CUTNELL – WEBLINKS

Chapter One: Introduction and Mathematical Concepts

The International System of Weights and

Measures (SIPM)

National Research Laboratory of

Metrology, Japan.

http://www.nrlm.go.jp/keiryou-e.html

This is the official site of Japanese

Standards. It shows how each of the
seven bases or Standard SI units are
defined. Pictures of the SI standard units
are included.

Other interesting metric sites are The

National Institute of Standards and
Technology's Metric Page and Russ
Rowlett's site of The International System
of Weights and Measures (SIPM), a basic
introduction to the metric system.

Vectors Tutorial

Department of Physics, University of Guelph,

Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

http://helios.physics.uoguelph.ca/
tutorials/vectors/vectors.html

A tutorial on vectors with vector addition,

resolution into components, and more. Great
pictures with colored vectors, as well as a
simulation of vector addition.
 Vector Arithmetic Java Applet

Department of Physics & Astronomy

University of Kentucky
Lexington, KY.

http://www.pa.uky.edu/~phy211
/VecArith/

Written by Vladimir Sorokin, this is the

best vector arithmetic simulation around.
The simulation breaks the vectors into
components and the addition or
subtraction of the vectors is shown
visually as well as mathematically. This
nicely complements the Guelph site
above.

Chapter 1 Nature of Science

Science for All Americans

Project 2061

http://www.project2061.org/
tools/sfaaol/chap1.htm

Chapter 1 of Science for All Americans, is an

excellent introduction to the nature of science. As
a part of Project 2061, it was written to increase
scientific literacy. Project 2061 is a long-term
initiative of the American Association for the
Advancement for Science.
 The Magnitudes of Physics

Compiled by George Goth, Skyline

College, San Bruno, CA. Table
conversion to HTML by John C.
Lahr, Alaska Seismic Studies.

http://smccd.net/accounts
/goth/MainPages/magphys.htm

This compilation is a table of

various magnitudes of different
numbers, from the diameter of
human hair to the mass of the
Milky Way. An updated version of
The Magnitudes of Physics was
included as in insert in the
December, 1996, issue of The
Physics Teacher, a publication of
the American Association of
Physics Teachers.

Freshman Chemistry Math Review

Materials

Chemistry Department, University of

Massachusetts, Dartmouth, MA.

http:http://www.old.umassd.edu/
1Academic/CArtsandSciences/
Chemistry/Catalyst/
catalyst.html

Although written for Chemistry, this site

contains useful information for physics
students. The Math Review Materials
includes the powers of ten, units: the
factor-label method, significant figures
and an algebra review. Each review
contains a variety of questions for which
solutions are available.
Study Tips for Introductory Physics Students

Compiled and edited by Dan Styer, Physics

Department, Oberlin College, OH.

http://www.oberlin.edu/physics/dstyer/
StudyTips.html

This site contains tips that Oberlin College

Physics faculty have found useful, particularly
for students in introductory physics courses.
These tips and suggestions will take more
time and effort than a casual reading of the
text, but should pay off with a better
understanding of physics and an increased
confidence on exams. Sections on solving
Physics problems and the selection of
Physics problems are also included.
 Chapter Two: Kinematics in One Dimension

Galileo and the Mathematics of Motion

Based on "The Art of Renaissance Science:

Galileo and Perspective," a videotape by
Joseph W. Dauben, CUNY Graduate Center
and Lehman College.

http://www.mcm.acu.edu/academic/
galileo/ars /arshtml/mathofmotion1.html

Examines Galileo's experiments with the

inclined plane to study acceleration and
gravity, which shows the development of a
mathematical study of acceleration.

Galileo Galilei (1546-1642)

An exhibit from the Institute and Museum of

the History of Science, Florence (Firenze),
Italy.

http://galileo.imss.firenze.it/museo/
b/egalilg.html

This site describes the life of Galileo,

particularly his work on scientific theory,
projectile kinematics, astronomy, telescopy,
thermoscopy and the pendulum clock.
Artifacts from his life and experiments, as well
as his preserved right middle finger are quite
interesting. Additional historical information on
Galileo is found in the Rice Catalog of the
Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th
Centuries.
 The Interactive Physics Problem Set

contains almost 100 practice problems.

Created by Andy Elby and Paul Manly for
U.C. Berkeley's Instructional Technology
Program. Chapter 3 contains seven practice
problems for 1-D motion.

http://socrates.berkeley.edu:7521/
projects/IPPS/Ch3/index.html

The practice problems are accompanied by

detailed solutions and Interactive Physics II
computer experiments. The computer
experiments only run on Macintosh
computers that have Interactive Physics II
installed but MPEG movies are available for
many of the experiments.

One-Dimensional Kinematics

A physics tutorial from The Physics

Classroom Tutorial, at Glenbrook South High
School in Glenview, IL.

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/
gbssci/phys/Class/1DKin/1DKinTOC.html

Originally written for high school physics

students by Tom Henderson, science teacher
at Glenbrook South High School. A good
introduction to one-dimensional motion with
checking questions, animations, graphs, etc.
to help the student understand 1-D motion.

One Dimensional Motion Simulator

produced by Masatoshi Ito, Department of

Physics,
Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.

http://www.nep.chubu.ac.jp/~nepjava/
javacode/OneDimMotion/
FreeFallOfABody.html

This applet simulates a ball in free fall and

displays a position vs. time graph, etc. The
 conditions including gravity. For other applets,
check out the Table of Contents with many
different scenarios for 1-D motion.

Chapter Three: Kinematics in Two Dimensions

Motion along a Curve

by engAPPLETS from Virginia

Tech, Blacksburg, VA

http://www.engapplets.vt.edu/
dynamics/curveMotion/
curve/curveMotion.html

Animation of a particle motion in

three coordinate systems
(Cartesian, Polar and Normal)
along with the components of
velocity and acceleration.
engAPPLETS is an Applets for
Engineering Education project
funded by the National Science
Foundation with William
Devenport, Rakesh Kapania,
Kamal Rojiani, Kusum Singh.

Projectile Motion

By Prof. Andy Gavrin , Department of

Physics, at Indiana University Purdue
University at Indianapolis (IUPUI), IN..

http://webphysics.iupui.edu/
152/152f02/152Basics
/projectiles/projectiles.html

Nice introduction to motion in two dimensions

with a movie. Part of WebPhysics, a network
of resources for introductory physics teaching.
 Cannon Java Applet

Virtual Laboratory at the University

of Oregon Department of Physics
and Astronomy.

http://jersey.uoregon.edu/vlab
/Cannon/index.html

This simulator allows you to fire

cannonball projectiles, varying
their launch parameters, air
resistance and gravity, and
observing resulting trajectories.

Galileo's Analysis of Projectile Motion

Based on "The Art of Renaissance Science:

Galileo and Perspective," a videotape by
Joseph W. Dauben, CUNY Graduate Center
and Lehman College.

http://www.mcm.acu.edu/academic/
galileo/ars /arshtml/mathofmotion2.html

Examines Galileo's experiments with the

inclined plane on a table, which were used to
study projectile motion. Galileo correctly
reasoned that projectile was subject to two
independent motions, and these combine to
provide a parabolic curve.

Speed and Acceleration

By Ian Littlewood, Department of

Physics, California State University,
Stanislaus, Turlock, Ca

http://plabpc.csustan.edu/
general/tutorials/LinearMotion
/Drive/Drive.htm

The applet shows the motion of a car,

being driven along a straight road.
Acceleration of the car is controlled
using the scrollbar. Velocity and
acceleration as well as speed are
shown.
 Relative Velocity

Created by Andrew Duffy, Boston University

Physics Department.

http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/java/RelV2.html

A nice simulation of the classic relative

velocity problem with the speedboat, river and
current and boat angle. Part of Physlab ,
created by Ali Loewy and Andrew Duffy at
Boston University.

