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WMCAUS 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (2019) 032100 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032100
Air purification in highly-urbanized areas with the use of
TiO2. New approach in designing urban public space with
beneficial human condition
Krystyna Januszkiewicz1, Karol G. Kowalski1
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, West Pomeranian University of
Technology in Szczecin, 50 Piastów Ave., 70-311 Szczecin, Poland
krystyna_januszkiewicz@wp.pl
Abstract. This paper deals with the possibilities of architectural design benefiting human
conditions, which encompasses physical well-being, environmental quality of life in highly-
urbanized areas. Nowadays, the urban pollution is rising on a global scale. The paper is
focused on a new possibility to resolve the problem of air purification in big cities by advanced
architectural design of public use spaces in the urban environment. The first part of the paper
depicts possible usage of Titanium dioxide (TiO2) technology - nanoparticles of TiO2, as
a building materials component. These components are the latest findings in the field of
nanomaterials development, and their effectiveness due to the usage of the photocatalysis,
which depends on eliminating various atmospheric pollutants and especially clears the
atmosphere from nitrogen oxides. These components, together with calcium carbonate which
neutralizes any acidic gasses that may be absorbed, are beneficial. Photoactive construction
materials are mainly activated under UV light irradiation. The second part presents the results
of the research program Climate Change Adapted Architecture and Building Structures, which
has been conducted by Krystyna Januszkiewicz (the Faculty of Civil Engineering and
Architecture for a few years at West Pomeranian University of Technology (WPUT) in
Szczecin). The presented designs were developed with co-operation of Magdalena Janus and
Kamila Bogacz (Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering) as applications samples
of titanium dioxide technology (photocatalytic active building materials) in the urban space. In
conclusion, the paper emphasizes the usage of titanium technology, as a construction materials
component such as concrete and gypsum, or as a component of active membrane fabrics,
opening a new way in architecture and structure designing in the urban public space. This is all
indispensable to improve citizens' health and to clear the atmosphere from nitrogen oxides or
the volatile organic compounds. Moreover, it also serves as the basis for newly-built
communities.
1. Introduction
Air quality in major cities across the globe is taking a hit to alarming levels due to a large scale of
industrialization without respecting emission norms. Air pollution is a worldwide problem. About 6.5
million people die every year due to air pollution according to the UN and 92 percent of people in the
world are exposed to so poor air quality, it poses a major health risk [1]. Since 2000, a daily air
pollution index (API) and air quality levels are available in many cities. Over the past decade,
scientists have been uncovering the short- and long-term health impacts of ingesting the pollution in
big cities, in order to try to tackle the growing mortality rate. Inhaling toxic materials cause an
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WMCAUS 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (2019) 032100 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032100
inflammatory reaction in human body. Gases such as sulphur and nitrogen dioxide have been heavily
linked to respiratory and cardiovascular illnesses, while ozone, formed when sunlight reacts with a
cocktail of other gaseous pollutants, is toxic in the lower atmosphere [2]. Levels of nitrogen dioxide
continue increasing in big European cities, regularly reaching more than three and half times European
Union limits [3]. The following study is an application of the experimental approach to architectural
and urban design in recently re-opened discussion on possibility and advisability of creating
a systemic solution to resolve the problem of air purification in big cities. It is research for new
solutions through implementation of today’s advanced technologies and materials. Envisioning "City
Oasis" deals with the problem of using experimental gypsum plasters and cement or membrane fabrics
components and added with titanium dioxide in designing architectural objects, dedicated de-
polluting effect of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in the lower atmosphere of polluted urban
areas.
2. Global problem air purification in big cities
Air quality in big cities is the result of a complex interaction between natural and anthropogenic
environmental conditions. Air pollution in highly-urbanized areas is a serious environmental problem
of concern all over the world. The rapid urbanization and growing number of megacities and urban
complexes require the new types of research and services that make the best use of science and
available technology.
Ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 are of concern with respect to effects on human health
and environment. Increased levels of mortality and morbidity have been associated with respirable
Ambient concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 are of concern with respect to effects on human health and
environment. Increased levels of mortality and morbidity have been associated with respirable
particulate air pollution. Several statistical tools and models have been used to determine the sources
of PM all around the world. Elemental composition of PM is the input data of these tools and models.
