CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Education is the key factor in the development and advancement of a society. Each

individual in a country should be considered as an asset because it is due to the overall

contribution of human resources that a nation can progress and advance. To integrate each

individual in the process of development and advancement of the nation, suitable education

and training is very important. Ahmad, etal (2019) in their recent research opined that, since

education and training of an individual is a lifelong process every nation must be aware of

this fact, if proper directions are to be given to its people. To ensure that people get a

lifelong education, libraries should be made accessible and library services should be made

available at all places, to all sections of the society.

The human need for information is unlimited. People seek information from different sources

and formats for undertaking a variety of jobs and tasks. They use information for decision

making, discovering new phenomena, developing new techniques and technologies, and

improving existing knowledge and theories. Information also plays a vital role in shaping human

thinking and character building, communication, and the teaching process. Tremendous growth

in knowledge, technological advancements and rapid changes in the modern world has led to an

increased awareness of the importance of information in all aspects of life Onwubiko (2019).

According to Omehia (2018), library is a collection of written, printed or other graphic materials

(including slides, records, tapes, film and phonographs) organized for effective use. Academic

institutions play a key role in society by preparing future generations to use the acquired

1
knowledge to fulfill their responsibilities more effectively. The libraries of these institutions

serve a variety of users such as students, faculty, administrators and staff with diverse

information needs. These libraries collect a variety of information sources and offer various

services for supporting instructional, research and learning activities. Hence, the importance of

libraries in academic institutions is considerable and they are often viewed as a nucleus of

academic activity. Today's library is power house where information is stored, generated and

transferred to fulfill the users need. For the optimum use of this library its users should also have

knowledge to access its resources to their full benefit making every search effective. But still the

information searching strategies shows that the user's searching behavior as being subjected

specific and most users pick what they perceive as important word in an assigned topic and they

use it to search for the needed information. The library must have a thorough knowledge of the

user's needs. Without knowing the information needs of its users it is difficult to provide

effective and efficient service to them. It is also impossible to collect the documents without

knowing the information needs of its readers. Normally all libraries activities are designed to

develop a system based on a string service to be provided to the users up to their at most

satisfaction. As stated in the work of Uzolgwe (2019), the information service is provided to

meet the needs of users. Information services include personal assistance provided to users in

pursuit of information. The character and extent of such services will vary with kind of library or

information centers, the type of users. The information services are to be developed not only to

meet user needs and to improve present services but also to anticipate users' needs in the future.

The effectiveness of any information service depends upon the satisfaction of the information

needs of its users. The efficiency of an information service can be measured only by the degree

to which its resources are utilized. Most students finish their education without even visiting the

2
libraries or using library resources. Though library is an integral part of academic library it has

not become fully an essential part of educational system and the learning process. Especially on

the student of undergraduates' level they generally start their searches with an encyclopedia

rather than card catalog. Users have a distorted view of their knowledge of library skill.

Realizing this malice situation it is necessary for students at all level to be given library- user

education so that they won't waste their valuable learning time and without assistant also student

can make an effective use of library resources. The overall objective should be to make the

student appreciate the value of information and to Impart library skills and study skills Otulugbu,

( 2019). A library is a collection of sources, resources, and services, and the structure in which it

is housed; it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private

individual. It can mean the collection itself, the building or room that houses such a collection or

both Otulugbu, (2019). Libraries are defined as organized collection of published and

unpublished books and audiovisual materials with the aid of services of staff that are able to

provide and interpret such materials as required to meet the information, research, educational

and recreational needs of its user Otulugbu, (2019). In line with this, Onwubiko & Uzolgwe

(2019) defined library as an information center located in an organization, Institute, agency,

industry, and government agencies to satisfy the information needs of the individual client and

the realization of its broad goals and objectives.

There are different types of libraries namely; Public, National, Special, and Academic libraries.

The polytechnic library is an academic library according to Abubakar (2019) who defined the

academic library as one that is attached to an institution of higher learning of the status of a

university or college and serving primarily students and teachers, even though they may extend

services to others. He thus sees the library as a social. Institution that is more than a building

3
having books and allied materials, building or physical plant, personnel and clients as its

components. Academic libraries are libraries attached to tertiary institutions such as universities,

polytechnics, colleges of education, colleges of agriculture, colleges of technologies and research

institutes. Singh & Kaur (2018) stressed that preservation and access to knowledge and

information is the main mandate of academic libraries alongside supporting the mission of their

parent institutions which is teaching and research. Pritchard (2019) stated that academic libraries

are not separate units but part of the institution and their quality must be determined by their

relationship with the outcomes that are important to the college or university. Ishola and Obadare

(2018) found that there was high level of availability of Information sources in the selected

Nigeria Universities they studied, high level of accessibility of information sources and that

library users access information sources daily. They found that services provided in the libraries

were conventional, reactive and product oriented rather than proactive, customer oriented,

innovative, and augmentative. Moreover, Madukoma et al (2019) found that library Instruction

helps students to identify their information needs and search for information in the library and

that it has positive effect and positive relationship on undergraduate students' academic

performance. It is important for library services to focus more on the use of resources provided

for their patrons. Therefore, this study will discuss the attitude of students towards the use of

library resources in Kaduna polytechnic local government department.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Libraries are nests, which thatch scholarship but libraries are not themselves- automatically

valuable to users. Users need to be motivated to see the real worth of a library. There are various

resources available both in print and electronically the main purpose of these resources will be

fulfilled only if the users are able to locate these information sources effectively. Hence, the true

4
worth of the library will be made. Coming to this era of technological development the forms of

resources has been distinctively transformed from printed books and journals to various

electronic forms. Today's library has a challenge to broaden its resources and develop its

collection in print resources as well as electronic format. Student of these generation are more

inclined to digital forms of information they like to get information in a fastest way. Therefore

the main objective of this study is to find out the student's attitudes towards the use of library

resources in the department of local government, College of Administrative studies and social

sciences (CASSS) Kaduna polytechnic, Kaduna.