Chapter Four: Forces and Newton's Laws of Motion

Free Body Diagrams Tutorial

University of Guelph Department of

Physics.

http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/
tutorials/fbd/FBD.htm

A tutorial on free body diagrams that

includes situations involving gravitation,
the normal force, friction, push/pull and
tensions. Each situation has Free Body
Diagram (FBD) sketches and a detailed
analysis. There is also a three level
graphic-based FBD self-testing quiz which
is elaborate but a little slow. This tutorial is
part of the Physics Tutorials at the
University of Guelph, Dpearment of
Physics

Exploring Gravity

Tutorial written by Mariusz Kovler, School of

Physical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth,
Australia.

http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/
dept/phys-sci/gravity/index2.htm

This tutorial covers a range of topics,

including Newton's Law of Gravitation,
rotational and satellite motion, Kepler's Laws,
gravitational potential energy, and modern
physics application of gravitation (Black Holes
and gravitational waves.
 Sir Issac Newton (1643-1727)

Online biography, MacTutor History of

Mathematics archive, School of Mathematical and
Computational Sciences University, St Andrews
University, Scotland.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/
~history/Mathematicians/Newton.html

Newton's life and work in mechanics, optics,

gravitation, and calculus, are described. There is
an extensive set of materials describing Newton's
theory of gravitation and the calculation of orbits
in particular. Additional information on Newton is
found in the Rice Catalog of the Scientific
Community in the 16th and 17th Centuries.

Inclined Planes and Frictional Forces

Virtual Laboratory, University of Oregon,

Eugene, OR.

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/nsf/friction.html

A simulation measuring and describing

friction between a block and an inclined
plane from the Virtual Lab.
 Newton's Cannon

Based on a marvellous woodcut from Newton's

Principia Philosophiae naturalis principia
mathematica, this JAVA applet lets one see how
a cannon fired from a mountaintop can be placed
into orbit.

http://www.physics.purdue.edu/class/
applets/NewtonsCannon/newtmtn.html

Satellite orbital motion as predicted in 1687.

Forces, Inertia and Accelerations...

Cockpit Physics at the US Air

Force Academy, Colorado Springs,
CO.

http://www.usafa.af.mil/dfp/
cockpit-phys/cp_home.htm

The USAFA's Cockpit Physics

curriculum teaches introductory
physics via airforce and military
applications. This is a very
complex site which contains
investigatory activities, theoretical
descriptions and quicktime movies
related to learning about forces,
Newton's Laws, free fall, and
gravitation.
Chapter Five: Dynamics of Uniform Circular Motion

Satellite Orbits

Interactive NASA Observatorium

on satellite orbits and Kepler's
Laws tutorial.

http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/
nasa/education/reference/orbits
/orbits.html

Pictures from Newton's Principia

and three user-controllable
JAVAscript simulations (one for
each of Kepler's Laws) nicely
illustrate satellite motion.
 Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

Online biography from the MacTutor History of

Mathematics archive at the School of
Mathematical and Computational Sciences,
University of St Andrews, Scotland.

http://www-groups.dcs.stand.ac.uk/
~history/Mathematicians/Kepler.html

Kepler was the last scientific astrologer and first

modern astronomer. He worked on geometry,
calculus and orbital mechanics. There is an
extensive set of materials describing the
calculation of orbits available. Additional
information on Kepler is found in the Rice Catalog
of the Scientific Community in the 16th and 17th
Centuries.

Satellite Tracking

This site tells you all about the

business of launching shuttles,
near earth and geosynchronous
satellites.

http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/
academy/rocket_sci/
rocket_sci.html

Check out the the satellite page

with the J-Track satellite tracking
applet to see what's orbiting now,
where it is and when you can next
see it in the night sky from your
 clock and weather map too.

Physics of Racing Series

Articles by Brian Beckman,

amateur racer and physicist.

http://www.miata.net/sport/Physics/

Articles describing the physics of

automobile racing, including
discussions of traction, cornering
and centripetal acceleration. Also a
brief AAA article Physics for
Drivers.

Banked Curves

NC School of Science and

Mathematics tutorial on banked
curves

http://courses.ncssm.edu/physics/
physlets/CURVE/curveintro.htm

See also curve banking for roller

coasters

http://www.vast.org/vip/book/
CURVES/HOME.HTM

Chapter Six: Work and Energy

 Exploring Gravity

Online tutorial written by Mariusz Kovle,

School of Physical Sciences, Curtin
University, Perth, Australia.

http://www.curtin.edu.au/curtin/
dept/phys-sci/gravity/index2.htm

This tutorial covers a range of topics,

including Newton's Law of Gravitation,
rotational and satellite motion, Kepler's
Laws, gravitational potential energy, and
modern physics application of gravitation
(Black Holes and gravitational waves).

Roller Coaster Physics

Annenberg/CPB's Amusement Park

Physics:

http://www.learner.org/exhibits/
parkphysics/

Design your coaster using the

conservation of Work and Energy. This
site includes a collection of links
discussing roller coaster history, coaster
phenomena, and a roller coaster
database.

Also see Tony Wayne's RCP site:

http://www.vast.org/vip/book/
HOME.HTM
 Physics of Archery

These sites discuss the

physics of archery.

http://www.stortford-archers
.org.uk/medieval.htm

http://mrfizzix.com/archery/

http://www.student.
utwente.nl/~sagi/artikel/

An article by Dr. Randall

Peters describing the
nonlinear forces for a
compound bow.

Energy, Power and Metabolism

Lecture notes compiled by MJ Alport,

University of Natal on the energy content of
food.

http://www.nu.ac.za/physics/1M2002/
Energy%20work%20and%20power.htm

Also a short article on the chemistry of

aerobic respiration by J.B. Calvert.

Work & Energy

A Multimedia Physics Studio tutorial

by StudyWorks! online.

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/
mmedia/energy/se.html

Includes descriptions of skiing,

pendulum, roller coasters, motion on
an incline and skidding.
 Chapter Seven: Impulse and Momentum

Elastic Collisions

by Professor Mark Sutherland,

University of Toronto.

http://thorin.adnc.com/~topquark/fun
/JAVA/collision/collision.html

Control the ratio of initial to final

velocity in a collision between two
equal and elastic point masses.
Displacement is plotted in both the
target rest and center of mass
frames.

Professor Sutherland has a

collection of physics applets and
tutorials at fun@learning.physics.

Conservation of Linear
Momentum

Tutorial from Java Lab

at the University of
Oregon Department of
Physics.

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/
nsf/mo.html

Accelerate a rail car

with cannon shots;
collide rail cars all in 1D.

Momentum and Collisions

A Multimedia Physics Studio

tutorial by StudyWorks! online.

http://www.physicsclassroom.
com/mmedia/momentum
/cba.html

Includes descriptions,
animations and prblems on
various collisions, mostly in 1D,
but with one 2D traffic bender.
Momentum Conservation in Different
Inertial Frames

Another insightful JAVA Applet by

Fu-Kwun Hwang, Department of
Physics, National Taiwan Normal
University.

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/
collision1D/collision1D.html

from his collection at the NTNU

Virtual Physics Laboratory.

Physics of Auto Crashes

Several excelent sites:

http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/index.html

http://www.mchenrysoftware.com/genintro.html

http://www.tarorigin.com/art/Lmartinez/

The last includes online portions of a fully-

downloadable reference text -- the Accident
Investigation Manual for Patrol Officers by Officer Luis
Martinez.
 Chapter Eight: Rotational Kinematics

The Physics of Roller Coasters Book

by Tony Wayne, VIP Physics Pavilion.

http://www.vast.org/vip/book/
HOME.HTM

This book shows a simplified view of the

design considerations and science a
mechanical/civil design engineer must know
when designing a roller coaster. It includes
labs, assignments to be done at an
amusement park, hands on design of a
roller coaster, and more. Looks like 150+
pages of fun and physics.

Physics of Bowling Balls

By David C. Yerry of Mission

Research Center,
Los Angeles, USA.

http://mrcla.com/bowling/
bowling-pres/sld001.htm

Figure-intensive slide presentation

discusses strike angle, ball paths,
lane friction, ball hook, reactive
resinand commercial ball
development.