The studies showed that composition and sources of PM strongly depend on the location, traffic load,
fossil fuel utilization and industrial activities at sampling sites. The metropolitan areas are the most
important developing urban areas with serious air pollution problems [3]. Chemical and environmental
engineers, architects and structural engineers, urban planners and health scientists, physical scientists
are starting to answer specific questions about how cities and the urban environment will interact in
the face of global problem of air purification.
Figure 1. Air purification towers in China, a-b) Air Purifier in Xi'an, c) Air Purifier in Taiwan -
second generation - design, 2018
Since January 2018, the world's largest Air Purifier is on the trial in Xi'an, the capital of China's
central Shaanxi province (figure 1a, b). The 100-meter-tall air purification tower has significantly
improved the city air quality. According to researchers from the Institute of Earth Environment at the
Chinese Academy of Sciences, the tower has managed to produce more than 10 million cubic metres
of clean air per day. In the 10 square kilometers observed area of the city, smog ratings have been
reduced to moderate levels. To clean the air, polluted smog is drawn in through a series of
greenhouses surrounding the base of the tower and heated by the solar energy. This newly hot air then
rises up the tower through multiple scrubbing filters before it is released back into the atmosphere.
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WMCAUS 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (2019) 032100 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032100
This technology called "solar-assisted large-scale cleaning system" (SALSCS) was first developed by
David Y.H. Pui's team at the University of Minnesota in 2014 [4]. This method allows the air to be
cleaned using relatively minimal electric power. The Xi’an smog tower project was launched in 2015
as a trial version of a much larger system the research team hopes will be implemented in other
Chinese cities in the near future. The full-sized tower would measure 500 meters tall and 200 meters in
diameter, with greenhouses covering nearly 30 square kilometres. This system is hoped to be powerful
enough to purify the majority of the air within a small city. The quiet, energy-efficient air purifying
towers are a potential cost-efficient solution to the China's smog problem [5]. However, building many
of them to cover a large and dense city could be impractical, considering how much space they
require, the one in Xian having been built in one of the city's outer industrial zones. Nonetheless, the
towers represent China's continued efforts to aggressively address its air quality problems. The next
purification huge towers are planning in Taiwan (figure 1c). This is a second-generation version
equipped with LED advertisements is designed to be used in urban centers to serve also as the basis of
newly-built communities.
Figure 2. Daan Roosegaarde, Bob Ursem, Smog Free Tower - portable air-purifier, 2016
Since 2016, a Dutch designer Daan Roosegaarde and his team in collaboration with ENS Europe and
professor Bob Ursem are testing experimental air-purifier called Smog Free Tower (figure 2) that is
installed initially in Rotterdam, and then will be traveled from city to city, demonstrating a possible
solution to fighting air pollution. They developed a large air ioniser, some 7 meters high, which is
touted to be able to clean 30,000 cubic meters of air per hour, with power consumption 1700 watts.
An electrode will send positive ions into the air. These ions will attach themselves to fine dust
particles. A negatively charged surface -the counter electrode- will then draw the positive ions in,
together with the fine dust particles. This is a portable version of technology that is already used in
hospitals [6].
Trees are natural filters and a natural cleaner air (figures 3, 4). Taking this into account, designers
Mario Caceres and Cristian Canonico have designed a set of street-sculpture air-filtering trees for an
action "the SHIFboston urban intervention contest" in October 2010. Called TREEPODS, the designs
harnesses biomimicry to efficiently emulate the carbon filtration qualities of trees.
Figure 3. Mario Caceres, Cristian Canonico, "Treepods" in Boston's urban space, 2010
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WMCAUS 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (2019) 032100 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032100
Figure 4. Mario Caceres, Cristian Canonico, "Treepods - conceptual and functional diagrams
Boston Treepods is an urban intervention which contains a system that is capable of removing
carbon dioxide from the air and releasing oxygen using a carbon dioxide removal process called
“humidity swing”. In addition to cleaning the air, the Treepods will also generate energy with solar
energy panels while harvesting kinetic energy through an interactive seesaw that visitors can play with
at the Treepod's base. When a person plays on the see saw, the power display explains the Treepod's
de-carbonization process. The solar panels and the kinetic energy station are used to power the air
filtration process, as well as interior lighting. The Treepods are made entirely of recycled/recyclable
plastic from drink bottles with using titanium dioxide as a component. Based not only on TiO2
proprieties, but also on the human lung, the design of the “branches” feature multiple contact points
that serve as tiny CO2 filters. At night, the Treepods light up in an array of eye-catching colors.
