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    The Chemistry

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    The document discusses the field of chemistry. It defines chemistry as the science dealing with the properties, composition, structure, and transformations of substances, as well as the energy changes that occur during these processes. Chemistry studies the basic building blocks of substances, which are atoms and molecules, and how they combine and interact. The challenges of chemistry include developing theories to explain both the permanence and change in materials. Chemistry is also concerned with utilizing natural substances and creating artificial ones, as seen in important industrial processes today.

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    The Chemistry

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    bdaljbarrhmany27
    17 views2 pages
    The document discusses the field of chemistry. It defines chemistry as the science dealing with the properties, composition, structure, and transformations of substances, as well as the energy changes that occur during these processes. Chemistry studies the basic building blocks of substances, which are atoms and molecules, and how they combine and interact. The challenges of chemistry include developing theories to explain both the permanence and change in materials. Chemistry is also concerned with utilizing natural substances and creating artificial ones, as seen in important industrial processes today.

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    The document discusses the field of chemistry. It defines chemistry as the science dealing with the properties, composition, structure, and transformations of substances, as well as the energy changes that occur during these processes. Chemistry studies the basic building blocks of substances, which are atoms and molecules, and how they combine and interact. The challenges of chemistry include developing theories to explain both the permanence and change in materials. Chemistry is also concerned with utilizing natural substances and creating artificial ones, as seen in important industrial processes today.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views2 pages

    The Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    bdaljbarrhmany27
    The document discusses the field of chemistry. It defines chemistry as the science dealing with the properties, composition, structure, and transformations of substances, as well as the energy changes that occur during these processes. Chemistry studies the basic building blocks of substances, which are atoms and molecules, and how they combine and interact. The challenges of chemistry include developing theories to explain both the permanence and change in materials. Chemistry is also concerned with utilizing natural substances and creating artificial ones, as seen in important industrial processes today.

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    University of kasdi Merbah Ouargla

    Faculty of Mathematics and Matter Sciences

    Department of Chemistry

    The Chemistry

    Chemistry, the science that deals with the properties, composition, and
    structure of substances (defined as elements and compounds), the transformations
    they under go, and the energy that is released or absorbed during these processes.
    Every substance, whether naturally occurring or artificially produced, consists of
    one or more of the hundred-odd species of atoms that have been identified as
    elements. Although these atoms, in turn, are composed of more elementary
    particles, they are the basic building blocks of chemical substances; there is no
    quantity of oxygen, mercury, or gold, for example, smaller than an atom of that
    substance. Chemistry, therefore, is concerned not with the subatomic domain but
    with the properties of atoms and the laws governing their combinations and how
    the knowledge of these properties can be used to achieve specific purposes.

    The great challenge in chemistry is the development of a coherent explanation of


    the complex behaviour of materials, why they appear as they do, what gives them
    their enduring properties, and how interactions among different substances can
    bring about the formation of new substances and the destruction of old ones. From
    the earliest attempts to understand the material world in rational terms, chemists
    have struggled to develop theories of matter that satisfactorily explain both
    permanence and change. The ordered assembly of indestructible atoms into small
    and large molecules, or extended networks of intermingled atoms, is generally
    accepted as the basis of permanence, while the reorganization of atoms or
    molecules into different arrangements lies behind theories of change. Thus
    chemistry involves the study of the atomic composition and structural architecture
    of substances, as well as the varied interactions among substances that can lead to
    sudden, often violent reactions.
    Chemistry also is concerned with the utilization of natural substances and the
    creation of artificial ones. Cooking, fermentation, glass making, and metallurgy are
    all chemical processes that date from the beginnings of civilization. Today, vinyl,
    Teflon, liquid crystals, semiconductors, and superconductors represent the fruits of
    chemical technology. The 20th century saw dramatic advances in the
    comprehension of the marvelous and complex chemistry of living organisms, and a
    molecular interpretation of health and disease holds great promise. Modern
    chemistry, aided by increasingly sophisticated instruments, studies materials as
    small as single atoms and as large and complex as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),
    which contains millions of atoms. New substances can even be designed to bear
    desired characteristics and then synthesized. The rate at which chemical knowledge
    continues to accumulate is remarkable. Over time more than 8,000,000 different
    chemical substances, both natural and artificial, have been characterized and
    produced. The number was less than 500,000 as recently as 1965.

    Intimately interconnected with the intellectual challenges of chemistry are those


    associated with industry. In the mid-19th century the German chemist Justus von
    Liebig commented that the wealth of a nation could be gauged by the amount of
    sulfuric acid it produced. This acid, essential to many manufacturing processes,
    remains today the leading chemical product of industrialized countries. As Liebig
    recognized, a country that produces large amounts of sulfuric acid is one with a
    strong chemical industry and a strong economy as a whole. The production,
    distribution, and utilization of a wide range of chemical products is common to all
    highly developed nations. In fact, one can say that the “iron age” of civilization is
    being replaced by a “polymer age,” for in some countries the total volume of
    polymers now produced exceeds that of iron.

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