropriate to the risks, i.e.Impact, chemical splashes, molten metal splashes, dust, welding arcs,
non-ionising radiation, gas or vapour under pressure
27. Past Exam Question
Outline the main requirements of the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (8)
27. Past Exam “Answer”
 Provision, no charge
 Compatibility with other PPE
 Assessment
 Maintenance & replacement
 Accommodation
 ISIT, use
 Reporting losses or defects
 CE marking
28. Past Exam Question
Outline the factors to be considered in the correct selection of respiratory protection equipment for
use at work (8)
28. Past Exam “Answer”
 Appropriate to the risks, i.e. hairnets, bump caps, hard hat, crash helmet
 Compatibility with other equipment/PPE
 ISIT
 Ergonomics
 Adjustable
 CE marked
 Maintenance & replacement, accommodation
 Pre-user checks Type of contaminant
 Toxicity & levels of contaminant
 Hygiene

14
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
ELEMENT 14
CONSTRUCTION
1. Past Exam Question
Outline FOUR duties under the Construction of EACH of the following persons
(i) The project co-ordinator
(4)
(ii) The principle contractor
(4)
1. Past Exam “Answer”
a)Notify HSE if it is a notifiable project
– Coordinating the H&S aspects of the design & planning stage in the early stages of the H&S plan &
file
– Ensuring that designers cooperate with each other
– Be in a position to give advice
– Ensuring designer cooperate with each other
– Ensuring that a H&S plan has been prepared
– Ensuring the H&S file has been prepared, reviewed & delivered to the client on completion of the
construction work
– Etc

1. Past Exam “Answer”

b)
– Overall responsibility for H&S during the construction phase
– Ensuring cooperation between all contractors
– Coordination & evaluation of risk assessments
– Further developing the H&S plan
– Safe use of work equipment
– Only authorise competent persons allowed on site
– etc
2. Past Exam Question
Outline FOUR duties of the following persons
(i) The client (4)

2. Past Exam “Answer”

a) Appoint a planning supervisor & principal contractor
– Ensure their competence
– Provision of adequate resources for H&S
– Ensure H&S plan is in place before construction phase
– To ensure information is available
– H&S file is available for inspection

3. Past Exam Question

Woodwork on the exterior of a two-storey office building is to be repaired during July. Preparation
work will be carried out from a mobile scaffold tower using blow-lamps, scrapers & an electrical hand-held
sander
(i) Identify the measures that should be adopted in order to protect against the dangers of
people &/or materials falling from the scaffold (8)
(ii) Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk from electricity when using the portable
sander (8)
(iii) List FOUR other hazards arising from the preparation work &, for EACH hazard state the
possible means of protection
(8)
3. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Full boarding of platforms
– Toe boards
– Handrails & intermediate rail
– Brick guards
– Correct storage of materials & kept to a minimum
– Movement of materials by mechanical means (no throwing etc)
– ISIT
– Safe access & egress (tying of ladders, I metre above platform, etc)
– Ties for tools
3. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)Battery operated, SELV, centre trapped transformer, RCD, double insulated
– PAT Testing
– Environmental conditions
– ISIT
– Correct use suitable for task (do not overload, misuse) & storage of sander
– Rubber soled shoes, gloves, etc
3. Past Exam “Answer”

 c)
– Trailing cables (routed to prevent trips/cordless tools where possible, good housekeeping
– Dust from sander (LEV, eye protection, face mask))
– Noise from sander (PPE)
– Fire from blow-lamp & paint (fire extinguisher/housekeeping/PTW)
– Cuts/abrasions from scraper & sander (gloves, etc)
– ISIT for all above

4. Past Exam Question

Outline the precautions that should be taken to reduce the risk of injury when work is carried out on
a pitched (sloping) roof (8)
4. Past Exam “Answer”
 Edge protection/barriers
 Harness/fall arrest/safety netting (stop objects as well as people falling off or through roof onto
persons below)
 Crawling boards (fragile roof)
 Safe access & egress
 Check for overhead power lines
 Environmental conditions
 Good housekeeping
 ISIT
5. Past Exam Question
Outline the main precautions to be taken when carrying out excavation work (8)
5. Past Exam “Answer”
 Shoring or battering back
 Identify underground services
 Check not undermining nearby building foundations
 Keep spoil & equipment at least 1.5 m away from edge of excavation
 Monitor for lack of oxygen, toxic substances, flammable or explosive
 Stop blocks to prevent reversing vehicles falling in
 Good housekeeping
 ISIT
 Environmental conditions
6. Past Exam Question
List Eight safe practices to be followed when using a skip for the collection & removal of waste from a
construction site (8)
6. Past Exam “Answer”
 Correct loading/unloading, banks-man for reversing
 Sheet to cover contents & prevent flying debris & protection from adverse environmental conditions
 SWL not to be exceeded
 Annual full test of chains, etc
 Pre-use check
 Keep vehicle clean, i.e. use wash trench at tip site
 ISIT
 PPE