1.3 Research Questions

In order to accomplish the specified objectives of the study, the researcher posed the following

research questions:

1. What are their reasons for using the library?

2. What is the information sources being consulted by the students?

3. What are the positive attitudes of students toward the use of library resources in the library

understudy?

4. What are the challenges of students toward the use of library resources?

1.4 Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are:

1. To identify their reasons for using the library.

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 2. To examine the information sources being consulted by the users in Local Government

Department, Kaduna Polytechnic.

3. To find out the attitudes of students toward the use of library resources in the library.

4. To find out the challenges of students toward the use of library resources in the library.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The significance of this study is to have an insight about the attitudes of National Diploma (ND)

students toward the use of library resource. This study which help to get answer for the type

work of resource that the students prefers and feel more comfortable using and also try to find

out the various aspects of users, the things that motivate them or discourage them from coming

to the library. It will also be a helpful indication on how important proper education about library

is as it teaches information skills to the students for effective retrieval. It is also hoped that the

study will provide a guideline for the librarians in Kaduna Polytechnic library and other campus

libraries to know about the user’s information requirement and give them concrete directions for

the future Collection Development.

1.6 Scope and Delimitations of Terms

This study is limited within the National Diploma (ND) students of local government

Department College of administrative studies and social sciences Kaduna polytechnic. The study

has been carried out among the students belonging to academic year 2021\2022.The principal

focus of this study is to find out the attitudes of students towards the use of library and its

services while preparing for their assignment and also during their regular academic and course

works .The study is also focused on finding out the students information on seeking habits and

6
 the various technologies they explore to reach for information while preparing for their studies.

This study has tried to show that, the Students does not solely depend upon the college library for

all information .they go through internet as well as other electronic sources for their information

needs and wants .The study is limited only on finding out the students attitudes on using the

library and other options they use to get information they wants. This study prevails among the

user’s habits and their information need. This study is mainly an analytical and descriptive study

based on the response of the students.

1.7 Definition of Research Terms

1. Academic Library: According to Abubakar (2019), an academic library is a library in school,

college, University and all other institute of higher learning. It is a library which is an integral

part of an institution of higher education.

2. Information: Information is a property of data resulting from or produced by a process that

produced data (Journal of Library & Information Science, 2014).

3. Information Service: According to Journal of Library & Information Science, (2014) library

information center process information bearing documents and organizes them for use to those

who seek it. A library make both extensive and intensive efforts to inform the users what

information is available in what document through its various bibliographical and documentation

services.

4. Library resources: According to Abubakar (2019), library resources are those materials, both

print and non-print, found in any libraries which support curricular and personal information

needs.

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5. User's Attitude: According to Jeff (2019), Users' attitude is a disposition of library patrons to

respond favorably or unfavorably to the service, product, organization or settings.

6. Information retrieval: according to Adamu etal (2017), this means finding documents or the

information contained in documents, in a library or other collection, selectively recalling

recorded information. Methods of retrieval vary from a simple index or catalogue to the

documents, to some kind of punched card or microfilm record which required large or expensive

equipment for mechanically selecting the material required. Classification, indexing and machine

searching are all system of information retrieval.

7. Library Service: Refers to the facilities which are provided by a library for the use of the

books and the dissemination of information (Michael, 2018).

8
 References
Abubakar, C.B., & Okoye, I.B. (2019). The role of academic libraries in universal accessto print
and electronic resources in developing countries. Library Philosophy andPractice.
Available: http://unilib.unl.edu/LPP/anunobl-okove.htm
Adamu, C. (2017). The relationship between academic library usage and perceived personal
performance in Kuwait. Ph.D. thesis, Queensland University of Technology
Ahmed, Z. etal... (2019). Creating a conducive reading environment. The herald
onlinepublication.https://www.herald.co.zw/creating-a-conducive-learningenvironment/
Ishola, O. L. and Obadare V. N. (2018) Defiant Attitude among Library Users in Federal
University of Petroleum Resources Library Effurun (FUPRE) Nigeria. Information and
Knowledge Management Information and Knowledge Management, Vol. 5(3), 131-141.
Jeff M. E. and Abdullahi M. A. (2019) Promoting Reading Habit Among Secondary School In
Lagos State: The Role Of Library & ICT. Asian Journal of Education and e-Learning
4(5), 145-153. www.ajouronline.com
Journal of Library & Information Science (2014). Causes and effects of delinquent behaviour in
academic libraries (Kenneth Dike Library as a case study). Owena Journal of Library
and Information Science 2(1), 25-34
Madukoma, P. S. etal... (2018). A Survey of students approach towards reading skills: Prospects,
issues and challenges. International Journal of Information Dissemination and
Technology, 4(2), 159-162.
Micheal, M. (2018). Dimensions of reading motivation: Development of an adult reading
motivation scale. Reading Psychology, 28(5), 469-489.
Omehia, U. (2019). Dimensions of reading motivation and their relation to Reading behavior and
competence. Reading Research Quarterly, 47(4), 427-463.
Onwubiko, C. (2018) Defiant Attitude among Library Users in Federal University of Petroleum
Resources Library Effurun (FUPRE) Nigeria. Information and Knowledge Management
Information and Knowledge Management, Vol. 5 (3),131-141.
Otulugbu, G. (2019). Some patterns in reading habits of intermediate grade children, Reading
Canada Lecture, 1, 65-72.

