Navf

ormul
a
Gennav

 Gr
eatCi
rcl
e=shor
testdi
st,
Radi
owav
es,
Notcost
antdi
rect
ion.

 RhumbLi
ne=Notshor
test
,Const
antTr
uedi
rect
ion

 Compr
essi
onRat
io=(eqdi
a-pol
ardi
a)÷eqdi
amet
eror

=1/
297or1/
300or0.
03or0.
3%

 RhumbLi
neDep=DLong×60×Cos(
lat
)

 GCDep=Dl
at×60

 Di
ffbet
weent
woGCt
racks=Conv
ergency(
C)

 Di
ffbet
weenGCandRL=CA(Conv
ersat
ionAngl
e=½C.)
West East
 C=Dl
ong×Si
n(Meanl
at);
CA=½C
NH D I
 Gr
eatci
rcl
evar
iat
ionduet
oconv
ergency(D-
I-
I-
Drul
e)
SH I D

1:
60Rul
e

 Angl
e(@)=(S/
R)×60

 G.
S.Hi
nft(gl
i
desl
opehei
ght)=Angl
e×Range×101

 R.
O.Df
t/mi
n(r
ateofdescend)=(Angl
e×G.
S×101)÷60

 For3°Gl
i
desl
opeangl
eR.
O.D=5×G.
S

I
fAngl
e(@)i
snotgi
venand%ofgr
adi
enti
sgi
ven,
then

ForG.
S.H ForR.
O.D

Angl
e=t
an'
(%/100) R.
O.D=(
%/100)×G.
s×101

G.
S.H=Angl
e×R×101

 Ki
nemat
ic(Di
st)=Speed×t
ime
Al
ter
ati
onOfHeadi
ng

 Cor
rect
iont
oreachDest=T.
E+C.
A T.
E=Tr
ackEr
ror

C.
A=Cl
osi
ngAngl
e
 Doubl
eT.
Emet
hod(Rej
oin)=2×T.
E

RunwayXwi
nds,
Headwi
ndsandTai
lwi
nds

X-
winds=15×si
n(@)

T/
H-wi
nds=15×Cos(
@)

Where@ =Angl
ebet
weenRunwayandwi
nds
di
rect
ions

Ai
rNM =GNM

TAS G.
S

Scal
e,MapsandChar
ts
DA =CosA
 Scal
e=Char
tLengt
h÷Ear
thdi
st(scal
e=CL÷ED)
DB. CosB
 Wher
eA=Lowerl
atv
alue;
B=Hi
gherl
atv
alue

Char
t Conv
ergencyFor
mul
a
n=const
antofcone
Mer
cat
or C=Dl
ong×Si
n(M.
L)
n=Si
n(par
all
elofor
igi
n)
Coni
cal C=Dl
ong×n Par
all
elofor
igi
n=Av gofst
andar
d
Pol
ar C=Dl
ong×1 paral
l
el
Fuel
Cal
S.
F.C=Fuel
÷fuel
flow (Kg/
Nm)
 100l
i
ts=22i
mpG=26.
4UsG
S.
G.R=Fuel
flow÷f
uel
(Nm/
kg)
 Li
t×S.
G=kg
Payl
oad
 I
mpG×10×S.
G=Lbs
MTOW =DOM +P.
L+F.
O.B
 1kg=2.
2lbs(
pounds)
MTOW MLW. MZFW
 Endur
ance=Tot
alf
uel
÷Fuel
flow
+F.
F +F.
O.B
 Fuel
flow(
G.P.
H)=f
uel
÷ti
me

C.
P/PNR

D.CP D×H D.PNR E×O×H.

S.
A.R.=t
otal
END×TAS

D=di
stance;
O=outboundG.
G,H=HomeboundG.
S,E=Saf
eEND,
F=Reser
veFuel

CO=SFCOut
bound,
CH=SFCHomebound

Not
e:Anyrel
ati
onwhichar
edi
rect
lypr
oport
ional
crossmulti
plyandsl
ovet
heequat
ion.And
whi
char
einver
selyr
elat
ed,Cr
ossmulti
plyandFLIPthem andslov
eequat
ion.