Position, Velocity and Acceleration

in Uniform Circular Motion

by E. Sternin, Dept of Physics, Brock

University.

http://www.physics.brocku.ca/faculty/
sternin/120/applets/CircularMotion/

ThisJAVA applet animates the

relationship amongst r,v, delta-v, a, and
delta-a vectors in uniform circular
motion.
 Geostationary Orbits

By Neal McLain, CSBE, SBE

Chapter 24,
Madison, WI

http://www.sbe24.org/techdocs
/Geosat/satgeom2.asp

This link is to the second article in a

series about geostationary orbits
(i.e. the orbit that allows
communications satellites to remain
at fixed points in the sky). The
second article describes the
geometry of the geostationary orbit.
The series includes notes on
antennas, pointing angles, Clarke,
Kepler, etc.

Physics of Gymnastics

These sites discuss the physics of

gymnastics.

http://www.angelfire.com
/sc2/physics212/

http://www.geocities.com
/bright_effect/physics.html

http://www.needham.mec.edu
/High_School/cur/mphy/np/gym.html

All of these sites were produced by

students.

The site A Physics Interpretation of the

Front Handspring Vault has annoying pop
up menus but the site is worth it.
 Chapter Nine: Rotational Dynamics

Blocks and Center of Gravity

By Fu-Kwun Hwang, National

Taiwan University, Department
of Physics.

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/
~hwang/block/block.html

The classic physics

demonstration and problem:
four uniform blocks on the top
of the table. How far can the
blocks be extended and still
remain stable?

The Physics of Dance

By George Gollin, in the

Department of Physics, University
of Illinois at Urbana Champagne

http://web.hep.uiuc.edu/home
/g-gollin/dance/dance_physics.html

Figure-intensive slide presentation

discusses torque, angular
momentum, center of gravity, etc.
This work was inspired by Kenneth
Laws' The Physics of Dance.

Rotational Motion

University of Guelph Department of Physics.

http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/
tutorials/torque/Q.torque.html

A tutorial on rotational motion that includes

torque, angular acceleration, rotational
equilibrium and Right Hand Rule. There are
sample problems and a self-test. This tutorial is
part of the Physics Tutorials at the University of
Guelph, Dpearment of Physics
 Conservation of Angular
Momentum in Skating

By Deborah King, Ellen

Kreighbaum, Carolyn Petrie Sharp,
& George Tuthill at Montana State
University, Bozeman MT

http://btc.montana.edu/olympics
/physbio/biomechanics/cam-
intro.html

This is part of the Winter Olympics:

Sports & Science course at MSU,
which uses examples from winter
sports to learn about science
including physics and
biomechanics. Figure skating is
used to demonstrate the concepts
of projectile motion and
conservation of angular
momentum.The site includes
problems based on videos clips
and solutions.
Chapter Ten: Elasticity and Simple Harmonic Motion

Damped Harmonic Motion

by Professor Mark Sutherland,

University of Toronto.

http://thorin.adnc.net/~topquark
/fun/JAVA/dho/dho.html

Control the initial amplitude and

damping coefficient for a mass
attached to a spring. Displacement,
velocity and energy versus time are
plotted.

Professor Sutherland has a

collection of physics applets and
tutorials at fun@learning.physics.

The Simple Harmonic Oscillator

by Dan Russell, at Kettering University in

Flint, MI .

http://www.kettering.edu
/~drussell/Demos/SHO
/mass.html

One of many excellent animations at

Russell's Acoustics and Vibration
Animations. This page shows a derivation
of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator (SHO)
including an animated gif showing the
simple harmonic motion of three
undamped mass-spring systems.
 Waves and Sound

from the ExploreScience site of

Raman Pfaff at the University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor.

http://www.explorescience.com
/activities/Activity_page.cfm?
ActivityID=22

In order to use this site you must

download and install the
Macromedia Shockwave Plug-in on
your computer.

This activity allows you to compare

a simple pendulum and a simple
harmonic oscillator. You can control
the mass on each as well as the
lengh and spring constant. The
really fun part comes with controling
the acceleration due to gravity and
making it different than Earth's.

Spring Pendulum

by Walter Fendt, Augsburg, Germany.

http://www.walter-fendt.de
/ph14e/
springpendulum.htm

Control the mass, spring constant and

amplitude of a mass hung on a spring.
Displacement, velocity, acceleration force
or energy vs time can be plotted in real
time. The applet allows you to experiment
and determine the relationship between
these variables and the period.

Herr Fendt has a collection of other

physics applets on his site.
 Chapter Eleven: Fluids

Buoyant Force in Liquids

by Dr. Walter Fendt, Augsburg, Germany.

http://www.walter-fendt.de/ph14e/
physengl/buoyforce.htm

Lower blocks of various densities into a fluid

whose density you control. The force necessary
to support the block while lowering it is shown. A
nice simulation lab for Archimedes' Principle.

Dr. Fendt has a collection of physics applets on

his site.

Aeronautical Learning Laboratory for

Science Teachnology and Research
(ALLSTAR)

NASA ALLSTAR Network

Consortium.

http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/Default.htm

A site dedicated to the instruction of

flight-related history and the physical
principles of flight. The Principles of
Aeronautics sections include
diagrams, activities and Macromedia
animations of all physical principles
of flight including airfoils, propellers,
Bernouilli's Principle, control
surfaces and paper airplanes,
navigation, meteorology, propulsion,
Charles' and Boyles' Laws, and
more.
 Laboratories of Flight : Wind Tunnels

by NASA Langley Research Center.

http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/aero
/tunnel/tunnel_main.html

Wind tunnels play a major role in the

design and development of virtually
all aircraft flying today. Come take a
tour and learn about their origins and
how they work.

Here are two other sites containing

wind tunnel simulations. The first is
the The Java Virtual Wind Tunnel by
David Y. Oh at the Computational
Aerospace Sciences Laboratory, MIT
and Wind Tunnels by SWE for K-12
education.

The Heart: An Online

Exploration

Online exhibition at the

NASA ALLSTAR Network
Consortium.

http://www.fi.edu/biosci
/heart.html

A site devoted to the most

important pump and fluid in
your life. The structure and
development of the heart as
well as cardiac health are
presented at length. A killer
reference site, the medweb
cardiology site is referenced
here.
 Beginner's Guide to Aerodynamics

by NASA Glenn Research Center .

www.grc.nasa.gov
/WWW/K-12/airplane/bga.html

An introduction to aerodynamics which covers

a just about everything including a simulation
SimFoil where you can investigate how an
aircraft wing produces lift including the object,
the motion and the air..

Bernoulli's Equation

by Open Teach Group .

http://www.openteach.com
/javaapplets/Bernoulli.html

This is a basic simulation

demonstrating Bernoulli's Equation
where you can change the
diameters of tubes and observe the
changes in pressure and in flow
rate. Open Teach has a collection of
applets for math and science.
 Chapter Twelve: Temperature and Heat

About Temperature

Beverly Lynds, Skymath Liaison, Unidata

Program Center, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder,
CO.

http://unidata.ucar.edu/staff/blynds/tmp.html

This temperature tutorialx was written for

Project Skymath. The tutorial contains a
historical development of temperature and the
kinetic theory and includes the temperature of
the universe.
There are lots of links to other sites including
NASA's Cosmic background Explorer
Satellite.

Temperatures on Other Planets

by By Mars Global Surveyor Radio Science Team , at

Stanford and NASA.

http://nova.stanford.edu
/projects/mgs/mars-profiles.html

The Mars Global Surveyor has been mapping the

temperatures on Mars since March 1999. Contains
various thermo-maps of Mars ranging over this time.
The high temperature on Mars is a balmy 10 degrees
Celsius. Also see Venus.

Thermometers

By Thomas Kenny at the ME Design

Division, Stanford University, CA.

http://design.stanford.edu/Courses/me220
/lectures/lect08/lect_8.html

A lecture from an ME class, giving an

overview of basic techniques for sensing
temperature, and study some product
examples. Also a brief derivation of how
to measure heat flow, including resolution
of the system.
Also see Temperature World.
 Phase Transition Temperatures

by W. Bauer, Michigan State University.

http://lectureonline.cl.msu.edu
/~mmp/period/phase.htm

Applet for visualizing the known melting

and boiling temperatures for all elements.
Shown is the periodic table, where all
elements are color-coded: blue for solids,
yellow for liquids, and red for gases. The
elements in white do not have stable
isotopes, and their phase transition
temperatures are not known.