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 CHAPTER TWO

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews related literatures on various sub-topics as relates to the subject of

this research work. Efforts were made to review books journals and other unpublished

works of eminent scholars. The purpose of this is to extrapolate the views held by other

scholars on this topic, analyze and evaluate them so as to broaden the minds of the

readers in this area. The review is divided into the following sub-topic;

2.2 concepts of national diploma student’s attitudes towards the use of library

resources and user education in an academic library

2.3 The various reasons for using the library

2.4 The types of information sources

2.5 The attitudes of students towards the use of library resources in academics library

2.6 The challenges attitudes of students towards the use of library resources in an

academic library

2.7 Summary of the review

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2.2 CONCEPT OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE

USE OF LIBRARY RESOURCES AND USER EDUCATION IN ACADEMIC LIBRARY

The concept of students attitude towards the use of library resources according to Taylor,

Bogdan & Devault (2015), is basically ‘’the observations that cannot be captured quantitatively.

Furthermore, quantitative studies are usually expensive, often requiring a lot of resources to

execute. Attitudes are one of the challenges librarian’s faces or wrestle within the library with

students. This concept will provide a more in depth understanding of what an attitude is and the

traits of attitudes.

A student’s attitude is their tendency to respond to certain ways towards some things naturally,

The students responses can be on a continuum of positive to negative or good to bad. When a

librarian says that a student has a bad attitude, they mean that, the student did not respond

positively to some things they were asked to do. The opposite is also true. That, a student with a

good attitude is like someone who has a cooperative spirit in terms of complying with what they

are asked to do by the librarians

It is essential to mention that attitude is considered a psychological construct. This means you

can see the consequences of the attitudes but not the attitudes itself. In other words their

behaviors are observed to determine their attitude.

1. COMPONENTS OF ATTITUDE; there are three main components of an attitude, they are:

(a) Cognitive attitude

(b) Affective attitude

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(c) International attitude

A. CONGNITIVE ATTITUDE: this attitude refers to what a student belief about a person,

thing, object or subject.

B. AFFECTIVE ATTITUDE: is a component which relates to the feeling a student has towards

s person or object.

C. INTENTIONAL ATTITUDE: is a component that addresses the intentions or motive a

person has towards a person or an object.

Naturally, there exists some overlap in these components. if student has negative belief about

something it is possibly that they have negative feelings as well.

ATTITUDE FORMATION

There are three (3) common approaches which attempt to explain how attitudes are formed.

These three basic attitudes are called the dispositional approach, situational approach and social

information processing approach.

THE DISPOSITIONAL APPROACH: views attitudes as almost the same as a personality

trait.students are to have a positve or negative outlook in different situtions. In other words,if

they are happy,they are happy and if they are sad they are sad.from a teaching perspective,it is a

random chance of students will enjoy your teaching or not. This is not just optimistism in terms

of changing a students viewpoint.

THE SITUATIONAL APPROACH: states that attitudes emerge depending on the context. For

example,If a student struggle in understanding mathematics,they may develop a

negativeattitude towards it .however the opposite is also true in that success will cause the

12
development of a positive attitude. This view allows a librarian to try to find situations in which

students can have success so that they can shape a positive attitude.

THE SOCIAL INFORMATION PROCESSING APPROACH: view that attitudes are caught

from the people around us. For example, if a student with a negative attitude, student picks up

on the information about various topic from the environment, which can largely shape their

attitude towards something.

INTENTIONS VS ACTION

Generally, students will try to maintain consistency between their attitudes and actions.

Failure to do this can lead to trying to justify inconsistent behavior through excuses. This

happens when students do something they known is wrong and blame it on something else or

someone. This disconnects between attitude and action is sometimes called cognitive

dissonance.

Attitudes are part of life but we respond is up to us. Whether a student has a positive or

negative attitude, it is up to the librarians to find ways to work with this student. The ideas

presented here are simple a stepping stone in this process.

User education developments in the educational system have brought about changes in

the teaching methods which impact on students. Information seeking behaviours. The increased

project work in the learner centered environment has resulted in students needing to be more

knowledge with information access tools. This has in turn resulted in librarians being more

concerned about the background of student and the kind of capabilities and potentials users and

users of the library have user education programmed have been put in place in some academic

libraries to help users make effective use of libraries.

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 According to Fleming (2018), user education includes various programmed of institution,

education and exploration provided by librarians for user to enable them to make more effective

and efficient plus in dependent use of information sources and service to which these libraries

provide access to. The author’s review of the literature of user education reveals it’s important to

academic libraries. Mews (2019) argued that training in the use of information should be part of

all students’ education. He further points out the at the HND level detailed instruction in the

methods of searching and formulation of clear request is necessary. According to Foss (2018)

corroborates this by arguing that, user education should be organized at different information

levels to ensure that the needs of all users are met. These arguments imply that training could be

organized around levels of difficulty and or user’s educational background.

