RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

External Nose – Encloses the chamber of air inspiration.

Nasal Cavity – Cleaning, warming, and humidifying chamber for inspired air.
Pharynx – Serves as a shared passageway for food and air.
Larynx (voice box) – Helps keep the airway constantly open, or patent.
Trachea (windpipe) – Air-cleaning tube to funnel inspired air to each lung.
Bronchi – Tubes that direct air into lungs.
Lungs – Labyrinth of air tubes and complex network air sacs, called Alveoli and
capillaries. Each air sac is the site of gas exchange between the air and the blood.

FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Respiration = Breathing
- Two broad aspects of respiration
 Ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs.
 Respiration: diffusion of gases across cell membranes.
- Two major types of respiration within the body
 External Respiration: movement of gasses between atmospheric air in the
lungs and the blood.
 Internal Respiration: movement of gasses between the blood and the body’s
cells.

RESPIRATORY TRACT
 Upper respiratory tract: includes the nose to the larynx.
 Lower respiratory tract: trachea to alveoli in the lungs
FOUR SIMULTANEOUS PROCESSES
Ventilation: Air moves into and out of the respiratory passages.
External respiration: Terminal portion of the air tubes
Gas transport: Carbon dioxide and O2 travel blood to and from cells.
Internal respiration: Gas exchange with the tissues involves the exit of O2 from the blood
into cells, While CO2 exits cells to enter the blood.
FROG’S RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- The two main parts of frog’s respiratory system are the LUNGS and SKIN.
- Frog’s lungs are in the upper part of their body, just behind and under the skin.
- The other respiratory structures are found in the frog are the skin, mouth and
nostrils, Glottis.
- The frog's respiratory system consists of both cutaneous and pulmonary respiration,
where the skin and lungs play vital roles in the exchange of gases, and their nostrils
and glottis assist in regulating airflow.
HOW THE FROG’S RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WORKS
- Frogs breathe by absorbing oxygen through their skin when they're in the water,
and they can also use their lungs to breathe when they're on land.
- When a frog inhales, it essentially opens its mouth, creates a vacuum to pull in air,
and uses its lungs to capture oxygen from that incoming air.
- When a frog exhales, it essentially closes its mouth, raises the floor of its mouth to
create pressure, and pushes the used air out of its body.
 - The diaphragm has minor role in frogs, aiding lung movements during breathing.

THE ALVEO-CAPILLARY STRUCTURE AND HOW IT WORKS

- The alveo-capillary structure is like a finely tuned exchange system in the lungs that
ensures your body receives the oxygen it needs while removing the waste gas, carbon
dioxide, as a part of the breathing process.
- It is located in the lungs.
- The function of the alveo-capillary structure is to facilitate the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide in your lungs.
 CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: HEART

Functions of the Heart

 Generates blood pressure.
 Heart routes blood through the systemic and pulmonary
 Heart helps regulate blood supply tissue.

- The Heart is approximately the size of a closed fist and is located in pericardial
cavity.

Anatomy of the Heart

Pericardium

 Sac consisting of fibrous and serous pericardia.

 Outer surface of the heart is lined by the visceral pericardium. (epicardium)
External Anatomy

 The atria are separated externally from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus.
The right and left ventricles are separated externally by the interventricular sulci.
 The inferior and superior venae cava enter the right atrium.
 The pulmonary trunk exits the right ventricle, and the aorta exits the left ventricle.

Heart Chambers and Internal Anatomy

CHAMBERS OF HEART

 Right Atrium - receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and
inferior vena cava. The right atrium then pumps the blood into the right ventricle.
 Right Ventricle - receives blood from the right atrium and then pumps blood into
the pulmonary trunk which then goes to the lungs.
 Left Atrium - receives blood from the right atrium and then pumps blood into the
pulmonary trunk which then goes to the lungs.
 Left Ventricle - receives blood from the left atrium and then pumps blood into the
aorta.
VALVES OF THE HEART

 Tricuspid valve – right side; formed from the three leaflets.

 Bicuspid valve – left side; formed from the two leaflets.

BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE HEART

1. Inferior and Superior Vena cava
2. Right Atrium
3. Tricuspid valve
4. Right ventricle
5. Pulmonary trunk
6. Pulmonary arteries
7. Lungs
8. Pulmonary veins
9. Left Atrium
10. Bicuspid/Mitral valve
11. Left ventricle
12. Aorta

HISTOLOGY OF THE HEART

HEART WALL
The Heart wall consists of the outer epicardium, the middle myocardium, and the inner
endocardium.
CARDIAC MUSCLE
Striated; it depends on ATP for energy and on aerobic metabolism.
Cardiac muscle cells are joined by intercalated disks that allow action potentials to be
propagated throughout the heart.
STIMULATION OF THE HEART
The movement of blood through the heart is determined by a coordinated sequence of
cardiac muscle contractions: atria contract first, followed by ventricular contraction.

FUNCTIONS
AORTA – Largest artery in the human body.
Plays a central role in circulating oxygenated blood throughout the body, maintaining
blood pressure, and facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waste products.
SUPERIOR VENACAVA - Large vein in the upper body that carries deoxygenated blood
from the upper half of the body back to the heart's right atrium.
INFERIOR VENACAVA - Major vein that returns deoxygenated blood from the lower
half of the body to the heart's right atrium.
RIGHT ATRIUM - Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body and pumps it to the right
ventricle.
LEFT ATRIUM - Receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and then empties the blood
into the left ventricle.
PULMONARY ARTERY - Carry blood from your heart to your lungs.
PULMONARY VEIN - Transfer freshly oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atria
of the heart.
PULMONARY VALVE - Prevent back flow of blood from the pulmonary artery back into
the Right Ventricle in DIASTOLE.
RIGHT VENTRICLE - Pumps blood low in oxygen to the lungs.
LEFT VENTRICLE - Pump oxygenated blood to the body.
AORTIC VALVE - Prevents the back flow of deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle.
BICUSPID VALVE (MITRAL VALVE) - Allows flow from the left atrium to the left
ventricle.
TRICUSPID VALVE - Sends blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
PERICARDIUM - Fixes the heart in the mediastinum and limits motion.

ELECTROCARDIUM (EKG)
ECG (EKG)
 Record of electrical events in heart
 Diagnosis cardiac abnormalities
 Contains P wave, QRS complex, T wave

P WAVE

 Depolarization of atria

QRS COMPLEX

 Depolarization of ventricles
 Contains QRS waves

T WAVE

 Repolarization of Ventricles

REGULATION OF HEART FUNCTION

STROKE VOLUME
 Volume of blood pressure
 70 ml/beat

Hypotension - BP

Hypertension - BP

Baroreceptors BP – Vessels- Constriction

CODE BLUE – FIBRILLATION
EPINIPHRINE – IT INCREASE HEART RATE
 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD

 Transporation – hormones, gasses, nutrients, ions, heat

 Regulation – pH, temperature
 Protection – clothing

 Cyanosis – bluish

Composition
 Connective tissue
 Plasma = 55%
 Red blood cells = 45%

BUFFY COAT – composed of white blood cells and platelets.

The other term of RBC is ERYTHROCYTES

PROTEINS – Albumins 54%

Globulins 38 %
Fibrinogen 7%
THROMBOCRYTES – PLATELETS
LEUKOCYTES – WBC

PLASMA
 91% water, 7%

BLOOD CELLS
HEMOPOIESIS