Mr. Bauer has a collection of other

physics applets on his site.

Conductivity of Different Materials

By Bruce Grossan at Lawrence Berkeley

National Laboratory's World Wide Web
server for the Supernova Cosmology Project.

http://www.kie.berkeley.edu
/people/bruce/therm_demo1a.html

The image shows what happens when you

pour the same amount of hot water into two
cups, one made of high-conductivity metal
and the other made of low-conductivity
ceramic. The temperature of the water inside
of the mugs at the start is the same, the
temperature of boiling water. Watch the
temperature change.
 Chapter Thirteen: The Transfer of Heat

Candle Flames in Microgravity

NASA pages discussing the USML Experiment.

http://zeta.lerc.nasa.gov/expr/candle2.htm

The burning of a candle relies on thermal convection to

carry away waste gas and draw in fresh oxygen.
Convection is possible due to the differing densities of
gases at different temperatures in a gravitational field.
Hence, the study of candle flams in microgravity (near-
zero gravity) is an area of rich and unusual
phenomena.

Blackbody Radiation

The Virtual Laboratory (G. Bothun),

University of Oregon, Eugene, OR.

http://zebu.uoregon.edu/nsf/planck.html

Select a temperature between 3000

and 10,000 degrees, and see the
Planck spectrum for that temperature
plotted. Stars have a radiation pattern
which is governed largely by this
formula. The user can perform
photometry on that curve by selecting
either a blue, green, or red filter.

Convection

from Science Lab at Kangwon National

University in South Korea.

http://www.kangwon.ac.kr
/~sericc/sci_lab/physics
/conduction/convection.html

This applet is written in Korean and English

so some parts don't translate. The bottom
slider controls the position of the heat source.
You can turn the heat off and on by clicking in
the box. As the particles heat up, they change
color from blue to red.
 Conduction in a Solid

from Science Lab at Kangwon National

University in South Korea.

http://www.kangwon.ac.kr
/~sericc/sci_lab/physics
/conduction/conduction.html

This applet is written in Korean and English

so some parts don' t translate. The applet on
the left shows the conduction in a solid bar
and the applet on the right shows convection
in a gas. Above the bar is a graph showing
the temperature at each point on the bar.
Note you can start, stop and pause. You can
turn off the heat applied to the end of the bar.

Conduction from Solid to Solid

from Science Lab at Kangwon National

University in South Korea.

http://www.science.or.kr
/lee/physics/conduction_convection
/conduction_convection.html

This applet is written in Korean and English

so some parts don't translate. The applet on
the left shows the conduction from a solid
block to a solid block and the applet on the
right shows convection in a gas. The red solid
block is at a hot temperature and the blue
solid block is at a cold temperature. You can
bring the two blocks into contact by pressing
the control with ?|| and reset by using the ?
control. Below the bars is a graph showing
the temperature at each point on the bars.
Chapter Fourteen: The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory

Ideal Gas

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National Taiwan

University Department of Physics.

http://webphysics.ph.msstate.edu/
javamirror/ntnujava/idealGas/
idealGas.html

Control pressure, volume and number of

particles as well as the average particle
velocity an ideal gas. Can you confirm the
ideal gas law by manipulating these
quantities and observing?
 Thermodynamic Applets

The Virtual Laboratory (G.

Bothun), University of
Oregon, Eugene, OR.

http://jersey.uoregon.edu/vlab

from The Virtual Laboratory

(G. Bothun) at the University
of Oregon, Eugene, OR.
Three different lessons
written using three different
applets:

1. Thermodynamic
Equilibrium: Mixing Gases of
Different Temperature Looks
at the time it takes for a
system to come into
thermodynamic equilibrium
and observe the behavior of
the diffusion process.
2. Particles in an
Atmosphere: Mean Particle
Speed and Escape Velocity
Discover the relation: 1/2mv2
= 3/2kT and that P is
proportional to T for fixed
volume. Note: Excessive
pressure in the balloon will
cause it to pop (audibly and
visually). Also a graphical tool
plots the distribution of
particle speeds (a
Maxwellian) for each
temperature.
3. Ideal Gas Law: The Piston
in the Cylinder Discover
Charles' law by changing the
temperature under conditions
of constant volume and
observe the change in
pressure. The user can hold
temperature constant and
construct an isotherm as well.
 Kinetic Theory I

J. Gea-Banacloche, University of Arkansas.

http://comp.uark.edu/~jgeabana/
mol_dyn/KinThI.html

A demonstration of a 2-D hard sphere molecular

gas. View the speed distribution of particles and
track the number of collisions to date. A
discussion of the Maxwell distribution curve is
also available.

The Gas Laws

http://www.wise.k12.va.us
/jjk/Chemistry/gaslaws.html

JJ Kelly High School, Wise, Virginia

A nice introduction to all of the various gas

laws including Boyles, Charles and how the
Ideal Gas Law is derived.

Good links.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 45: Temperature and Gas Laws. Hot

discoveries about the behavior of gases make
the connection between temperature and heat.
A thirty-minute on-demand streamed physics
lecture / animated presentation hosted by
Professor David Goodstein of the California
Institute of Technology as part of the Annenberg
/ CPB series The Mechanical Universe and
Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/vod
/index.html?sid=42&pid=615&po=45

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.
 Chapter Fifteen: Thermodynamics

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 46: Engine of Nature. The Carnot

engine, part one, beginning with simple steam
engines. A thirty-minute on-demand streamed
physics lecture / animated presentation hosted
by Professor David Goodstein of the California
Institute of Technology as part of the Annenberg
/ CPB series The Mechanical Universe and
Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/vod
/index.html?sid=42&pid=616&po=46

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium

The Virtual Laboratory (G.

Bothun), University of Oregon,
Eugene, OR.

http://jersey.uoregon.edu/vlab/
Thermodynamics/index.html

This lesson looks at the time it

takes for a system to come
into thermodynamic
equilibrium and observes the
diffusion process.
 The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 47: Entropy. The Carnot engine, part

two, with profound implications for the behavior
of matter and the flow of time through the
universe. A thirty-minute on-demand streamed
physics lecture / animated presentation hosted
by Professor David Goodstein of the California
Institute of Technology as part of the Annenberg
/ CPB series The Mechanical Universe and
Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/vod/
index.html?sid=42&pid=617&po=47

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.

American Stirling Company

http://www.stirlingengine.com

from the American Stirling Company.

This site is for the American Stirling Engine

Company, and has lots of information about
different Stirling engines and several animations
which the company produces. Here are two other
links to Stirling Engines Sites: The English Stirling
Engine Page by Koichi Hirata and Stirling Motor!
by Ralf Moros. Both are very good, but Stirling
Motor! is in German and so the activities are not
available in English.
 Chapter Sixteen: Waves and Sound

The Nature of Waves

from The Physics Classroom

Tutorial, at Glenbrook South High
School in Glenview, IL.

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us
/gbssci/phys/Class/waves
/u10l1a.html

Originally written for high school

physics students by Tom
Henderson, science teacher at
Glenbrook South High School. A
good introduction to wavemotion
with checking questions, animations,
graphs, etc. to help the student
understand wave motion.

Spectrum Analysis Java

Applet

From JAVA Sound and

Hearing Demonstrations
by Greg Sandell at the
Parmly Hearing Institute,
of Loyola University,
Chicago to accompany
the book Fundamentals
of Hearing, An
Introduction by William A.
Yost.

http://www.parmly.luc.edu
/SpectrumApp/index.html

This Applet allows input

of Fourier power
spectrum which is
synthesized into a
waveform played through
the computer speaker.
 Waves and Sound

from the ExploreScience site of

Raman Pfaff at the University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor.

http://www.explorescience.com
/activities/activity_list.cfm?
categoryID=3

In order to use this site you must

download and install the
Macromedia Shockwave Plug-in on
your computer.

These activities -- Sound Pulses,

Sonic Doppler Effect and Two
Source Doppler Effect all display
animated sonic phenomena and
allow you to manipulate variables
and make onscreen measurements.