Academic library Considered as Power house of information and knowledge and acts as a

transformer and transmits this power to students, scholars, teachers and r. A polytechnic library

is a part of the polytechnic set up. Therefore it exists to serve the objectives of its parent’s

organization. According to Wilson and Tamber (2019) the polytechnic function as the

conservator of knowledge and ideas, teaching, research, publication extension and services and

interpretation. The most distinctive difference between college and polytechnic is found in the

latter's emphasis on research. Through the methods of research work and the laboratories and

libraries became indispensable aids in an activity which is directed as the expansion of man's

source of knowledge. Academic library considered as a power house of information and

knowledge and acts as a transformer and transmits this power to students, scholars, teachers, and

researchers. A polytechnic library is a part of a polytechnic set up. Therefore it exists to serve the

objectives of its parent organization. According to Wilson and Tauber (2019) the polytechnic

functions as the conservator of knowledge and ideas, teaching, research, publication extension

14
and services and interpretation. The most distinctive difference between college and polytechnic

is found in the latter's emphasis on research. Through the methods of research work and the

laboratories and libraries became indispensable aids in an activity which is directed at the

expansion of man's source of knowledge.

A librarian in a polytechnic library is supposed to perform a variety of functions than college and

school branches. The functions carried out by a polytechnic librarian include book selection;

classification and cataloguing; orientation courses and lectures; Consultancy services; conduct of

research etc. A librarian should active and well qualified with sound personality. The collection

should be dynamic and capable of meeting the needs of teachers, students and researchers,

scholars adequately and meet the demands of the present and anticipation future. The collection

should be a live, balanced and up-to-date one with regard to subject context and the kinds of

context material and the areas of specialization and special interest should be covered in depth.

The polytechnic library should provide lending service, library orientation, services, Indexing

and abstracting services, literature search, reservation of documents, inter-library loan; holding

library exhibition including display of new addition of the library; Maintains of chippings,

reprographic services, Translation service, reference services, current awareness service (CAS);

Selecting dissemination of information (SDI) service to user for abreast with the current

information about their interest subjects. The intrinsic value of library lies in achieving user

satisfaction. This can be achieved by speedy procurement of documents, their processing in good

time and dissemination of the information.

Varalakshmi (2018) opines that, "In the era of Information Technology, any activity in

any sector is affect by IT". The terms Information Technology (IT), is a generic term used to

denote activities having computer based processing, storage and transfer of information

15
connection. Its composition includes computers, electronic media, satellites, telecommunications

and storage device. Thus IT technology is the study or use of process, especially computers,

telecommunications, e-mails, Internet, online searching, fax, for storing, retrieving and

disseminating information of all kinds. As the information explosion, generation of large amount

of information is unavoidable hence the ability to collect, store and disseminate the data needs

the application of new technology. IT is new technologies which should apply in library.

Information technology provides numerical benefits and advantages to library users they

are speedy easy access to information; remote access to users; access to unlimited information

from different sources; provides more up-to-date information facilities the reformatting and

combining of data from different source; automation (online public catalogue, cataloguing,

acquisition, periodicals control, circulation and reference) etc. In application of information

technologies introduced to have efficient control for information storage, processing and

dissemination has changed the information environment in university library system. There is a

growing use off IT at national and international level, which has increased access to wide range

of scientific and technical databases, at a greater speed through information repackages. The

commercial online information system provided integrated and faster information and facilities

enhanced user satisfaction. Thus the university libraries should adopt these emerging

technologies and provide a variety of internal information services and external access to global

information (Zumer, 2018).

The basic functions of an academic library are teaching and research. Accurate and

fulfilling of these functions need accurate, reliable nascent information, worldwide,

comprehensive and up-to-date. This information is made available through the library attached to

the academic institution. Therefore libraries play a pivotal role in the universities, college and

16
other academic research institution. The growth of information is multidimensional, continuous

and exponential. The proliferation of information is increasing tremendously on one side and on

the other hand, the demand for the utilization of information is also increasing. The main purpose

of academic library is to provide information to the academic and research community pin

pointedly, exhaustively and expeditiously. Thus academic libraries are in a crisis of information

processing. With the use of computers in libraries is becoming a significant factor in the

evolution library vitalization programmed. Computers in libraries not only could save a great

amount time of academic and research community but also they search the information may be

more accessible than the records manually accessed.

The focus of a library is always to serve its patron to give them resources that definitely

take them to the level of excellence. But do these students always view their library as the only

source for needed information where every facility is provided or do they feel the need for their

library to change adapt more modern technologies so they could be more effective and help them

excel in their studies? The questions that arises therefore are do the student make use of these

opportunity if their libraries are resourceful in every possible ways? (Omekwu, 2019).

2.3 The Various Reasons for using the Library

According to Wilson, 2018 states that. Individuals are motivated to seek information to

satisfy their needs. Graduate students have various information needs and use many information

sources to meet those needs. The academic library is one vital resource as it serves as a central

hub for students to access online materials, personal help, and other resources to guide their

academic work.

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 According to Kerins et al., (2019) student information behavior is closely connected to

their study subject and the number of years they have studied. They indicated that it is difficult

for students to evaluate the quality of resources found on the Internet. Students obviously do not

feel too comfortable with formalized library resources as they tend to avoid the library's web-

based resources such as guides, portals and the like and they often have difficulties in

distinguishing between different databases and information tools. From time to time they use

library resources without any idea of the underlying library system. Students want simple and

common interfaces and they do not want to go to different vendors or databases with different

search requirements and interfaces. They want ease of use and simplicity (Vilar and Zurmer,

2018). The information the students select is often randomly chosen and the choice is based on a

least effort principle. In connection with this, it is often found that students employ a cut and

paste culture or that they redefine their assignments and projects to fit the information found. It is

important to note that an enormous variability exists among students depending inter alia on their

study behavior and probably also their psychological profile as evidenced by Heinström (2018).

Students prefer general search engines and it seems that they have difficulties distinguishing

between Internet resources and library resources. Teachers' recommendations and how they put

forward requirements and demands are very important for the students' use of information.

