Model United Nations (MUN)

HOLIDAY HOWORK

NAME:BHAWANA CLASS:XI STUDENT ID:20180038305

1. Complete Research On Country Profile

A.Russian Federation

● Country’s Physical Geography

Russia, the largest country in the world, occupies one-tenth of all the land on Earth. It spans
11 time zones across two continents (Europe and Asia) and has coasts on three oceans (the
Atlantic, Pacific, and Arctic).

The Russian landscape varies from desert to frozen coastline, tall mountains to giant marshes.
Much of Russia is made up of rolling, treeless plains called steppes. Siberia, which occupies
three-quarters of Russia, is dominated by sprawling pine forests called taigas.
Russia has about 100,000 rivers, including some of the longest and most powerful in the
world. It also has many lakes, including Europe's two largest: Ladoga and Onega. Lake
Baikal in Siberia contains more water than any other lake on Earth.

 That countries Russia shares borders with, which continent it is located.

 European Borders:

● Norway (via the border with the Russian exclave of Pechengsky District) ● Finland
● Estonia
● Latvia
● Belarus
● Ukraine
● Georgia (via the disputed regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia)

Asian Borders:

● Kazakhstan
● China
● Mongolia
● North Korea
Additionally, Russia has several maritime boundaries in the Arctic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Baltic Sea, and the Black
Sea.

The physical geography of Russia is incredibly diverse, ranging from arctic tundra in the north to vast forests, steppe
regions, and mountain ranges. The Ural Mountains serve as a natural boundary between Europe and Asia within Russia.
The country is also home to several major rivers, including the Volga, Yenisei, and Lena, as well as numerous lakes, such
as Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world.

● Country’s Politics and Government

The politics of Russia take place in the framework of the federal semi-presidential republic of Russia. According to the Constitution of
Russia, the President of Russia is head of state, and of a multi-party system with executive power exercised by the government, headed
by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President with the parliament's approval. Legislative power is vested in the two houses
of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, while the President and the government issue numerous legally binding by-laws.
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991, Russia has seen serious challenges in its efforts to forge a political system to
follow nearly seventy-five years of Soviet governance. For instance, leading figures in the legislative and executive branches have put
forth opposing views of Russia's political direction and the governmental instruments that should be used to follow it. That conflict
reached a climax in September and October 1993, when President Boris Yeltsin used military force to dissolve the parliament and called
for new legislative elections (see Russian constitutional crisis of 1993). This event marked the end of Russia's first constitutional period,
which was defined by the much-amended constitution adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist
Republic in 1978. A new constitution, creating a strong presidency, was approved by referendum in December 1993.
  Structure of Government:
 The government of Russia is the federal executive body of state power of the Russian Federation. The members of the
government are the prime minister, the deputy prime ministers, and the federal ministers.[1] It has its legal basis in the
Constitution of the Russian Federation and the federal constitutional law "On the Government of the Russian Federation". [2] The
Apparatus of the Government of Russia is a governmental body which administrates the activities of the government.
 According to the 1991 amendment to the 1978 constitution, the President of Russia was the head of the executive branch and
headed the Council of Ministers of Russia. According to the current 1993 constitution, the president is not a part of the
government of Russia, which exercises executive power. However, the president appoints the prime minister.

● Country’s Allies - friendly nations

Belarus

Militarily, Belarus is Russia’s biggest supporter having allowed both its land and airspace to be used by the Kremlin’s
forces.

Despite resisting pressure thus far from Putin to send troops into Ukraine, Belarusian dictator Alexander Lukashenko has
had no qualms about the thousands of missiles launched from his territory toward Ukraine’s cities.

Lukashenko has little choice in the matter given he’s only still in power because Russia helped him quash a popular
uprising after a contested election in 2020.

Syria

Moscow continues to attract the most unsavory of allies, as Syria has become one of its biggest fans.

President Bashar al-Assad praised the full-scale invasion as a “correction of history” and accused Western nations of using
“dirty methods to support terrorists in Syria and Nazis in Ukraine.”
Assad has been entirely dependent on Russian military support to suppress a popular uprising in Syria which escalated into a
now nearly 12-year civil war.

China

The closest thing Russia has to global superpower support is China, though it is far from definitive or unconditional. China
has never condemned Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, nor has it endorsed it.

China has walked a delicate and slightly ambiguous line that has at times echoed the Kremlin’s line, referring to the invasion
as a “special military operation”, for instance and abstaining from United Nations votes condemning it.

Last year China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi said his country would help Russia “overcome difficulties, eliminate
disturbances, realize the strategic goals of development, and further establish Russia on the international stage.”

Yet this contrasted sharply with comments just two weeks previously from Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning, who
called for de-escalation, adding, “all countries deserve respect for their sovereignty and territorial integrity,” and that
“support should be given to all efforts that are conducive to peacefully resolving the crisis.”

Russia has repeatedly requested arms from China, but as far as is known, Beijing has balked. China has, however, provided
non-lethal equipment such as flak jackets and helmets, according to U.S. intelligence sources.

One way in which China is undoubtedly supporting Moscow is by increasing imports of Russian oil and gas.

