st BIOMOLECULES Tose organic. Lombounds whith builds uf te Eating su tem vad. ase sesbonsible for ther got dnd. eoletdionne. CARBOHYDRATES | + Mese cane defined. 0s optical, achive Substomces aren ee et Ny / be rgiiony he Seat Oe thet belouiour toute IL Monosaccharides :- Tere ase the Sat L drakes Hhich cownst be hy ed. to AW mole — — Gables . Med genet ee e xs SC CR), where m= 3-7 [S- Obsesoecharaites Te 2 Meartahy dates which on he fe aa molecules of mmomas ace bard ec .T “1 OKe, further pied as di, te tetsasaceharider ete. depends 4 ahon ore | no. 4 mwiomanoee haseide mokecuter 1 Disoechoades '- Carbohydrates which upon ive 2 molecules of the Aame/ di ecevit monosoecharides atce a dizoechasudes - Ther genet formula a6 CH, 0, Gq Sucrose, martore , dartore ce. 2. Tecroechatiibes :- Carbohydrates which om 3 mole of, the Aome | oe Aocehoxides are cid trisaecharider. Tee jeoat foo 4 Cig, %¢ ° pes Rana pom hy dialysis gise one molecate cach of pteWp 2. Retosea - Honoraechanider towtaininy CamSc i) Tetrasncchaniden ‘= Conbelydrates which om by dhe difterew monosaccharides ane C(t petsas aechasides. is yh wlecute each 4 Stochysane ubon dralynis wet mem of qeaeme_omd 430 xt q i Polysaccharides + Caschahydrater whith yield tage ore cfd polyracchasider . 1 Starch, cettubore, yy qe ete: aud hence ake wo if Reducing Sugar *- fhe can taps Which Seduce , wi Hefworced to os “Seduer ALL manos puhethe atdoser on het seducing AUgases . HE Now - Wel a4 Tolle’ stagen aste Augors - eq Sucrose de Uasaiticoion of Monesocchanides These one Luthor amd fumetiovak . attached. There atu dbout 20 monosaccharides whith oceuk in mature Rese are of 2 dype — + socs Monordechaxides seovbaiinio wm addeha de. (-co) prop ase carted aldoser - Scanned ~ Lys gine four rmekecules of the Same or ore ward 2 meleculers Bein generat focmuta. “8 Coy Mga To: of monoaccharider unit on hydbeabysee oechatiees ake not Aweet in taste kag « felines sctudion rh Je ert gree haxid i Y dates whieh seaducions 1 Ahese corbahy A seedsee Fehhing Aokubion a4 44 an mom - redwenv on the based of Carbon ators a hete pe Codde General Toms — Macha 3 Tuiore Aldateione Ketotsucase 4 Teh ocaore AddaketHose Retatet sere 5 Pevtare Nadobentose Retapevtose 6 Hexase Ndohexose Retohexose # Heptose Aldsheptore Ret ahepstone # GLUCOSE + Styuctuse Glucese aceurs pedy im noture a4, wel Dh im Lombimed state. St ix poesevt im aweek Apusits ramet, homey « Psearcchion 1 Foom Sucrose i (Came sugar) . when {becuse ia ek ba baiting at HO wv HyS0, im aleahalie sobuition , om epuimotat ‘mine j-dusre of qbucose amd fouctole obtaimed. + C4. + Ho tS C4130 + CMe Gducase Pyuchose 2 Byrom Sach '- Commercially abucase ia abtareeel by rgfaclypn of atoncls by baking EMEA s HyS%q at 393 K umder pxeeraure- + (CHa), + H,9 BH ™ Con stash Gducore He OREN CHAIN STRUCTURE OF GLUCOSE ' Giucose 1s am aldoherxore amd is alte F Yor desctgnre + 9 i& the monomer af mem fabtocchasades Auth a4 starch , agen Cellulose che Pe open chain stsuclure nas brapored by Boeyer , St Contaamsa one he (-CHo gh) , ome poimory afte Yes| fabio gh. (GeIH,0H) te ML four Accondary sleoholic CEMEHOR NP gacoubs . - -CHo = ome abdehytie snap \ (HoH), e fur. 2° abeohalic CHOH € One t abtchatic ¢ Me arsuctune was veanigned om the basis of Attention evidence . A Te matecutan formula of fiescete 2b CoH. - 2 Glucose om seduction With HD and sed P ot 313K Gr 2 mixture of n-hexane and 2 - iodahexane. CyH,,0, PEA cu, cn, chien, cH,0 —cHe- CH tcc, 626 Sak CH, CHCH,CHCH, + CH,- CHT: HCH TCH Gbucose n-Hexane 2- Todshexame 3- GLucore seeacts with hy ine te farm oxime rs sxm Comfitem