Heinström (2018) in his words states that "The concept of information behavior is

nothing but how people approach and handle information. The phenomenon of information

behavior within the academic institutions is not only supportive of educational mission but als0

serves to sustain motivation towards an effective outcome of objectives. The growth of

information and students increasing information needs are of variety and diversity of level,

frequency, volume and use". This complex situation appears to be ambiguous and heterogeneous

18
in character and makes information needs of particular group of users and information flow from

a specific organization or situation difficult to determine. Again the use of information is so

complex that there cannot be a single system to cope up with the task of effective retrieval

without assessing their specific use. This situation has given rise to the growing concept of

information searching and the manner of determining the pattern of searching is said to be

considered as information seeking behavior. Here are some basic keys reasons for using the

library by the students.

1. Useful platform that brings together people

A library is a very useful platform that brings together people willing to learn. It helps us in

learning and expanding our knowledge.

2. It Provide Authentic and Reliable Sources of Information

Similarly, libraries provide authentic and reliable sources of information for researchers. They

are able to complete their papers and carry out their studies using the material present in a

library.

3. It Help in increasing our Concentration Levels

Libraries also help in increasing our concentration levels. As it is a place that requires pin drop

silence, a person can study or read in silence. It makes us focus on our studies more efficiently.

Libraries also broaden our thinking and make us more open to modern thinking.

4. Libraries are very economical

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Most importantly, libraries are very economical. The people who cannot afford to buy new books

and can simply borrow books from a library. This helps them in saving a lot of money and

getting informed for free.

5. It is Great Place to Gain Knowledge

In short, libraries are a great place to gain knowledge. They serve each person differently. They

are a great source of learning and promoting the progress of knowledge. One can enjoy their free

time in libraries by reading and researching. As the world has become digitized, it is now easier

to browse through a library and get what you are looking for.

6. Provide employment opportunities

Libraries also provide employment opportunities to people with fair pay and incredible working

conditions. Thus, libraries help all, the ones visiting it and the ones employed there.

7. Opportunities for learning and discovery

Library offers so many more opportunities for learning and discovery than just checking out

books, and most are them are free. Libraries often provide public facilities for access to their

electronic resources and the Internet.

8. It provide quiet areas for studying

Libraries often provide quiet areas for studying, and they also often offer common areas to

facilitate group study and collaboration. Furthermore, libraries are a great place for studying

alone or even in groups, without any disturbance.

9. Reading habits development

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We develop our reading habits from a library and satisfy our thirst and curiosity for knowledge.

This helps in the personal growth of a person and development.

10. Free passes to local destinations

One of the neatest programs our library has is the Cultural Pass to Adventure which allows

families to go to any of seven different local destinations including our Children’s Museum,

Japanese Garden, and Museum of Rocks and Minerals.

2.4 The Information Sources being consulted by the Students

Library information sources are generally categorized into two types based on its features

and more of usage. They are

1. Traditional Resources

2. Electronic Resources

Traditional Resources

Generally, resources are included as person, asset, material resource consist of manpower

of library and reading materials like printed and electronic resources which are meet the users

requirement. But the manpower of library is only providing services to the users so, generally

library resources are consider as the reading materials such as printed and e- resources.

In ancient period variety of materials are preserved in libraries and used as a library

reference. Generally the word traditional denotes that trust of our old customs or beliefs.

Similarly, our ancestors are used as Birch Park, clay tablet, codex, manuscript, ostracism,

21
papyrus, scroll, vellum, wax tablet for made the library resources. After some technological

development the paper was invested and it is used as a library resources so, in our generation

print resource are consider as traditional library resource. But more technological development

may lead the libraries to use e-resources. So, library users are unable to avoiding both print and

e-resources in library.

Electronic Resources

In present situation the global communication and information transfer is easiest one.

WWW and internet are the most important tools which is supporting for communication and

information transfer. The data are available in all the fields are large amount for all user of

internet. Now a days the information transfer is simple and which is possible by the rapid growth

of information and communication technology in that way the people can access information in

the area for their requirement. The internet and WWW can be taken great place to supporting to

the scholars in all the areas.

E- Resources are influencing the university library collection because the salient features

of e-resources such as multiple searching, providing global communications, cheapest access

cost, storage and database maintenance etc. sometimes the electronic form is the only

alternatives to print resource.

There are others types of information source that are consulted by students.

I. Primary source

II. Secondary source

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III. Tertiary source

Primary sources

Bochet (2015) said that primary sources are original materials on which other research

studies are based’ primary sources report a discovery or share new information they

present firsthand accounts and information relevant to an event. They present information

in its original form, not interpreted or condensed or evaluated by other writers. They are

usually evidence or accounts of an events, practices, or conditions being researched and

created by a person who directly experienced that event. Primary sources are the first

formal appearance of result in print or electronic formats. Example of primary sources

are:

1. Eyewitness accounts

2. Journalistic reports

3. Financial reports

4. Government Documents

5. Archeological and biological evidence

6. Court report

7. Ephemerals (poster, handbills)

8. Literacy manuscript

23
 9. Minutes of meetings

The definition of a primary source may vary depending upon the discipline or content. A diary

would be a primary source because it is written directly by the individual writing in the diary.

Secondary Sources

A secondary source of information is one that was created by someone who did not have first-

hand experience or did not participate in the events or conditions being researched. They are

generally accounts written after the fact with the benefits of hind sight. Secondary sources

describe, analyze, interpret, evaluate, comment on and discuss the evidence provided by primary

sources. Secondary sources are work that are one step removed from the original event or

experience that provide criticism, interpretation or evaluation of primary sources. Secondary

sources are not evidence, but rather commentary on and discussion of evidence. A secondary

data is one that has been collected by individuals or agencies for purposes other than those of a

particular research study. Adeoye (2014) .