Longitudinal and Transverse Wave

Motion

by Dan Russell, at Kettering University in

Flint, MI .

http://www.kettering.edu
/~drussell/Demos/waves
/wavemotion.html

One of many excellent animations at

Russell's Acoustics and Vibration
Animations. This page shows animated
gifs of mechanical waves propagate
through a material medium. Particle
motion for Longitudinal, Transverse,
Water and Rayleigh Surface Waves are
modeled.
 Speed of Sound

These sites discuss the speed of sound in a

air and other gases.
The speed of sound in a gas depends upon:

Temperature:http://hyperphysics.phy-
astr.gsu
.edu/hbase/sound/souspe.html

Humidity:http://www.measure.demon.co.uk
/Acoustics_Software/speed.html

Altitude:http://www.grc.nasa.gov/
WWW/K-12/airplane/sound.html

Type of Gas:http://hyperphysics.phy-astr
.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/souspe3.html#c1

HyperPhysics by C.R. Nave at the

University of Gerogia has some other notes
on waves as well as the two calculators
above.
Chapter Seventeen: The Principle of Linear Superposition
and Interference Phenomena

Java Applets for High School Physics

Education

by S.Kamikawa, high school Physics teacher

in Japan.

http://www.bekkoame.ne.jp/~kamikawa/
java_e.htm/

A variety of simulations for Internet Explorer

3.0. These are simple but show the patterns
of waves nicely:
Longitudinal Wave; Reflection of Longitudinal
Wave from a Boundary; Transverse wave and
Longitudinal wave; Simulation of Transverse
wave and Longitudinal wave;
Wave Interference, Animation of Interference
Pattern Formed by Two Points Sources.

Physics Java Applets

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National Taiwan

University Department of Physics.

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/~hwang/

A very nice series of wave and

oscillation applets: Superposition
Principle of Waves and Pulses, a
great Fourier
Synthesizer,Transmission of Waves
(Reflection and Refraction), and
Interference Between Two Waves
(Two Point Sources).
Chapter Eighteen: Electric Forces and Electric Fields

Exploring Electric Fields

by Engineering faculty at the Universite

Laval in Quebec, Canada.

http://www.gel.ulaval.ca/~busque00/elec/

An electric charge simulator allows

viewers to place charges of selected
signs and sizes on a map, and then to
draw in electric field lines by clicking at
various locations on the map. It is
possible to create a plot of electric fields
resulting from simple charge
arrangements. We advise you read the
brief explanation before using the applet.

A History of the Electron

American Institute of Physics (AIP).

http://www.aip.org/history/electron/

An overview of the life and discovery of

the electron by J.J. Thompson. One of a
number of pages celetrating the 100th
anniversary of this discovery in 1897.

Basic E&M with Animation

Internet Plasma Physics Education eXperience

(IPPEX), Princeton University Plasma Physics
Laboratory (PPPL).

http://ippex.pppl.gov/interactive/electricity/

An overview of basic electricity and magnetism

with good animations which require the
ShockWave plug-in (directions are at the site). .
 Life, the Universe and the Electron

Another exhibition to celebrate the centenary of the

discovery of the electron by J. J. Thomson in 1897 by
The Science Museum, London and the Institute of
Physics.

http://www.iop.org/Physics/Electron/Exhibition/

The site contains information about the electron.

There is a description of the current models of an
electron, a timeline of the important discoveries about
the electron and the atoms, uses of the electron, etc.
Contains lots of interesting links to other sites
including CERN.

Benjamin Franklin:
Glimpses of the Man

Franklin Institute
Science Museum,
Philadelphia, PA.

http://www.fi.edu/
franklin/rotten.html

This site presents the

life and work of the
early electrical pioneer
and American political
activist, Benjamin
Franklin.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 28: Static Electricity. Historical

electrical shows and Coulomb's Law. also
Program 29: The Electric Field. Faraday's vision
of flux; Gauss' Law and flux conservation.
Thirty-minute on-demand streamed physics
lecture / animated presentation hosted by
Professor David Goodstein of the California
Institute of Technology as part of the Annenberg
/ CPB series The Mechanical Universe and
Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.
Chapter Nineteen: Electric Potential Energy and the Electric
Potential

Exploring Electric Fields

by Engineering faculty, Universite Laval,

Quebec, Canada.

http://www.gel.ulaval.ca/~busque00/elec/

An electric charge and field simulator

allows viewers to place charges of
selected signs and sizes on a map, and
then to draw in electric field lines by
clicking at various locations on the map.
It is possible to create a plot of electric
fields resulting from simple charge
arrangements. We advise you read the
brief explanation before using the applet.

EKG Tutorial Part I

from The Hippocrates Project at the

New York University School of
Medicine.

http://endeavor.med.nyu.edu/courses/
physiology/courseware/ekg_pt1/

A sophisticated shockwave tutorial

describing how electrical depolarization
and repolarization of heart tissue drives
the heart and is recorded on a standard
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG).
Professor Sayegh, Physics Department,
University of Michigan also has a site
which explains some of the physics of
an EKG.

The Hippocrates site contains other

multimedia medical tutorials available to
the public.
 The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 30: Potential & Capacitance. History of

Franklin, the Leyden jar and parallel plate
capacitor.
Program 31: Voltage, Energy and Force.
Electric safety, potential and its gradient, energy
and sparks.
Thirty-minute on-demand streamed physics
lecture / animated presentations hosted by
Professor David Goodstein of the California
Institute of Technology as part of the Annenberg
/ CPB series The Mechanical Universe and
Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.

Electric & Magnetic Interactions: The Movies

By Ruth Chabay, NorthCarolina State University.

Short Quicktime 3-D movies intended to

accompany Chabay & Sherwood's introductory
physics textbook Matter & Interactions II: Electric
& Magnetic Interactions. These videos show
fields about charges, charge distributions,
currents, and electromagnetic waves.

http://www4.ncsu.edu/~rwchabay/emimovies/

Basic E&M with Animation

Internet Plasma Physics Education eXperience

(IPPEX), Princeton University Plasma Physics
Laboratory (PPPL).

http://ippex.pppl.gov/interactive/electricity/

An overview of basic electricity and magnetism

with good animations which require the
ShockWave plug-in (directions are at the site). .
 Chapter Twenty : Electric Circuits

DC Circuits

Bill Teesdale, Department of Physics,

University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/ohm/

A DC circuits tutorial which adressing

schematic diagrams, Ohm's Law, resistors in
series and parallel, and Kirchhoff's Laws. I get
best JAVA performance on my Mac with
Internet Explorer instead of Netscape.

Static Electric and Magnetic Fields and

Human Health

John E. Moulder, Ph.D. and the Medical

College of Wisconsin.

http://www.mcw.edu/gcrc/cop/
static-fields-cancer-FAQ/toc.html

This is a Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

derived from an FAQ of the same name that
was developed in the sci.med.physics
newsgroup of USENET. This FAQ reviews
the laboratory and epidemiological evidence
relevant to the issue of whether static (direct
current, DC) magnetic or electric fields cause
or contribute to cancer (or any other health
problems) in humans. The responses are
referenced to a huge biblography.

Gallery of Electromagnetic Personalities:

A Vignette History of Electromagnetics

By L.S. Taylor, Electrical Engineering Dept.,

University of Maryland.

http://www.ee.umd.edu/~taylor/frame5.htm

This is a picture of Joule, Kirchhoff and

Stokes taken from Dr. Taylor's Gallery of
Electromagnetic Personalities. The gallery
contains a list of various scientists involved in
research on electricity and magnetism with
vignettes and pictures.
 The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 32: The Electric Battery. Volta invents

the electric battery, using chemical properties of
metals.
Program 33: Electric Circuits. Series and
parallel curcuits; the laws of Ohm and Kirchoff.
Thirty-minute on-demand streamed physics
lecture / animated presentation hosted by
Professor David Goodstein of the California
Institute of Technology as part of the Annenberg
/ CPB series The Mechanical Universe and
Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.