presence Sof ~canbomal qe: Coy ch =NoH ' NOH in (CHO), ———> (chon) \ chon cho Glucose Gdutere oxime 4. Gkucose seock witk Hen te form cxamala dio « _—(cHon),, I 1 CHAOH a H,0H 5. Giucose qs oxidined to rive carbon -carboryfic aciot om son With mild cocadexivy jets dike mine He) CHO COOH | Bicg water. (CHoH),, —— (CHOH), 1 ! CH oH Gluconce arid6 Acetylation oh quaccse With Occhic dside oive Queme hereto. ocetate whith Conpixmed presence of 5 -OH we dn ghutone. cho Acetic cho dete. ! nN CHOW H -0-C- (6 My 5 (cH4,C0),0 te CH), + 5. CHzCOOH CH,OH CH)-0- CCH, GDucose Gducore pertoacetate % Om Oscdattion with wictseie acid, jdscote prema qe Oeid ars week os Anechauie acid. cho ntaaon Coon exidecion coon (chek), “bw, CHO", ———_ (cnet, chou CHO Coon Glucose Gkucomie Orid Stechasie acid Me exact shobiat akkomgemenct of diff exert —oh geet wan given o FISCHER aftesc shudgiog rman proper CHO \ H-C—o0H ' HO-C—H 1 H -¢ — ou \ H-C —on 1 CHLOH D+) Gducore CCU STRUCTORE OF GLUCOSE The st. Wsctten tbove explain most. of i prepercties but soem amd. foots touldnst be exblaimed by this 1 Deshite having ldehy de asiup, glucose “doer nat. give 24 DNP Lest 4 Olhehade . 2 doesnot ye Schiff s test Ices i MaaThe Pevtnocetate of quem doesnt smdiic ating the absence af Anee —CHO ge 3 Gducose as found to exist im 2 Uren Cnitalline qe which a momed 04 of wt & ~ fore of {Wecore 3s obtarmed Cryst alli zation om cone: Aol, of qiucase at 303k While B- form is abtaim ed 4 Gustaltisation from water oboe 371 K- Thin behavians Couldnt be explained. Oem chdin st smetune for qducose Re stsuetuse of (uueore Lom be best explained af we Usume thak —OH Groups “may odd to — CHO yuuh omd form 0 cycle hemi Pacetal atiuclure. Glucere forms 2 6- merdbercea = which -ol at Co it involved in sang fora. Te 2 Yebie farms excust in epuibihedurmn With aber Chaim atsucture — N H—C-on 4-C=0 yo a | ( HC — 8H H -C -on \ H-C — HO =e H ‘= no~e H =— ' “ 0 1 ! noe -H =e or —-c- wi nop aon 4 i a4 W-¢ -oH Hoe ~¢- 6H 1 4 oo" t~¢ cH,o# CH.OH CH0H4 o-D-C+)- Glucose D-(+)- GQucase f= D-(+) -6bacente he 2 cic, heminestad fama of gtucose LY O. din She tovti Om af the hydto a os Spo Nanomenic ee Suth as de “- fodem Omd B- form are cd amomess The 6- membered wycLie Absuetuice of lurore Ls ofa Kamare stguctutrced Me wckie atsuctuse of qbucore BA make Correctly secpsouented. by HAWORTH Atsiucture- Sc ithHOH HOH sy hee &-D(+) GLucabysamene B-D- Gducohyromose 4H FRUCTOSE b 54 is Lom impurctort hetohenose dt 28 obtamed pons with qlucose the deakyres of disoechoride "sucsane ot a ee celtan Moke Coy, omd St tovtolin hedonic fonchtonal gp oF C-2. St belowss to D- Series omd os Loevonatatary «It is hedtton a4 D-(-)-fructose. 944 oben chain At is as - Hon,c~ neo oH Chen on Ho-C —CH, noe -t- \3 20H eae Hove H _, 40~C-H aa I oO 3 om Hee - —oH H- con Ho b- on H -f— on H cH, -3- cay &-D(-) Fouctose D(-) Foucetore B- D(-) fauctose Te Gclic stsuctures con alto be Sep scese by Rosorath Atyuchures 24 yen — HOHE CH,0H HOHC OL on H 4 HO) " on 4 cHOK 4 ou oH OH h- D(-) Fourcte furamare B-D (-) Fometef reamose He Disocchasider i A sisocchoride Consists of 2 mono-| —aoecmudes uvits held ether a Pyoridic simbage bf C- atows. Drrgechanider dre. of diff erenct Sper - z Suegote | shots,ob dk Lommon disocchoide which om myo < que equirmotar mmisckurce of D(+) Quicese amt D(-) Asurtore. GaMaan + 4,0 ——> CoHn% + CoH % Suesase Glucose Feuetore Te sudo monosaccharides ose held taetherr by tute - Aidte Mivhaye bln Cf ¢- glucose gol C, of B- foe -~tore . Since seducing qfurcose and fructose Oe imvalued In giyaluke at £ formation : 41 Sucmase t- none, OV H on 4 (4-D~ GAutose) (B-D-Fsumetese) Suesiose 14 Deatrovstotare but after dealers ves 2 aud lactated f oh Since the Loevarstetion of fruetore am Dhan the desctsrosatotion of glucose , the mixture is Laeversta— —tesey . Tart, is of Auctiose boii about chovye im bien of on yore dextseo Maeve Sami oe duct Ie momed oA invest sugar. 