Secondary sources, often the best are those that have been published most recently. If you use a

secondary source that was published decades ago, it is important to known what subsequent

scholars have written on the topic and what criticism they have made about the earlier work or its

approach to the topic. The definition of a secondary source may vary depending upon the

discipline or content. Most often how a source is used determines whether it is a primary or

secondary source for the purpose of a historical research project secondary sources and generally

scholarly books and articles. Also included in this category would be reference sources such as

encyclopedias.

Tertiary sources

24
2.5 The Positive Attitude of Students Toward the use of Library Resources in CASSS

Library

The result from Omehia, (2018) shows the perception of librarian on the attitudes of

library users towards maintaining conducive reading environment in the library or libraries. All

these are attitudes of the library users towards the use of library resources. The findings is in

conformity with UCSD (2018) library policy that states library users are expected to promptly

return borrowed textbooks, care in the use of library materials and equipment, comply with

library policies and guidelines and show polite behavior in the library and others are listed

below.

1. Strict adherence to library rules and regulation

2. Humility of library users,

3. Quite reading technique,

4. Proper management of borrowed textbooks,

5. No stealing of journals, books, magazines and other important materials,

6. Self- coordination of library users,

7. Expertise in the use of online public access catalogue (0PAC)

8. User's expertise in accessing library resources in catalogue,

9. No discussion while reading

25
10.Repoting of library defaulters

2.6 The Challenges of Students Toward the use of Library Resources in CASSS Library

The negative attitudes of library users towards the use of library resources, in order to maintain

conducive reading environment in the polytechnic and other tertiary institutions libraries. This

conforms to the assertion of isyakn (2019) that student uses of cellphones in the library constitute

noise, distraction and nuisance which makes concentration difficult for library users. These

attitudes constitute irresponsible behavior; deprive the library environment of the serene and

comfortable climate it should possess. Serene and safe environment of a serene and comfortable

climate it should possess. Serene and safe environments that will promote concentration and

attracts users and encourages learning contrarily the above negative Attitudes can create insecure

environment, minimize concentration and discourage users from coming to the library. Here are

some others negative attitudes of students toward the use of library resources are:

1. Theft of library materials,

2. Eating in the library,

3. Making of phone call in the library,

4. Discussion in the library,

5. Using fake library identity card into the library,

6. Noise making,

7. Hiding of materials on different location,

26
8. Unnecessary holding of overdue borrowed materials,

9. Shoveling of legs while walking in the library,

10. Mutilation of books,

11. Walking with high heeled shoes are the librarian perspectives on the negative

2.7 Strategic Means to Effect Positive Attitudes of Students towards the Use of Library

Resources and Services

In order to help these academic libraries in catering for the appropriate source of

information that is generally sought by the students, Isyaku (2018), states that, the objectives of

any libraries is to be informative and abreast of time so that it could become reliable to its patron

and the resources it has must be useful to its users and effective rather than just lay piling up on

the stack.

(a) The Physical library is still very important and well-liked by students. Library should focus

on being more adequately resourceful to make sometimes wonderer regular library users.

(b) Students are easily intimidated when they do not get the response properly so to make them

familiar with the resources librarian should be more friendly, co-operative and helpful.

(c) Libraries should aim to make all the users aware of the information resources and services

available, both directly and through external sources at the library and enable users to enjoy the

search for information.

27
(d) Teaching staff and library staff should collaborate to ensure that library resources along with

electronic resources are appropriately used by the students.

(e) Ensure there are sufficient networked computers available for students, especially at peak

times.

(f) Ensure information skill training is pitched at a level which is appropriate to the individual's

needs of the student.

(g) Libraries should also consider the Internet as one of the most important information sources

and develop its infrastructure accordingly.

(h) Library should be open access and promotion of on-screen help, printed guides and training

for the less popular electronic resources, to encourage students to see the potential of them.

(i) Library should make it a point to give library orientation on the beginning of the

academic year and create awareness among students about the available resources and services

and show them the benefits they could derive from using them.

(j) It is not possible for a single library to acquire all the information that are generated and

disseminate them so library should move towards resource sharing concept with other libraries

and become effective and efficient on its service toward its users.

(k) Ensure that there are professionals appointed to the position of the librarian.

2.8 Summary of the Study

This chapter brings out the various options of different scholars on the topic under the

study. The concept of National Diploma students, Attitudes toward the use of library resources

28
and user education in academic library was the first segment that is considered and scholarly

views and opinions were quoted.

Also, the various reasons for using the library, the information sources being consulted

by the students, the positive Attitude of students Toward the use of library resources in an

academic library, the negative attitudes of the students are toward the use of library resources in

an academic library and strategies means of creating positive Attitude in students Toward the use

of library resources.

In conclusion, attitudes of national diploma students of Kaduna polytechnic toward the

use of library resources offer many significant advantages to the researcher.

29
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter discusses the method and procedures that the researcher uses in this study. It

also forms the basic in which findings and conclusions of the study will be evaluated. The

researcher intends to discuss step by step. Research design, Area of the study, population of

the study, Sample and Sampling Techniques, Instruments for data collection, validity of the

instruments, Reliability of the Instruments, Procedure for data collection and Procedures for

data analysis.

3.2 Research Design

The researcher used a case study design method for this study it is considered appropriate

because generally it can be used to effectively investigate problem in realistic setting.