Interestingly, the Treepods have been compared to “urban furniture”: sleek yet functional design
pieces that would fit into any urban environment [7].
Scientists at the University of Engineering and Technology (UTEC) in Peru have invented reactive
billboards. According to the team, a single billboard can do the work of 1,200 trees, purifying 100,000
cubic meters of air daily in crowded cities. The experimental version has installed its first air-purifying
billboard near a construction zone in Lima, a city that is famous for having the worst air quality in all
of South America. The billboard works by combining polluted air with water, using basic
thermodynamic principles to actively dissolve the pollutants (such as bacteria, dust and germs) in
water to release fresh air [8].
Figure 5. Nemesi & Partners, The Palazzo Italia, World Fair Expo 2015, Milan, 2013-2015
The Palazzo Italia for the World Fair Expo2015 in Milan is one of the first buildings in the world to
use cement that can clean the air. Italcementi, which developed the cement, needed no more than
12,500 hours of research to produce the material that was strong and flexible enough to be used for the
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WMCAUS 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (2019) 032100 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032100
building. On the basis of the cement, an Italian construction firm has developed a 'biodynamic' mortar
building material that is able to remove pollutants from the air automatically. The Palazzo Italia used
more than 2,200 tons of the new cement, which was cast into panels to cover much of the exterior and
some of the interior of the distinctive building (figure 5). The mortar, which is made from recycled
scraps of marble and left over aggregate, absorbs nitrogen oxide and sulphur pollution and converts it
into harmless salts. It uses a titanium catalyst that is activated by ultraviolet light to drive the chemical
reaction. The salts then wash off the walls when it rains [9].
The examples presented above are only some of the latest results of the multi-disciplinary research
to eliminate polluted air in the public use areas in the city. Digital technology has opened up new
opportunities in various fields. Designers and scientists around the world believe that art has a role to
play in shifting people's ideas about how pollution can be part of the solution.
3. Air purification Global problem air purification with using titanium dioxide TiO2
The most promising and innovative strategy for the building envelope of nowadays and tomorrow is
based on a dynamic, active and integrated solution, able to purify polluted air and optimize the
environmental performance, integrating active elements and systems, exploiting energy from
renewable source. Considerable efforts in research and development are necessary to achieve
a sustainable and effective building materials with a dynamic behaviour [10].
The research results, which were conducted in the last decade using titanium dioxide as additive to
such building materials as a gypsum and cement, indicated their properties, which should be dedicated
to the high urbanized cities [11]. Using titanium dioxide as additive to these materials gives them self-
cleaning, antibacterial and antifungal properties, moreover it was found that in some cases the
mechanical properties are also improved [12]. Recent studies have focused on the development of new
methods, such as photocatalysis which, in principle, leads to the complete mineralization of the
targeted pollutants. Photocatalytic process proceeds according to the following mechanism: photons
are absorbed by TiO2, which generates electron-hole pairs. In contact with water and oxygen, free
radicals (mainly O2•− and •OH) are generated, which are able to oxidize organic matter to water and
carbon dioxide, leaving no other residue [13]. Today, TiO2 photocatalysis is widely used in a variety of
applications and products in the environmental and energy fields, including self-cleaning surfaces, air
and water purification systems, sterilization, hydrogen evolution, and photoelectrochemical conversion
[14]. Research for new properties of the building materials such as concrete and gypsum are
developing also at the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin. The inquiries have
been developed by Magdalena Janus and Kamila Bogacz and their team with the commercial
amorphous titania, which was supplied by Grupa Azoty Zakłady Chemiczne „Police” S.A. (Poland),
used as a crude material for the synthesis of N and/or C modified TiO2 photocatalysts [13]. The team
of scientists focused on gypsum plasters to which modification of unmodified titanium dioxide TiO2 is
added, by heating it in a tubular furnace in ammonia and carbon dioxide, respectively, to temperatures
of 100, 300 and 600 °C. Researchers at the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin
prove that the addition of titanium TiO2 to the carbon and nitrogen (TiO2-N, C) increases the
photoactivity of the gypsum, which helps in the better degradation of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). In
addition, it has been proved that the photocatalytic addition to the gypsum material increases the
compressive strength of this material. This extends the possibilities of using these materials in building
structures.