Basic E&M with Animation

Internet Plasma Physics Education eXperience

(IPPEX), Princeton University Plasma Physics
Laboratory (PPPL).

http://ippex.pppl.gov/interactive/electricity/

An overview of basic electricity and magnetism

with good animations which require the
ShockWave plug-in (directions are at the site). .
Chapter Twenty One : Magnetic Forces and Magnetic Fields

Motion in an ElectroMagnetic Field

Professor Mark Sutherland,

University of Toronto.

http://thorin.adnc.com/~topquark/fun
/JAVA/electmag/ electmag.html

Control the inital (nonrelativistic)

velocity of an electrically charged
particle in a (controllable) constant
magnet field.

Professor Sutherland has a

collection of physics applets and
tutorials at fun@learning.physics.

The Vector Cross Product - A JAVA

Interactive Tutorial

David McNamara, Alan Middleton, and Eric

Schiff, Department of Physics, Syracuse
University.

http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/java-suite/
crosspro.html

This tutorial teaches the vector cross-product.

The ability to change the crossed vectors (A
and B) and see how the changes effect the
resultant (C) effectively shows how the cross
product really works. While I usually get the
best JAVA performance on my Mac with
Internet Explorer instead of Netscape, this
tutorial seems to work better with Netscape.
 History of Mass Spectroscopy

by Gary Siuzdak and Jennifer

Boydston, The Scripps Research
Institute.

http://masspec.scripps.edu/hist.html

A History of Mass Spectrometry is a

dynamic, interactive record of
significant events in the evolution of
the science. Interesting use of a
mass spec diagram to show the
time line of the development of
Mass Spectrometry.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 34: Magnetism. Gilbert analyzes

the Earth's magnetic field.
Program 35: The Magnetic Field. Laws of
Biot and Savart, force between currents
and Ampere's law. Spectroscopy, and
atomic models through to Bohr. Thirty-
minute on-demand streamed physics
lecture / animated presentation hosted by
Professor David Goodstein of the
California Institute of Technology as part
of the Annenberg / CPB series The
Mechanical Universe and Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or

better speed connection to the internet
and free registration with Annenberg /
CPB.
 The Great Magnet, the Earth: Commemorating the
400th anniversary of "De Magnete" by William Gilbert
of Colchester.

by David P Stern (ret), Lab for ExtraTerrestrial

Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Centre, Md.

http://www.phy6.org/earthmag/demagint.htm

A collection of websites describing the development of

science devoted to the study of magnetism,
electromagnetism, terrestrial and space magnetism.
Also at this site are collections of pages devoted to
detailed study of spaceflight and the Earth's
magnetosphere, including the Aurorae.

Electric & Magnetic Interactions: The Movies

By Ruth Chabay, NorthCarolina State University.

Short Quicktime 3-D movies intended to

accompany Chabay & Sherwood's introductory
physics textbook Matter & Interactions II: Electric
& Magnetic Interactions. These videos show
fields about charges, charge distributions,
currents, and electromagnetic waves.

http://www4.ncsu.edu/~rwchabay/emimovies/
 Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Induction

Motion in an ElectroMagnetic Field

Dr. Alan J. Scott in the Department

of Physics, University of Wisconsin-
Stout.

http://physics.uwstout.edu/staff/scott/
animate.html#faraday

This animation illustrates three basic

ways that an emf (or voltage) can be
generated in a conducting coil by
virtue of its interaction with an
external magnetic field.

Dr. Scott has a collection of

animations called On-line
Animations of Time Evolving
Physical Systems.

The Electric Motor: Faraday's Law and

Lenz's Law

by Dan MacIsaac at the Department of

Physics at SUNY -- Buffalo State College.

http://physicsed.buffalostate.edu/SeatExpts/
EandM/motor/index.htm

This page contains instructions of how to

construct a simple electric motor from a
magnet, (enamel-covered) wire, a steel-clad
D cell and two paper clips.
 Dr. MacIsaac has a collection of simple
experiments called Seat Experiments.

Transforming Current

The SchoolNet Support Group,

Global-X-Change Communications
Inc.

http://www.schoolnet.ca/general/
electric-club/e/page33.html

Create a current in an electromagnet

without touching it. A nice simple
experiment replicating a simple
transformer.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 38: Alternating Current. The history

and physics underlying AC generation and
distribution. See also Program 37:
Electromagnetic Induction. Two thirty-minute
on-demand streamed physics lecture / animated
presentations hosted by Professor David
Goodstein of the California Institute of
Technology as part of the Annenberg / CPB
series The Mechanical Universe and Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.

Transformer

JAVA simulationsfrom the National High

Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State
University.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/
java/transformer/

There is a collection of Electricity and

Magnetism JAVA tutorials here well worth
reviewing.
Chapter Twenty Three: Alternating Current Circuits

The RLC Circuit

From Andrea Mameli, Gavino Paddeu,

Paolo Anedda, Marco Pescosolido and
Enrico Stara of the Centre for Advanced
Studies, Research and Development in
Sardinia, Italy. Mirrored at Mississippi
State.

http://webphysics.ph.msstate.edu/jc/library/
21-5/CircuitiE.html

This site displays an RLC (tank) circuit,

and allows the viewer to interactively
manipulate the values of Resistance,
Inductance and Capacitance. An
oscilloscope trace of the current and
voltage output from an input sine wave can
be seen, as well as a current vs. frequency
plot showing how the resonance is
affected.

Transistorized!

PBS and the American Physical

Society

http://www.pbs.org/transistor/

Historical / tutorial online exhibit

 Transistorized! co-produced with
the American Institute of Physics.
Includes sections on the p-n
junction and ICs.

How A Metal detector Works, and

Building a Field Effect Transistor (FET)

JAVA simulationsfrom the National High

Magnetic Field Laboratory at Florida State
University.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/
electromag/java/detector/

Also, a very nice JAVA applet demonstrating

the intricacies of constructing an FET.

There is a large and sophisticated site here

called Molecular Experssions: Exploring the
World of Optics and Microscopy that is well
worth reviewing if you are interested in state
of the art imaging microscopy and image
analysis.

Solar Cell Operation; and

An Introduction to Light Emitting
Diodes

from the Olympus Digital Microscope

global web site
http://www.mic-d.com/java/solarcell/
and
http://www.olympusmicro.com/primer/
lightandcolor/ledsintro.html

JAVA tutorial dedicated to LEDs,

from the Light and Energy module of
the Physics of Light and Color
collections here.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 38: Alternating Current. A thirty-minute

on-demand streamed physics lecture / animated
presentation hosted by Professor David
Goodstein of the California Institute of
Technology as part of the Annenberg / CPB
series The Mechanical Universe and Beyond.
See also the closely-related program previous
to this one -- Program 37 Electromagnetic
Induction.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.
Chapter Twenty Four : Electromagnetic Waves

Propagation of ElectroMagnetic
Waves

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National

Taiwan Normal University.

http://webphysics.ph.msstate.edu/
javamirror/ntnujava/emWave/
emWave.html

Demonstrates how B, E and V

(velocity) for an oscillating EM
wave dynamically relate.

Sending and Receiving AM

Electromagnetic Signals

The SchoolNet Support Group,

Global-X-Change
Communications Inc.

http://www.schoolnet.ca/general/
electric-club/e/page34.html

Your radio collects

 Waves) from the air. This site
contains an experiment to send
signals to your radio by using an
electromagnet. Also see their
antenna antics activity.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 39: Maxwell's Equations. Maxwell discovers

that displacement current produces electromagnetic
radion, including light.. A thirty-minute on-demand
streamed physics lecture / animated presentation hosted
by Professor David Goodstein of the California Institute
of Technology as part of the Annenberg / CPB series
The Mechanical Universe and Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires free registration with Annenberg / CPB.

ZAPping CDs

ElectroMagnetic mayhem in your own kitchen!

http://hamjudo.com/notes/cdrom.html

Paul Haas describes how to amuse yourself with the

pyrotechnics resulting from microwaving a CD. True
mad science in your very own kitchen.