But China remains wary of doing more in case it incurs the wrath of debilitating Western sanctions.

India

India is another country that has walked an ambiguous line and the closest it has come to criticizing Russia was during an
awkward televised meeting in September, when Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi told Putin, “I know that today’s era is
not an era of war, and I have spoken to you on the phone about this.”

And yet, just like China, India has increased imports of Russian gas and oil since February of 2022, indirectly helping
finance the Kremlin’s military.

India has also abstained from voting on nearly every resolution condemning Russian aggression at the UN.

The general public in India appears to have strong support for Russia, which may be a result of both India’s current reliance
on Russian military hardware and recollections of the Soviet Union assisting India in the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War.

Mali Eritrea

Mali has recently swung sharply into the Kremlin's orbit after the French ended and withdrew Operation Barkhane, its
military mission to save the capital from being sacked by jihadists.

Currently ruled by military putschists who have denounced France, the authorities have enlisted the help of Russian Wagner
mercenaries to solidify their power.

Commenting on the development, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken recently said: "Everywhere Wagner goes, bad
things tend to follow.

"Where we have seen it act, it hasn't improved security. On the contrary, we've actually seen things get worse, and the
exploitation of resources, the corruption, the violence that it brings are a plague on people in the countries that have chosen
to work with it."

Kazakhstan:

Kazakhstan, as a fellow member of the EAEU and the CSTO, shares a close partnership with Russia. The
countries collaborate on economic integration, security, and cultural exchanges. Kazakhstan plays a vital role in
facilitating transportation and trade links between Russia and Central Asia
● Country’s Culture

 Russian culture has a long and rich cultural history, steeped in literature, ballet,
painting and classical music. While outsiders may see the country as drab, Russia has
a very visual cultural past, from its colorful folk costumes to its ornate religious
symbols. Here is a brief overview of Russian customs and traditions.

 Languages
While Russian is the official language, many Russians also speak English as a second
language. More than 100 minority languages are spoken in Russia today, according to the
BBC. The most popular is Dolgang, spoken by more than 5.3 percent of the country's
population, according to the CIA. Other minority languages include Tartar, Ukrainian,
Chuvash, Bashir, Mordvin and Chechen. Although these minority populations account for a
small percentage of the overall Russian population, these languages are prominent in regional
areas.

 Religions
"Religion has always been a primary component of Russian life, even during times of
oppression," Wagner said.

There are nearly 5,000 registered religious associations in Russia. More than half follow the
Russian Orthodox Church, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian
Federation. Islam is the second largest religion; about 10 percent to 15 percent of Russians
practice Islam, according to the CIA World Factbook.

"The third most popular religion in Russia after Christianity and Islam is Tengrism, a form of
pagan, animistic and shamanic religion," said Christina de Rossi, an anthropologist at Barnet
and Southgate College in London. Tengrism originates from the Turk and Mongol
populations of Central Asia and has enjoyed a revival in parts of Russia as it is seen as part of
a certain Central Asian ethnic identity by some regional independence movements.

 Arts, literature and architecture

Ballet is a popular notable art form coming out of Russia. Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi
Ballet is a classical ballet company based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow and known
throughout the world. The Mariinsky Ballet in Saint Petersburg is another famous ballet
company in Russia.

Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, a 19th-century Russian composer, is world renowned for "Swan
Lake" and the "1812 Overture," among other pieces. There are several museums, including
his childhood home, showcasing his personal belongings and musical artifacts.

Russian food and drink

One of the most well-known traditional Russian foods that may seem strange to an outsider is
borshch, also spelled borscht. This is a beet soup that is full of vegetables and meat and is
typically served with a dollop of sour cream, a staple of many Russian dishes.

Pirozhkis are small baked buns that can be filled with potatoes, meat, cabbage or cheese.
(They should not be confused with pierogis, which are Polish dumplings, boiled and then
fried and stuffed with meat, cheese, potatoes or sauerkraut.)

Caviar, or ikra, traditionally made from the eggs of sturgeon found in the Black Sea or
Caspian Sea, is often served on dark, crusty bread or with blini, which are similar to pancakes
or crepes. Blini are also served rolled up with a variety of fillings, ranging from jam to cheese
and onions, or even chocolate syrup.
Vodka is a popular alcoholic drink traditionally made from the distillation of fermented
potatoes. Beer and tea are also widely consumed.

Folklore
Russia has a rich tradition of folk tales that derive from a number of Slavic myths and
traditions, according to de Rossi. Russian folk characters are very colorful, and they also
betray ancient pagan roots: for example, the Baba Yaga is a witch-like old woman who lives
in the forest in a house that rests on chicken legs and is surrounded by skulls and bones.
Another tale tells of the Fire Bird, an enchanted creature with fiery plumage that is very
difficult to catch, therefore its capture or that of one of its feathers is often the challenge
facing the hero.

Both the Baba Yaga and the Fire Bird can either be good or bad, terrifying or benevolent, and
they can bestow favorable or hostile enchantments, de Rossi said. Above all, they must never
be antagonized!

● Country’s Economy