7. Past Exam Question

Outline the particular hazards that may be present during the demolition of a building (8)
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 Premature collapse
 Working at height, debris falling from height
 Dust, noise, toxic substances, asbestos
 Service utilities, underground services, (fires, explosions, electrocution,etc)
 Machinery & equipment
 Movement of heavy plant & vehicles
 Contact with overhead power lines
 Confined spaces
 Poor housekeeping
8. Past Exam Question
Mobile tower scaffolds should always be used on stable, level ground.
List Eight additional points that should be considered to ensure safe use 8)
8. Past Exam “Answer”
 Ensure wheels are braked/chocked when in use
 Do not move whilst people on tower
 Do not exceed minimum base width to height ration (3:1 outside & 3.5:1 inside) use
outrigger/stabilisers if this ratio is to be exceeded
 Toe boards, guard rails
 Access ladder within tower & on minimum bas width to avoid chance of overturning
 Access hatch in base of working platform
 SWL should be marked & not exceeded
 Inspect before use
 Measure to prevent unwanted access by children, etc
 Do not use in high winds, unless secured
 No power washing unless tied
 Overhead obstructions/power lines
9. Past Exam Question
Outline the main dangers associated with excavations on a construction site (8)
9. Past Exam “Answer”
 Premature collapse, through unsupported walls
 People, plant & machinery falling in
 Lack of oxygen; toxic, flammable substances
 Undermining of foundations of nearby buildings, etc
 Flooding
 Contact with underground services
 Fires, explosions
 Etc
10. Past Exam Question
a)Draw & label a sketch of an independent tied scaffold that has been correctly assembled (6)
b)Outline the precautions that could be taken to prevent materials falling from a scaffold whilst work is
being carried out (2)
10. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)Toe-boards
– Full boarding of working platform
– Brick-guards
– Netting
– Good housekeeping
– ISIT
11. Past Exam Question
Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the safety of children who might be tempted
to gain unauthorised access to a construction site (8)
11. Past Exam “Answer”
 2 m fencing
 No allurements
– Ladders, piles of sand, etc
 Security lighting
 Warning signs
 Visits to local schools
 Taking down ladders at end of day
 Covering all holes, pits, trenches , no vats,buts of water or other like voids, etc
 Locked compounds for fuel storage
 Correct storage of plant & equipment (no keys policy)
 Good housekeeping
 Reducing piles of sand etc, to prevent tunnelling (suffocation)
12. Past Exam Question
a) Outline FOUR ways in which a person may be injured when using a ladder at work (4)
• List the precautions that should be taken to ensure the safe use of ladders(4)
12. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Over reaching, sliding down, carrying materials
– Splinters
– Contact with overhead power lines
– Not secured or footed (falling off)
 b)75 degree angle, on firm level ground & secured, tool belt, pre-use check, ladder to be at least 1 m
above access & egress point, correct storage & cleaning, do not paint wooden ladders, use wooden if using
electrical equipment, etc, take down at end of day to prevent unwanted access
13. Past Exam Question
Outline FIVE factors that may contribute to the collapse of an independent tied scaffold (5)
13. Past Exam “Answer”
– Not enough ties,
– Insufficient bracing,
– incorrect distance apart of standards
– Overloading
– Not mounted on firm level ground
– Lack of pre-use checks &
– Lack of weekly inspection

14. Past Exam Question

Outline EIGHT health & safety precautions that should be taken when undertaking demolition work (8)
14. Past Exam “Answer”
 Full information on building structure, services, hazardous materials etc to be obtained from the
occupier or by survey by specialists
 Detailed method statement to be prepared setting out the programme of work, plant & equipment,
personnel involved, risk assessments, temporary supports, public protection measures
 Competent supervisor appointed
 CDM
 Asbestos removed by specialist contractors
 Identification of underground & building services
 Good housekeeping
 Dust suppression
 PPE for noise, dust, cuts, etc (ISIT)
 Controlled step-by step identifying load bearing structures

15
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
ELEMENT 15
INVESTIGATING ETC - ACCIDENTS
1. Past Exam Question
An employee has been seriously injured in an accident at work
a) Outline the immediate actions to be taken following the accident (6)
b) Outline the reasons why the accident should be investigated 6)
c) Identify FOUR parties, other than the employer who may want to
investigate the accident giving reasons in EACH case
(8)
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Treat person if safe to do so, ring for an ambulance & send to hospital, inform dependants
– Make area safe & cordon off ensuring scene is not disturbed
– Notify Enforcement Authority
– Speak to any eye witnesses
1. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)To contain in report to Ministry of Labour / Municipality under the reporting of incidents, diseases
and Dangerous Occurrences local requirements (Order) etc
– Employers liability insurance (‘all cover’ claims insurance
– To defend civil claims for compensation
– To find immediate & underlying causes of accident to prevent a reoccurrence

1. Past Exam “Answer”

 c)Municipality / Department of Labour
 To see if employer is in breach of legislation etc (Federal, Local, etc).
– Trade union/non-trade union / workplace safety rep
 To look after interest of it members / fellow employees
– H&S Department
 To ascertain any deficiencies in safety management system, etc, defend civil claims
– Line Manager
 To check if safe systems of work ok & being used.

