UNIT 1 –TEACHING AS A PROFESSION and THE As mentioned, teachers do a lot of interventions

TEACHER for the students to learn. But some students care

less of what their teachers are doing and just go
“To teach is to touch a life forever” is one of the best
to school for the sake of going to school
quotations about teaching because as a profession,
teaching demands the total commitment of a teacher to
total transformation of the learners. A great teacher THE TEACHER
loves educating students, seeks to inspire students in all
• Teachers are duly licensed professionals--who
aspects of their lives, and teaches them through
undergone prolonged training and formal
experiences and commitment how to realize their
qualifications (minimum of 4-years bachelor’s
potential to become the best they can be
degree; and must passed the Licensure
Examination administered by the Philippine
Regulation Commission).
Lesson 1a. DIFFERENT VIEWS ON TEACHING as a
PROFESSION
• Teachers possess dignity and reputation with
❖ Teachers do the teaching of the learners in high moral values. This is the most difficult
schools. Thus, it is the job of the teacher to quality a teacher must have because teachers are
imparting knowledge or instructing (someone) the role models of society --since they always
as to how to do something or cause someone to integrate the moral values of the lessons to the
learn or understand something by example or students and instill good character traits among
experience. Thus, teaching here is described as the learners.
a job, an occupation of a teacher. And when it is
an occupation, it becomes a means to earn a • Teachers are expected to have technical and
living. professional competence that includes the
competencies and skills in the field of
❖ Teaching as a profession demands total specialization (technical). Professional
commitment of a teacher to shape the character competencies imply the teacher’s broad
and the future of the learner and to transform knowledge, expertise, wisdom, skills, and
the learner into a meaningful citizen of the world proficiency in a certain field of specialization .
where he lives. Teachers must attend to the
learners’ needs, experiences, feelings,
Lesson 2: TEACHERS’ QUALITIES OR ATTRIBUTES
aspirations, or dreams to succeed in life and to
make interventions so that they learn particular
things and go beyond the given. teaching is ➢ Teacher’s Personality is divided into two:
considered the most exalted form of social Professional image means the image
services and the noblest profession. that one projects about themselves
based upon appearance and reputation.
❖ Teaching as a “science and an art”. Like science, While personal qualities pertain to the
teaching needs a body of knowledge— teachers’ attitudes, character traits, and
scientifically, philosophically, socially, etc. --- values.
because this body of knowledge is what the
teachers transfer to the learners as part of ➢ Preparation of the subject matter
imparting of knowledge and competencies. It is embraces its mastery as well as broad
based on the “cause and effect relationship knowledge of other field of
between teaching and learning”. To update, specialization and its relevance to the
expand and enhance the body of knowledge, main topic, using variety of classroom
teachers do a lot of simple/complex research, activities, making the subject matter
attending seminars-workshops, updating their meaningful to the students.
skills in rapid changes of technology, and the like.
The art of teaching calls for
creativity,resourcefulness,industriousne ss, ➢ Classroom environment is one of the
among others, to find means to deliver the most important factors affecting student
knowledge or build competencies among learning. It is the kind of environment
learners. every teacher should create to maximize
instructional time, help students feel
❖ Teaching is the responsibility of the Teacher, secure and supported, and motivate
while Learning is the responsibility of the them to learn and succeed.
Students. The main function of a teacher is
instruction—to teach is the work of the teachers.
LESSON 3: THE 21ST CENTURY TEACHER Lesson 5- FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING
EFFECTIVE INSTRUCTION
➢ Teaching in the 21st century means adapting
different modes of teaching and learning, • Principles are used in different senses;, are chief
adapting interventions, and adapting to new guides to make teaching and learning effective
technologies for the betterment of both and productive. They are fundamental truth, a
teaching-learning process. comprehensive law, a doctrine, a policy, and a
deep-seated belief which governs the conduct of
various types of human endeavors.

1. PRINCIPLE OF CONTEXT – is the analysis of the

meaning of the word knowledge from different
perspective. It is the idea that the reader gets
from the sentence. Context refers to words just
before or after a certain word sentence that help
makes clear what it means. . The use of context
in teaching helps the learners to be more
interested and have clear understanding of ideas
➢ Effective Communication Skills include
competency in written, oral, and interactive 2. PRINCIPLE OF FOCUS – means there is a definite
communications. communication skills is the area of concentration; there should be one topic
ability of the teachers and students to work of lesson at a time. Classroom instructions can
together as a team and collaborate with others. only be effective if the teaching process follows a
definite path, a specific objective, or a point of
➢ Information, Media, and Technology skills call emphasis. Focus will help the learners to fully
for the ability of the teachers and students to comprehend the topic for the day; while
access and evaluate information, use, and Teachers are sure of that they achieved or
manage information and apply technology accomplished their goal in imparting knowledge
effectively to the learners