2. Mattese '- 94 commret of 2 o- e unts Linrkeol Aagethor by qhyesidic Limhoges. 2 (eeMig® Jaq + HO OPE om Cy Hy, Stash Maltose CH,OH chOH 4 4 4 oH 4 40 4 on H on X-D - Glucose X-D- Glueose ‘Hence! Grif ome {hucose unk 3s Sivhed to Cy of Bie ctkere- canner3. Loxhose :- 3¢ aa morte Comm Klas mitle Aur Auuce Dis disoeehMude as found in mR . St JA Comboredl of B-D- galactose tnd B-D~ plucsse The Aimhage a4 bln C, of gatactore amd Cy of gliscase. Hemce it is 1 eda AUIOK: Gison coh 4 oH H A HoH B- D- Gotactose P-d- Gfucore ae Poly snechaseides — Pabyracelamider torntain o. Large Ne. of monosaccharide Units jaimed tagether yeridec sinhages. Tey maimly ort as food storage of Atsucturok matceeiab. “4 me Stash - Storch ss the maim stage polyracchorcale of plordts. o4 aa the most impart diett ousice human beings + 9k 4k polymer of f- glucore] Omd consists of 2 Components — Ai ec + Amylabectin. Armase in water Ackuble Component which Comtituter IS—“20/f. of starch . A ecdin is insoluble in 1,0 md Lostitutes abut! 80-85 7. f starch. Ot iA a bsanched chain polymers having (ysidic Limoges. Prwahoss cng > ce chow coh 4 4 4 OH og oto Eh oH On Hoon H on n cHoH h if cHoH f mn te2. Cetdulore + Cettublore accuses exchurively in plards. St Gb predominant comatituent of Cell hole of pkorck cotls. Celbitose ae axseaig he thoin. Stowoturce + hou,e o on Trvperdamee of Carbohydrates | 2 ts oe ect fen Hh Ha sno: 2. Te cor drakes nck ar Atangae of on ox the £4 Stodedh i 0 “mas food sererwe Jim plots 4 omimals 3-They form stourclural materials for m1 ampadctart Gondustyues Such as teatives , pabers ete. 4. They forum strucdurat materials for cells | tg Cetdullase is present in the cold watts of the part Cells. 5. fuserctwee ond cbothes ore built with cettulore. Gu her been used for 0 dowy bee 0s am inst uate of emery:— 4 QUIND RCIDS = Osgomiie. Compounds ming bath. ommine ah, CHL) ond Caboose Qh (-CooH) corer Hes amine acids . Tein general foremute is R- CH cool NH (¢- twine acid) Where Bib athyl gh. omd in diferent Jobe diffrrnst omimedicid. Chaseiticatiom :- @ Dehending ubom dhe position of the wk, ab wget —Co Sire rapt aa ea 4 of Amino acids 2. B- Aminoosids 3. 8 - Amino acids Depending oben the no. of WH, amd -Coo ght. psusinat per me — Gube aminoacids one Barsitied into foltoning 3 types — 2 Nedlsal ominoaeide Renime ocide ining equak na. of -NH, sted. —COOH ght peor ‘meleeute ore cathed nentsat Osrine acids - Hs SY HN— CH, Coon, HW — CH Coon Glycine Agomine, 2 Acidic amine acide - Those aminoacids which cotaim two — COOH aby omd ome -NH, gb. pox malecule are casted acidic Gmino oxida - An S4 Gbitomnic oid , Dshoritic acid ete. eee 3. Basie amino adds > Tose amino acids whieh Contain tno - NH af. md ome —COOH gp. ane -catted baric amino acide 24 Lytle : , © Depemat fo. the ruitsidlionsl importance , wminoocils howe beem claskibind ino sive types — AL Ewtiol annimeasids -- The ten aminoacids which camnet be withesised inside ty body amd wut be token qutaide Le in dick one -catled emerdio€ amino acils- {4 leucine , Ualeucine, Tryptophan ete. 2. Now- esrevtiaL amine teids > The ston omimaacds Which, ase poheited imside She body womd must be talon from outride we catled rom—erertiol amine aus . cz) Gdyrine , Mrposcice arid , Glutamic ood ete