2. Past Exam Question

 Giving reasons in EACH case, identify FOUR categories of persons who may be considered a useful
member of an internal accident investigation team (8)
2. Past Exam “Answer”
 Municipality / Ministry of Labour Inspectors
– To see if legal requirements were being complied with & help with best practice & give useful advice
 H&S Practitioner/Department
– To give competent advice & see if any failings in safety management system
 Management
– To show commitment to rest of employees
 Supervisor
– Expertise on how job is carried out & knows personnel

3. Past Exam Question

With reference to Reporting of Injuries, Diseases & Dangerous Occurrences relating to Local /
Federal requirements
i) List FOUR types of major injury (4)
ii) Outline the procedures for reporting a major injury to an enforcing authority
(4)

3. Past Exam “Answer”

 A)
– Any fracture, other than to fingers, thumbs or toes
– Any amputation
– Dislocation of the shoulder, hip or knee
– Loss of sight (temporary or permanent)
 b)Immediately by phone, fax, by the responsible person
– Follow up with report in appropriate format within 7 days
4. Past Exam Question
Outline the immediate & long term actions that should be taken following a serious accident at work
4. Past Exam “Answer”
– Treat person if safe to do so, ring for an ambulance & send to hospital, inform dependants
– Make area safe & cordon off ensuring scene is not disturbed
– Notify Enforcement Authority
– Speak to any eye witnesses
– Take photographs, statements and measurements
5. Past Exam Question
Outline the information that should be included in an accident investigation report form(8)
5. Past Exam “Answer”
 Who, what ,where ,how, why?
– Environmental conditions, plant & equipment, materials, people
 Witness statements
 Cause of injury
 Immediate & underlying causes of accident
 Recommendations
6. Past Exam Question
a) Identify TWO diseases that are reportable under the Reporting
requirements of Local / Federal legislation(2)
 b) Explain how an employer may determine whether an employee’s ill-health is reportable under
the Reporting requirements of local / Federal legislation c)
Outline the steps for reporting a reportable disease (2)
6. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Tetanus
– Chrome ulceration of the nose or throat or the skin of the hands or forearm
 b)Confirmed in writing by medical practitioner
– By referring to the identified list appearing in Federal and Local Laws and or Orders - these list a
number
– Determining if it is occupational related
 c)
– Quickest practical means (telephone, fax)
– Follow up within 7 days on an appropriate form or in the recommended report format
7. Past Exam Question
Outline the key points that should be covered in a training session for employees on the reporting of
accidents / incidents (8)
7. Past Exam “Answer”
 Local legal requirement under Federal Law and or Local Orders
 Contents of Federal Law and or Local Orders
 Reduction of accidents & improvement in H&S
– Ethical, legal & financial
 Identifying immediate & more importantly root / underlying causes
 No blame culture / user friendly, management action
 Layout of respective reporting form
 Who to report to within workplace
8. Past Exam Question
Outline reasons why employers should keep records of accidents at work & cases of occupational
disease (8)
8. Past Exam “Answer”
 Legal requirements
 To defend civil claims
 Employers liability insurance
 For statistical purposes, trends, analysis
 For improving risk assessment process & H&S management system
 To show commitment to employees
9. Past Exam Question
Outline the reasons for reporting accidents at work (8)
9. Past Exam “Answer”
 Mitigate chances of prosecution from the enforcement authorities
 Legal requirement under Federal Law and or Local Orders
 Defend civil claims
 Employers Liability Insurance requirements
 To determine immediate & underlying / root causes
 To produce statistics, trends, analysis
 To improve H&S
10. Past Exam Question
a) Explain the differences between the immediate causes & the root causes of an accident(4)
b) With reference to an accident involving an operator who comes into contact with a dangerous
part of a machine, describe
(i) The possible immediate causes and
 (ii) The possible root (underlying) causes (16)
10. Past Exam “Answer”
 a)Immediate
 Fault of person, unsafe act
– Root
 Why was person not following SOP,s
10. Past Exam “Answer”
 b)(i)Removal of guard, not paying attention, distracted, poor env conditions, poor ergonomics
– (ii)Lack of Information, Instruction, Training, Supervision, poor H&S culture, lack of maintenance of
equipment & workplace, poor design, no safe system of work (ergonomics)
11. Past Exam Question
Explain the reasons for reporting accidents at work (8)
11. Past Exam “Answer”
 Mitigate chances of prosecution from the enforcement authorities
 Legal requirement under Federal Law and or Local Orders
 Defend civil claims
 Employers Liability Insurance requirements
 To determine immediate & underlying / root causes
 To produce statistics, trends, analysis
 To improve H&S