Ti
me

◆Ti
me=Dl
ong÷15;Long=15×Ti
me

◆LMT=UTC±(Dl
ong÷15)

◆Tocal
cul
ateanyLMTorUTCf
orEast
erndi
rect
ionuse(
+)andWest
erndi
rect
ion(
-)

◆I
ftheLongi
tudei
sri
ghtofRef
erence(
giv
en)use(
+)andi
flef
t(-
)

◆SunRi
set
imei
sear
ly(
-)i
ntheeast
erndi
rect
ion(El
ong)andl
ater(
+)i
nwest
ern.
 Radi
oNav

 F=C/wav
elengt
h (C=3×10*
8m/
s or162000NM/
sec)

 Di
st=S×T

 LOS(l
i
neofsi
ght)=1.
25(√HT +√HR) orLOS=12√FL(
whenHgtoft
ransmi
tt
erat
MSL)

 HT =hei
ghtofTr
ansmi
tt
er;
HR.=hei
ghtofr
ecei
ver(
A/c)

 Radi
oRange=√power(t
odoubl
ether
angei
ncr
easepowerby4t
imes)

 RadarRange=4t
h√power(Todoubl
ether
angei
ncr
easepowerby16t
imes)

Mar
coni
Ant
enna= 0.
95×(
Wav
elengt
h÷4)
 Lengt
hofant
enna
Di
pol
eAnt
enna=wav
elengt
h÷2

VOR
CVOR R.
S=FM
 I
fOBS=RDL(FM );
.OBS≠RDL-Reci
procal
dir
ect
ion.(TO)
C.
wise V.
S=AM
 I
fOBS=Hdg(Cor
rectSensi
ng);
ifOBS≠Hdg(r
ever
sesensi
ng)
DVOR R.
S=AM
 VOT(t
estVOR):f
or180°Rdl
=indi
cat
esTOwi
thi
n±4°
A.
C.wi
se V.
S=FM
For360°Rdl
=Indi
cat
esFROM wi
thi
n±4°

ForAi
rwayAndConeofconf
usi
onnumer
ical
sUseTan(
@)i
nst
eadof1:
60r
ules

RADAR PhaseDi
ff=Ref-Var
iabl
esi
gnal

PRI=1/PRF.orPRF=1/
PRI

MaxRange=C÷(2×PRF) Mi
nRange=(pul
sel
engt
h×C)÷2

 Beam wi
dth=(70×wav
elengt
h)÷Ant
ennaDi
amet
er

 Hei
ghtoft
hecl
oudTOP/BASE=(t
il
tangl
e-½Beam Wi
dth)×60×101

 (
Ifv
aluei
s(+)addi
ttot
hegi
venFL,i
f(-
)thensubt
racti
tfr
om gi
venl
evel
)

 Doppl
erShi
ft(f
d)=(
V×f)÷C ;andFr
equencyshi
ft(f)=f
d. (R)-f

 (V=speedofA/
cinm/
sec,
fr=r
ecei
verFr
eq,
F=Tr
ansmi
tt
erFr
eq)
 I
NSTRUMENT

 TAT=SAT+RAM RI
SE(
R.R) [R.
R=(V/
100)
²]wher
eV=TAS

 SAT=TAT÷(1+0.
2kM²)wher
eM =M.
no&k=const
ant
(1)

 M.
no=TAS÷LSS(l
ocal
speedofsound)

 LSS=39√K wher
eK=273+℃ (atMSL,
LSS=661Kt
sor340m/
sec)

 Got
hroughal
lpr
essur
einst
rumenteor
ros(Bl
ockages)

 Tr
ueAl
ti
tude(TA)=PA(
Pressur
eAl
t)±[(Dev×PA)
÷250]

 Densi
tyAl
ti
tude(
DA)=PA±(120×DEV) (
+)i
fDevi
sposi
ti
ve,
(-)i
fDevneg

Gy
ro Rat
e 3°
/sec 120
1 sec
Gy
ro Ty
pe Axi
s Freedom RPM
ofplane Rat
e 6°
/sec 60
2 sec
DGI Ti
ed Hor
izont
al 3 12000
Rat
e 9°
/sec 40
AH Ear
th Ver
ti
cal 2 15000 3 sec

T&S Rat
e Hor
izont
al 1 4500 Rat
e 12°
/sec 30
4 sec

Tur
ns

 Radi
usoft
urn=V²÷gt
an(
@) [V=TAS,
@ =Bankangl
e,g=gr
avi
ty(
1)]

 Rat
eoft
urn= V÷Radi
us

 Loadf
act
or=Li
ft÷wei
ght (L.
Fisonl
yfunct
ionofangl
eofbank)

 Bankangl
eforRATE1t
urn= (TAS÷10)+7

Thumbr
ulesofCOMPASSer
ror
s-ANDS,
ASDN,
SONU,
NOSU

Gy
rodr
if
t=15×si
n@ ,Gy
roToppl
e=15×cos@

Tur
ningandaccel
erat
ioner
rorofAr
ti
fi
cial
Hor
izon(
AH)