3.3 Area of the Study

The area of the study is Local government department College of Administrative Social

Studies Kaduna polytechnic, Kaduna.

3.4 Population of the Study

This population of the study is 159 comprises National Diploma 1and 2 of Local

Government Department, Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna.

30
3.5 Sample and Sampling Techniques

The sampled size is 159 which is the entire population of the study I did not sample

because the population is small and manageable to handle.

3.6 Instruments of Data Collection

To obtain reliable information for this project, the researcher was used both the primary

and secondary sources of data collection.

3.6.1 Primary Source of Data Collection

Questionnaire: this is a method of obtaining information that can be satisfactory,

questions are structured briefly so as to provide information in this projection work, the

researcher used the structured questionnaire which provides that the respondents in a close ended

questions respond by ticking given answers for which various options were provided. The

advantage of this method of collection is that it helps respondents with option from which he/she

can readily make he or her choice without much hassles.

3.6.2 Secondary Sources of Date Collection

The researcher also used several relent journal, book, websites, internet and some

important sources of documents from local government department and others relevant books.

This document proves very useful in arriving at some cogent and realistic decisions (Taro.

Y,2014).

3.7 Validity of the Instruments

31
 An instrument is valid if it measures what is supposed to measure accurately. The validity

of the questionnaire items have been used in several research works and been found valid.

However, the various suggestions rendered during the pre-project stage especially by my

supervisor would help to validate the questionnaire and validate by the project supervisor and

two (2) others professional librarians from the department of library information science, Kaduna

polytechnic, Kaduna for face validation.

3.8 Reliability of the Instruments

A pilot test was conducted using 10 students of Adeyemo College. The result proved that

the instrument was reliable for data collection.

3.9 Procedures for Data Collection

The researcher made a personal visit to local government department Kaduna

Polytechnic, Kaduna and ensured that students of local government department were given

questionnaire. Efforts were made to retrieve a sizeable number of the questionnaire as some were

not properly filled or even filled at all.

3.10 Procedures for Data Analysis

To analyze all the relevant data, simple statistical tables were used for the tabulation of

all questionnaires from the respondents for reduction of cost and time, the sample percentage

method was found appropriate.

32
 REFERENCE

Taro,Yamane’s (2014) Formula for Sample and Sampling Techniques

33
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

The analysis presented in this chapter is based on data collected through questionnaires

which were issued out to respondents.

4.2 Response Rate

One hundred and fifty nine (159) questionnaires were distributed to the respondents, only

one hundred (100) questionnaires were received and valid while the remaining were either not

properly filled or not returned.

4.3 Presentation and Analysis of Data

Table 4.3.1 DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS BASED ON GENDER

CLASSIFICATION NO.OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

MALE 40 40.0%

FEMALE 60 60.0%

TOTAL 100 100%

SOURCES: FIELD SURVEY, 2023

34
The table above shows that, 40.0 percent of the total respondents are males while 60.0 percent of

the respondents are females. This is an indication that majority of the respondents are females.

Tables 4.3.2 QUALIFICATION STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

CLASSIFICATION NO.OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

ND 1 30 25.0%

ND 2 70 75.0%

TOTAL 100 100%

SOURCES: FIELD SURVEY, 2023

The responds of educational qualification revealed from the analysis above that those who are in

ND1 are 25.0 percent of the respondents while those in ND2, hold the majority of the percentage

of 75.0 percent that show that they understand and they were able to fill the questionnaire

objectively.

35
Table 4.3.3 AGE DISTRIBUTION STATUS OF RESPONDENTS

CLASSIFICATION NO.OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

18-20 10 5.0%

20-23 30 40.0%

23-25 25 30.0%

25-28 15 25.0%

TOTAL 100 100%

SOURCES: FIELD SURVEY, 2023

This table shows that 5.0 percent of the respondents are 18-20 years old, 40.0 percent of the

respondents are 20-23 years old, while 30.0 percent of the respondents are 23-25 years old, and

25.0 percent are 25-28 years old. This indicates that most of the respondents are at the age of 20-

23years old.

36
Table 4.3.4 THE VARIOUS REASONS FOR USING THE LIBRARY

VARIABLE NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

TO READ IN THE LIBRARY 15 15.0%

TO STUDY 10 5.0%

TO DO ASSIGNMENT 30 50.0%

FOR LEISURE 25 30.0%

TOTAL 80 100%

SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2023

The above table shows that 15.0 percent of the respondents are to read in the library,

while 5.0 percent of the respondents are to study, while 50.0 percent of the respondents are to

assignment and 30.0 percent are for leisure. This revealed that to do assignment are majority

priority of the students.

37
Table 4.3.5 THE INFORMATION SOURCES BEING CONSULTED BY THE
STUDENTS

VARIABLE NO. OF PERCENTAGE

TEXTBOOKS 40 50.0%

NEWSPAPERS 5 10.0%

JOURNAL AND 20 25.0%

REFERENCE 15 15.0%
MATERIALS

TOTAL 80 100%

SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2023

The table shows that 50.0 percent of the respondents say that textbook, while 10.0 percent of the

respondents go for newspapers, while 25.0 percent say journal and magazine, while 15.0 percent

of the respondents choose reference materials. The finding clearly shows that the information

sources’ being consulted by the students is by textbook for information.