Mike Harrison describes and pictures the good clean

fun to be had frying CDs with a high-voltage AC tesla
coil.
Impress your friends!
 Electromagnetic Spectrum Applet

W. Bauer, Michigan State University

LITE project.

http://lectureonline.cl.msu.edu/~mmp/
applist/Spectrum/s.htm

Applet producing look-up information by

wavelength or frequency of EM radiation.
Includes energy and other descriptions.
An related site is the NASA tutorial on
the E&M Spectrum.

Electromagnetic Fields and

Human Health

J.E. Moulder, Ph.D., Medical

College of Wisconsin

http://www.mcw.edu/gcrc/cop.html

An extensive colletion of
information related to heath
concerns associated with EM
fields, including static fields,
power lines and cell phones.

Chapter Twenty-Five: The Reflection of Light: Mirrors

 Reflection / Refraction
(Underwater Flashlight / Laser)

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National

Taiwan University Department
of Physics.

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/
light/flashLight.html

A simulation that interactively

displays the phenomena seen
when shining a flashlight or
laser pointer up at the surface
from underwater. Angle and
type of surface are controllable.

Billiards and Physics (Law of

Reflection)

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National Taiwan

University Department of Physics.

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/
billiards/billiards.html

A simulation that interactively

displays the behavior of a spin-free
pool ball interacting with the
bumpers of a pool table and other
balls, following the law of reflection.
No betting, please.

Thin Lens Java Applet

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National Taiwan University

Department of Physics.

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/
java/Lens/lens_e.html

A simulation that interactively displays the

relationships between object and image
distances and orientations for a mirror and a
thins lens. I get best JAVA performance on
my Mac with Internet Explorer rather than
Netscape.
 The Law of Reflection

A High School Physicstutorial from The Physics

Classroom, Glenbrook HS Physics.

http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/
phys/Class/refln/u13l1c.html

A complete online tutorial with simulations on

refelction and the ray model of light. Starts with
definition of line of sight and rays, moves through
reflection to image production by mirrors.

Prism: Reflection and Refraction JAVA

Applet

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National Taiwan

University Department of Physics.

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/
optics/prism_e.html

A simulation that interactively displays the

path and relative intensities of a ray of
light beamed into a prism from various
positions. The shape of the prism and the
index of refraction can also be controlled.
Chapter Twenty Six: The Refraction of Light: Lenses & Optical
Instruments

Cow's Eye Dissection

The Exploratorium, San Francisco, CA.

http://www.exploratorium.edu/
learning_studio/cow_eye/

This demonstrates a step by step dissection of a

cow's eyes showing its different parts, as well as
comparing the cow eye and the human eye.
There is an accompanying Real Audio soundtrack
which adds to the experience.

Bob Miller's Light Walk

The Exploratorium, San Francisco, CA.

http://www.exploratorium.edu/light_walk/index.html

Bob Miller's Light Walk is an exploration of light, images, depth of

field, mirrors, pin hole cameras, etc. The walk consists of twenty
nine different steps with various pictures showing different
phenomena. For example: This picture of the sun was taken during
a partial eclipse of the sun at the Exploratorium a few years ago,
and shows crescent shape (instead of round) sun images.

Thin Lens Java Applet

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National Taiwan University

Department of Physics.

http://www.phy.nau.edu/~layton/p112/mnl/
thinlens/lens_e.htm

A simulation that interactively displays the

relationships between object and image
distances and orientations for a mirror and a
thins lens. I get best JAVA performance on
my Mac with Internet Explorer rather than
Netscape.
 Raindrops and Dispersion

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National Taiwan University

Department of Physics.

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw
/~hwang/Rainbow/rainbow.html

Demonstrates how a ray of sunlight is refracted,

reflected and dispersed when it strikes a spherical
raidrop, producing multiple rainbows. This is an
animation of a problem originally solved by Newton in
his book Opticks.

Prism: Reflection and Refraction JAVA

Applet

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National Taiwan

University Department of Physics.

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/java/
optics/prism_e.html

A simulation that interactively displays the

path and relative intensities of a ray of light
beamed into a prism from various
positions. The shape of the prism and the
index of refraction can also be controlled.
Chapter Twenty-Seven: Interference and the Wave Nature of
Light

Physics Java Applets

Fu-Kwun Hwang, National Taiwan

University Department of Physics.

http://www.phy.ntnu.edu.tw/~hwang/

A very nice series of wave and

oscillation applets: Superposition
Principle of Waves and Pulses, a
great Fourier
Synthesizer,Transmission of Waves
(Reflection and Refraction), and
Interference Between Two Waves
(Two Point Sources).

[Young's Double Slit]

Interference

Serge G. VTOROV

http://members.tripod.com/
~vsg/waveopt.htm

This applet and tutorial

illustrates Young's double slit
experiment. It is a little slow to
load and cycle new values, but
is beautifully laid out and
colorful.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 40: Optics. Models of light based upon

wave phenomena. A thirty-minute on-demand
streamed physics lecture / animated
presentation hosted by Professor David
Goodstein of the California Institute of
Technology as part of the Annenberg / CPB
series The Mechanical Universe and Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.
 Optics Highlights:An Anecdotal History
of Optics from Aristophanes to Zernike

By L.S. Taylor, Electrical Engineering Dept.,

University of Maryland.

http://www.ece.umd.edu/~taylor/optics.htm

This site is an Anecdotal History of Optics

ranging from ancient history through the
telescope, wave optics and ending with some
roots of modern optical systems. The gallery
contains a list of various scientists involved in
research on optics with vignettes and
pictures.

Bragg's Law and Diffraction...

by Konstantin Lukin, from the SUNY

Stony Brook Project Java site.

http://www.journey.sunysb.edu/
ProjectJava/Bragg/home.html

This applet and tutorial illustrates Bragg

X-ray diffraction for crystals.
 Chapter Twenty Eight: Special Relativity

Einstein-- Image and Impact

The American Institute of Physics (AIP).

http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/

The story of Special Relativity as we understand

it today was written by Albert Einstein. This site
recounts Einstein's childhood, his life and his
work. In 1905, Einstein worked on three great
ideas: Brownian Motion (kinetic atomic theory),
the Photoelectric Effect (Quantum theory) and
Special Relativity. He eventually received the
Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his work on
the Photoelectric Effect.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 42: The Lorentz Transformation.

Logical extensions from the invariance of the
speed of light. A thirty-minute on-demand
streamed physics lecture / animated
presentation hosted by Professor David
Goodstein of the California Institute of
Technology as part of the Annenberg / CPB
series The Mechanical Universe and Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.

The Light Cone: An Illuminating Introduction to

Relativity

by Rob Salgado of the University of Syracuse

Physics Department.

http://physics.syr.edu/courses/modules/LIGHTCONE/

A nice tutorial and set of illustrations and JAVA

applet allowing the viewing of images of models of
spacetime bounded by the speed of light from the
different frames of reference experienced by different
observers. Visualization is key to conceptual
understandings of this material.
 Time Dilation

Walter Fendt, Augsburg,

Germany.

http://home.augsburg.baynet.
de/walter.fendt/physengl/
timedil1.htm

Fly a little green man (NASA-

speak: LGM) at very high
velocity and watch his
moving clock and clocks in a
stationary frame of
reference.

Herr Fendt has a collection

of physics applets on his site.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 43: Velocity and Time. The

development of Eistein's theory of special
relativity.The next program, number 44,
develops his famous equation E = mc^2. A
thirty-minute on-demand streamed physics
lecture / animated presentation hosted by
Professor David Goodstein of the California
Institute of Technology as part of the Annenberg
/ CPB series The Mechanical Universe and
Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.
 Chapter Twenty Nine: Particles and Waves

Planck Curve

Dr. Alan J. Scott , Department of

Physics, University of Wisconsin-
Stout.

http://physics.uwstout.edu/staff/scott/
animate.html#planck

This animation describes the

intensity of the Black Body Radiation
as a function of wavelength. Watch
the scale on the vertical axis. The
relative size of the curves are
drastically different at 1,000 C and
10,000 C.

Dr. Scott has a collection of

animations called On-line
Animations of Time Evolving
Physical Systems.

Wave Nature of Light and

The Photoelectric Effect

Physics 2000 Initiative, University of

Colorado at Boulder.