4. Designing and research for clean air places in highly urbanized areas
Last year these issues were undertaken by Krystyna Januszkiewicz (Leader of Digitally Designed
Architecture Lab) and faculty member at the WPUT (West Pomeranian University of Technology) in
Szczecin. The programme combines techniques and strategies of digital parametric modeling with
research concerning the behavior of materials and structures.
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WMCAUS 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (2019) 032100 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032100
The main aim of designing research programme was to demonstrate new possibilities of application
the new light active building materials developed by Magdalena Janus and Kamila Bogacz and their
team at the Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering WPUT in Szczecin. The product is
currently being introduced into a building market. This product meets the criteria of an innovative
product used in the building industry by delivering multi-curved shapes and, at the same time,
lowering the cost and being environmentally friendly. The gypsum product delivers about 45% of
combined energy savings in manufacturing, transportation and installation.
The task was to design a public use architectural object in an area with increased street traffic e.g.
the city of Szczecin. There are three visions of "City Oasis", a place where you can stay and spend free
time. Each project design treats urban air pollution and improve the air quality. This study redefine an
architectural form not as the shape of a material object alone, but as the multitude of effects, the milieu
of conditions coded into parametric and computational designs. In this approach the architectural form
constitutes the clean of micro-environmental zones within an emergent macro-environmental system
that city is. It involves parametric digital design tools, digital and physical form finding, structural
analysis and ecological testing techniques. The initial design criteria of the projects differ according to
their contexts in the city and the degree of air pollution.
In the first part of the program the main negative and positive factors were defined which are
influencing the formation of architectural form in big cities. One of them are various atmospheric
pollutants. The impact of these negative factors is constantly increasing in the time of climate change
processing. The second part of the research program goes on to attempt to solve the problem through
architectural design, which involves the new light active building materials with TiO2 and the latest
technology.
5. Results and discussions
The capacity for the new light active building materials for building skin to actively support purifying
building function is critical to the future of building envelopes design. The presented proposal of “City
Oasis” prepared by the Digitally Designed Architecture Lab (2016-2017) at WPUT in Szczecin shows
the possibilities of how to use the active membrane fabric, gypsum plasters and cement composition
panels and process them into the friendly urban environment.
5.1. Air -purifying and shading folding device inspired by Nature
The Peace Lilly flowers (Spathiphyllum ‘Mauna Loa’) absorb the pollutants in the air as well as
carbon dioxide. Then, the plants then undergo photosynthesis and transform these harmful elements
into oxygen (figure 6). Taking this into account, Master Program students have designed a set of
street-devices air-purifying and shading umbrella-flowers for outdoor events in the Old
Slaughterhouse Culture Center on the Łasztownia Island in Szczecin (figure 7).
Figure 6. The Peace Lilly flower - shape study and air purification process diagrams, 2017
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WMCAUS 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (2019) 032100 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032100
Figure 7. Anna Biernat, Bartosz Garstka, Michał Świtoń, Peace Lilly Flowers Square, Old
Slaughterhouse Culture Center, Łasztownia Island, Szczecin, 2017
The Peace Lilly Flowers Square presents systems which are capable of removing carbon dioxide from
the air and releasing oxygen using the titanium dioxide TiO2 (figure 7). It is possible when the outer
layers of membrane fabric are the UV active composition TiO2 with a flexible polymer substrate. The
membrane fabric is a basic material used to forming umbrella-flowers on this square. In addition to
their air-cleansing abilities, every umbrella-flowers can collecting rainwater to cultivate grass sections
on the square. In initial designs the square also included solar energy panels and interactive panels
that visitors could play and learn about de-carbonisation process. This solar energy generated by day
could be use to the might illumination (LED) in order to create a magic place on this island.