➢ Life and career skills is the ability to cope with

the complex life and work environments. Here 3. PRINCIPLE OF SEQUENCE – is the effective
teachers and students should be able to adapt to ordering of a series of learning tasks. It the
change, manage goals and time, be self-directed movement form meaningless to emergence of
learners, and at the same time effectively meaning; from immediate toward remote, from
interact with others and work effectively in concrete toward symbolic. Hence, sequence is a
diverse teams. process of transformation from what the
students know going to what they do not know.
➢ Learning Innovation skills are the skills that A good transition of the lesson is important:
separate students who are prepared for an moving from simple to complex.
increasingly complex life and work environment
than those who are not. This is the culmination
of the 4C’s (critical thinking, creativity, 4. PRINCIPLE OF SOCIALIZATION – classroom is
communication, and collaboration). viewed as conventionalized setting in which rule-
bound interaction takes place between the
learner and the teacher. Instruction depends
UNIT II –PRINCIPLES UNDERLYING EFFECTIVE
upon the social setting in which it is done, and is
INSTRUCTION AND THE FOUR PILLARS OF
characterized by submission, contribution, and
EDUCATION/LEARNING
cooperation.

➢ The famous dictum of Froebel stated that “All

learning comes through self-activity” gave the 5. PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALIZATION - progresses
expression that self-activity is the great and in terms of the learner’s own purposes,
fundamental principle in education. aptitudes, abilities, and experimental procedure.
Here, teachers should consider the learner’s
➢ Four Pillars of Education/Learning will be the differences in mental ability, readiness, physical
guiding frameworks to take their journey from differences, special abilities, aptitudes and
continuous learning throughout their life interests, and work methods. Teachers should
 act as facilitators and let the student work alone Together involves the development of social skills and
by himself. Thus, the concept of independent values such as respect and concern for others, social and
learning will be accomplished at a given time. interpersonal skills and appreciation of the diversity of
the world.
6. PRINCIPLE OF EVALUATION - determines
LEARNING TO BE refers to the development of all the
whether objectives of instruction have been
dimensions of the complete person. This is the all-around
carried out and learning or understanding of
development of the whole person to fulfill his highest
lesson has taken place. Learning is heightened by
potential and be able to think, decide and act
a valid and discriminating appraisal of all its
independently. It involves activities that foster personal
aspects, following these scales of application
development (body, mind, and spirit) and contribute to
thru: direct results only, related to objectives and
creativity, personal discovery and an appreciation of the
processes and total learning process and results.
inherent value provided by these pursuits.
There are at least three types of evaluation that
can be use: Diagnostic, Formative and 1. Towards a scientific humanism – based on scientific
Summative and technological training. Objective knowledge,
however, must be directed towards action and primarily
LESSON 6 – THE FOUR PILLARS OF
in the service of humankind
EDUCATION/LEARNING
2. Creativity-preserving one’s own originality and
• Education throughout life is based on four
creative ingenuity
pillars: learning to know, learning to do,
learning to live together, and learning to be 3. Towards social commitment-preparing the individual
for life in society
A. LEARNING TO KNOW simply means
4. Towards the complete man – calls for a search for
acquiring the needed means to
balance among the various intellectual, ethical,
understand the body of knowledge
emotional, physical, and spiritual components of
through concentration, memory skills,
personality.
and thinking.

UNIT 3: THE TEACHER AND EDUCATIONAL

• Concentration is giving one’s own attention or PHILOSOPHY
thought to a single object or activity.
• Memory is the process of recalling what has I. The major philosophies of education are
been learned and retained from one’s activities idealism, realism, existentialism, and
or experiences pragmatism.
• Thinking is the action of using one’s mind to
produce thoughts, decisions, memories, etc. II. The contemporary philosophies are
perennialism, essentialism, progressivism, and
Learning to know presupposes learning to learn that social reconstructionism
involves the development of knowledge and skills –
literacy, numeracy, and critical thinking-- needed to
function in the world.

LEARNING TO DO putting knowledge and learning into

practice innovatively through skills development,
practical know-how, development of competencies, life
skills, personal qualities, aptitudes, and attitudes. This is
UNESCO’s perspective— personal competence: mix of
skills and talents and combining certified skills acquire
through technical and vocational training, social
behavior, personal initiative, and willingness to take risks.
It is a concept where technical skills paired with
personal competence equips man the ability to perform
well in his work.

LEARNING TO LIVE TOGETHER implies that the teacher

should help the students develop an understanding of
other people and appreciation of interdependence since
we live in a closely connected world. Learning to Live