38
Table 4.3.6 THE ATTITUDE OF STUDENTS TOWARD THE USE OF LIBRARY
RESOURCES IN AN ACADEMIC LIBRARY

VARIABLE NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

STRICT ADHERENCE TO 40 50.0%

RULES AND
REGULATION

PROPER MANAGEMENT 10 15.0%

QUIET READING 5 5.0%

GOOD BEHAVIOUR 25 30.0%

TOTAL 80 100%

SOURCES: FIELD SURVEY, 2023

The table shows that 50.0 percent of the respondents use strict adherences to library rules and

regulation, 15.0 percent of the respondents choose proper management of borrowed textbooks,

while 5.0 percent agreed that quiet reading technique and 30.0 percent a good behavior in the

library. The finding revealed that strict adherence to library rules and regulation are mostly the

attitude of students toward the use the library resources in an academic library.

39
Table 4.3.7 THE CHALLEGES OF STUDENTS WHEN USING LIBRARY RESOURCES
IN AN ACADEMIC LIBRARY

VARIABLE NO. OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE (%)

THEFT OF LIBRARY 10 12.5%

EATING IN THE 5 2.0%

UNNECESSARY 20 25.5%
HOLDING OF OVERDUE
BORROWED MATERIALS

HIDING OF MATERIALS 15 30.0%

MULTILATION OF 30 37.5%
BOOKS

TOTAL 80 100%

SOURCE: FIELD SURVEY, 2023

The table revealed the challenges of students when using library resources. 37.5 percent of the

respondents indicated mutilations books, while 30.0 percent hiding of materials on different

locations, while 25.5 percent say unnecessary holding of overdue borrowed materials, while 2.0

percent of the respondents agreed that eating in the library and some 12.5% of the respondents

say theft of library materials. The finding revealed that mutilations of books are the majority

challenges of students when using library resources in an academic library.

40
 CHAPER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLISIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the summary, conclusion and recommendations for the study.

5.2 Summary of the Study

This study on the attitudes of National Diploma student of Kaduna Polytechnic towards the use

of library resources in an academic library of Local Government department. The aim of the

study is to determines the attitude of students toward the use of library resources and to know the

way of improving the challenges of students attitude as a way as suggesting the ways of creating

positive attitude to students when sorting for information. In order to guide the study four (4)

questions were asked and answered accordingly.

Literatures that are related to the research, variables and research questions were revealed.

Descriptive survey device design was used for the study and structured questionnaires were

administered to elicit from respondents.

One hundred questionnaires were personally administered but only eighty were retrieved by the

researcher accordingly.

The population comprises of the entire students. The data collected were coiled and analysis

using the simple percentage as statistical tool for data analysis.

5.3 Summary of the Findings

41
Based on the data collected and analyzed, the following are the major findings.

1. The various reasons for using the library for students of local Government department are

to read in the library, to study, to do assignment and for leisure.

2. The information source being consulted by the students of Local Government department

are textbooks, newspapers, journal and magazine and reference material.

3. The attitudes of students toward the use of library resources are strict adherence to library

rules and regulation, proper management of borrowed textbooks, quiet reading and good

behavior.

4. The challenges of student while using library resources are theft of library materials,

eating in the library, unnecessary holding of overdue borrowed materials, hiding of

materials on different locations and mutilation of books.

5.4 Suggestion for further Research

1. Assessment of Information Communication Technology on library services in academic

libraries

2. Application of Computer in library and information centers as a tool for services delivery

3. The contribution of ICT on library operations and performance of Kaduna polytechnic

library

5.5 CONCLUSION

Students require quality information resources in order to learn effective and undertake different

task like assignment. The global students also need quality information resources that could help

42
them identify access and use the required information resources. It is observed that there exists

some difference in the information needs sorted, users and means of obtaining information by

students in Local Government department. From this research it discovered that most students

used information for various purposes and the ways in which they sort this information differ

from one person to another. One way to sort it is through going to the library or using the

internet. Therefore, information resources should be made available and should be created to

enable students utilized the resources effectively.

5.6 RECOMMENDATION

Based on the findings of the study and the conclusion reached above, the following

recommendations were made.

1. The library should have enough copies of textbooks, newspapers, journals; magazine and

other commonly used library resources should be provided for the national diploma

students in order to support their leaning and research activities.

2. Periodic supervision and inspection should be made in the libraries to ensure users

strictly adhere to library rules and regulation.

3. Library should make it a point to give library orientation on the beginning of the

academic years and create awareness among students about the available resources and

show them the benefits they could derive from using them.

4. Users should be trained on the accessibility and use of library materials by the academic

library staff.

5.

43
 APPEDIX 1 Department

of Library and Information Science

APPEDIX II

SECTION A: BIO-DATA OF THE STUDENT

1. GENDER

(a) Male ( )

(b) Female ( )

2. AGE DISTRIBUTION

(a) 18-20years ( )

(b) 20-23years ( )

(c) 23-25years ( )

(d) 25-28years ( )

3. QUALIFICATION STATUS OF STUDENT

(a) ND 1 ( )

(b) ND 2 ( )

SECTION B:

4. What are the various reasons for using the library?

(a) To read in the library ( )

(b) To study ( )

44
(c) To do assignment ( )

(d) For leisure ( )

5. What is the information sources being consulted by the students?

(a) Textbooks ( )

(b) Newspapers ( )

(c) Journal and magazine ( )

(d) Reference materials ( )

(e) others ( )

6. What are the positive attitudes of student toward the use of library resources In
CASSS Library?

(a) Strict adherence to library rules and regulation ( )

(b) Proper management of borrowed textbooks ( )

(c) Quiet reading ( )

(d) Good behavior ( )

7. What are the challenges of student while using the library resources?

(a) Theft of the library materials ( )

(b) Eating in the library ( )

(c) Unnecessary holding of overdue borrowed materials ( )

(d) Hiding of materials on different locations ( )

(e) Mutilation of books

45