5.2. Envisioning “City Oasis” in downtown Szczecin
The “City Oasis 1” is located at the most busy place in Szczecin downtown where the annual air
quality standards for PM 10 are significantly exceeded. This pavilion is orientated for the sun, wind
and smell conditions. It consists of two parts with twin identical free surfaces, but with a different
structure (figure 8). ‘Wind-catchers’ integrated within the roof profiles on the southern sides of each
semi-open space catch the polluted air and the prevailing winds from the north. It is also expected that
both parts of the pavilion will collect rainwater by draining it into a linear drainage system, which will
be introduced into the water supply after purification. The semi-envelope consists of supporting bar
structure, on which from the outside is fixed faceted fibrobetone sheets with the addition of TiO2-N.
From the inside, on a steel grid with using the shotcrete pressure method - a mixture of photoactive
gypsum was distributed to create a shell integrated with the supporting structure. Strategically spatial
layering effects are created throughout the pavilion to provide views to the urban context offering
transparency between public areas designed as collective zones with clean air for citizens’ to meet and
exchange ideas.
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WMCAUS 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (2019) 032100 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032100
Figure 8. Katarzyna Kołodziejczak, Alicja Muszalska, “City Oasis 1”, Szczecin, 2017
Figure 9. Nazar Zaniuk, „City Oasis 2”, Lasztownia Island, Szczecin, 2017
The "Oasis 2" on two islands on the Odra River in the geographical center of Szczecin. This is a
shell of supporting bar structure with an active environmental surface (figure 9). It was proposed that
the outer surface of this supported structure was covered with modified concretes with photocatalytic
activity. The use of 320 panels with a unique shape was predicted. The inner coating consists of the
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WMCAUS 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (2019) 032100 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032100
spray coating gypsum with the addition of TiO2-N, C. The pavilion is supposed to purify the air from
several nearby traffic crossings connecting the right bank and the left bank of Szczecin. This is a semi-
open public space of a recreational and educational nature. The pavilion is also designed in response to
the environmental conditions of the Szczecin-Odra-area to save rainwater minimise energy, and
resource consumption.
The presented above envisions of “City Oasis” have provided a conceptual basis and pointed the
need for further research on the properties of the new light active building materials such as elasticity,
compression, bending and stretching, but also in terms of sensitivity to heat, water, hygroscopicity,
shrinkage, frost-resistance, and sunlight, etc.
5.3. Herring Air Purifier Tower for Szczecin Port
The wind tower form located in Szczecin results from the inspiration and reference to the 500 years.
tradition of organizing herring fairs through this Hanseatic city. The first herring market (Danish:
herincks markede) was created in the medieval buildings of the New Market (Latin: forum novum) in
1495. The development of this type of trade was possible thanks to the ancient trade route that crossed
Szczecin and the Baltic Sea. The wind tower design is located in the place of the former, but no longer
existing herring market at the Grodzka and Staromiejska street, which is now an empty square near the
still existing Cathedral Basilica of St. James.
Figure 10. Karol G. Kowalski, Initial design of Herring Air Purifier Tower, Szczecin Port, 2017
Designed by author the Herring Air Purifier Tower for Szczecin Port is also a good example of
technology and environment coming in together and creating something mutually beneficial
(figure10). Under the technological surface an active gypsum layer is hidden with the addition of
TiO2-N. The gravitational circulation of the air is provided by airspaces and perforations. The inner
space is a place where the photocatalytic process is observable in which under the influence of UV
radiation occurs the mineralization of environmental pollutants.
6. Conclusions
In last decades, impact of various environmental conditions, such as global warming and needs to
reduce CO2 emissions play an increasingly decisive role in the design of new architectural and civil
engineering structures. Understanding the interrelation between these impacts and the built
environment puts forth to architects and engineers to develop innovative materials, components and
systems, in order to design active building envelopes. Nevertheless, air pollution with exhaust gases is
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WMCAUS 2019 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 603 (2019) 032100 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032100
one of the greatest current environmental problems. In large urban agglomerations, intense traffic
increases the concentration of air pollutants. It especially concerns the nitric oxide NOx content. Air
purification in cities is one of the crucial challenges of the 21st century. The development of visible
light active photocatalyst for the mineralization of environmental pollutants has attracted considerable
attention during last years. However, these achievements require popularization and social acceptance.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank WPUT Szczecin students (Master Program): Anna Biernat, Bartosz
Garstka, Michał Świtoń Katarzyna Kołodziejczak, Alicja Muszalska, Nazar Zaniuk for their
contributions to this work as well as for their efforts and enthusiasm throughout the WPUT Szczecin
workshop.
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