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/
PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000/
quantumzone/debroglie.html

This lavishly illustrated and JAVA-rich

(and often slow) site includes a
detailed storyline describingthe wave
nature of matter, deBroglie's
Wavelength idea and the Bohr atom,
and a nice section on the Photoelectric
Effect.
 The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 50: Particles and Waves. Particle and

wave theories of light underlying quantum
mechanics. A thirty-minute on-demand streamed
physics lecture / animated presentation hosted by
Professor David Goodstein of the California
Institute of Technology as part of the Annenberg /
CPB series The Mechanical Universe and Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.

Heisenberg and Uncertainty

An online exhibit from the American Institute of Physics

celebrating the life and work of Wener Heisenberg.

http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/

The story of Heisenberg, a "founder" of Quantum

Mechanics and developer of the Heisenberg Uncertainty
Pronciple (HUP). This site was written with material from
biographer David Cassidy.

A History of Quantum Mechanics

From the MacTutor History of mathematics archive at

the School of Mathematics and Statistics, University
of St. Andrews, Scotland.

http://www-groups.dcs.st-
and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/
The_Quantum_age_begins.html#31

An essay traing the development of quantum

mechanics through from Blackbody radiation
onwards. Extensive references for all of the principal
participants. The MacTutor History site is perhaps the
pre-eminent generalized site for mathematical and
mathematical physics history on the web.
 Chapter Thirty: The Nature of the Atom

Spectra of Gas Discharges

J. Talbot and Y.P. Varshni,

University of Ottawa.

http://www.achilles.net/
~jtalbot/data/elements/

This page and JAVA applet

from the Laser Stars site
shows the line emission
spectra of the light elements
in gas discharge tubes.

The Quantum Atom

Physics 2000 Initiative, University of

Colorado at Boulder.

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/
PhysicsInitiative/Physics2000
/quantumzone/

This lavishly illustrated and JAVA-rich

(and often slow) site includes a detailed
storyline describinglasers, spectral lines,
the Bohr atom, the patomic physics
construction of the Periodic Table of the
elements, and related topics. In
particular, check out the animations that
show the creation of X-Rays via
Bremsstrahlung and K-shell knockout.

The History of the Laser

J. Talbot's Laser Stars,

University of Ottawa.

http://www.achilles.net/
~jtalbot/history/

This collection of pages

presents the history and
operation of lasers as an
adjunct to the study of
natural laser phenomena
in stars. There are also
links to laser use in
Holography at the bottom
of the page.
 The Periodic Table of the
Elements

http://www.periodic.lanl.gov/

A sophisticated online periodic

table of the elements created
by the Los Alamos Nuclear
Laboratory.

A Century of Radiology

Radiology Centennial Inc., Penn State University

Department of Radiology.

http://www.xray.hmc.psu.edu/rci/centennial.html

One of the best of a number of sites celebrating the 100th

anniversary of the discovery of the X-ray by Rontgen in
1895. This site describes the history and theory of X-rays,
and discusses medical applications of X-rays at length.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 49: Atoms. Spectroscopy, and atomic

models through to Bohr. A thirty-minute on-
demand streamed physics lecture / animated
presentation hosted by Professor David
Goodstein of the California Institute of
Technology as part of the Annenberg / CPB
series The Mechanical Universe and Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.
 The Rutherford Experiment

A JAVA simulationfrom the National

High Magnetic Field Laboratory at
Florida State University.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/electromag/
java/rutherford/

A very nice JAVA applet demonstrating

the classic Rutherford experiment
performed by Geiger and Marsdent,
this applet allows one to see how the
experiment supports Rutherford's solar-
system-like model of the atom and
refutes Thompson's plumb-pudding
model.

There is a large and sophisticated site

here called Molecular Experssions:
Exploring the World of Optics and
Microscopy that is well worth reviewing
if you are interested in state of the art
imaging microscopy and image
analysis.
Chapter Thirty-One: Nuclear Physics & Radioactivity

The ABCs of Nuclear Science

a brief introduction from the Lawrence

Berkeley National Laboratory.

http://www.lbl.gov/abc/

This well-illustrated site includes

tutorials and activities for learning
about nuclear structure, radioactivity,
the Nuclear wall chart, and more.

Isotopes and Radioactivity

Physics 2000 Initiative, University of Colorado at Boulder.

http://www.colorado.edu/physics/PhysicsInitiative/
Physics2000/isotopes/index.html

This lavishly illustrated and JAVA-rich (and often slow) site

includes this detailed storyline describing decays, binding
energy and halflife. A very nicely done JAVA applet shows
examples of the various kinds of radioactive decay.

Natural Radioactive Series

Yevgeniy Miretskiy, SUNY Stony Brook Project

Java.

http://www.eserc.stonybrook.edu
/ProjectJava/Radiation/

This applet plots the population of different

members of the natural radioactive decay series
as time elapses.

US Environmental Protection Agency Radon site

http://www.epa.gov/iaq/radon/

Discusses Radon hazards, maps typical exposures by

locales, risk reduction and comparison, frequently
asked questions (FAQs), Radon hotlines and services,
free downloadable (Acrobat) literature and order forms
for videos and litrature by mail,
 An Introduction to the RadioCarbon Dating Method

from the Waikato RadioCarbon Dating Laboratory, University of

Waikato, New Zealand.

http://www.c14dating.com/int.html

A discussion of how radiocarbon dating works, and an index of

related sites from a radiocarbon dating laboratory. These folk also
have a K-12 school page worth viewing.
Chapter Thirty-Two: Ionizing Radiation, Nuclear Energy and
Elementary Particles

Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (Radiation

Basics)

http://www.princeton.edu/~ehs/radtrain
/Modules/Bio.html

excerpt from the Radioactive Materials Safety

Class at the Princeton University Initial Radiation
Safety Training (for Open-Source Radioisotope
Users) at
http://www.princeton.edu/~ehs/radtrain/Modules/
Coverpage.htm.

This site contains a brief overview presentation of

damage mechanisms, tissue sensitivity, effects,
exposure, risks and prenatal exposures. See also
http://www.princeton.edu/~ehs/radsafety.html.

Marie Curie and the Science of Radioactivity

An online exhibit from the American Institute of Physics

celebrating the life and work of Curie.

http://www.aip.org/history/curie/

Perhaps the most remarkable scientific woman of the

19th century, Curie opened up the science of
radioactivity, discovering two elements and winning two
Nobel Prizes (her daughter won a third Nobel). This site
was written with material from biographer Naomi
Pasachoff.

The CPEP Particle Adventure

The Contempory Education Physics Project (CPEP) is

a non-profit organization of teachers, educators, and
physicists around the world. They have produced a
number of excellent materials including award-winning
charts and websites for teaching physics and
cosmology.

http://www.cpepweb.org
/particles.html

This lavish site contains interactive tutorials,

animationsand classroom materials describing the
standard model of particle physicsand elementary
particles.
 Plasma Physics & Fusion; The Universe Adventure

The Contempory Education Physics Project (CPEP) also

has produced charts, lesson plmaterials and extensive
sites describing both Plasma Physics & Fusion, and an
up-to-date cosmological site, The Universe Adventure.

http://www.cpepweb.org/

The Universe Adventure includes a discussion of Dark

Matter.

The Mechanical Universe and Beyond

Program 51: From Atoms to Quarks. A thirty-

minute on-demand streamed physics lecture /
animated presentation hosted by Professor
David Goodstein of the California Institute of
Technology as part of the Annenberg / CPB
series The Mechanical Universe and Beyond.

http://www.learner.org/progdesc
/index.html?uid=42

This site requires cable modem (384K) or better

speed connection to the internet and free
registration with Annenberg / CPB.

Virtual Tokamak

Internet Plasma Physics Education eXperience

(IPPEX), Princeton University Plasma Physics
Laboratory (PPPL).

http://ippex.pppl.gov/

To show the principles of magnetically confined

fusion, the site has a virtual fusion reactor,
called the 'Virtual Tokamak.' Try the Plasma
Drift Applet to get a feel for how magnetic fields
are used to contain a plasma in a tokamak.