RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL
New Scheme Based On AICTE Flexible Curricula
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning, VII-Semester
AL701 Computer Vision
Course Objectives: Students should be able to
Understand practice and theory of computer vision.Elaborate computer vision algorithms, methods and
concepts
Implement computer vision systems with emphasis on applications and problem solving
Apply skills for automatic analysis of digital images to construct representations of physical objects and
scenes.
Design and implement real-life problems using Image processing and computer vision.
UnitI:Introduction to computer vision, Introduction to images, Image Processing VS Computer Vision,
Problems in Computer Vision, Basic image operations, Mathematical operations on images: Datatype
Conversion, Contrast Enhancement, Brightness Enhancement, Bitwise operations: Different Bitwise
Operations
Unit II: Binary Image Processing, thresholding, Erosion / Dilation, Overview on Opening and Closing,
Connected Component Analysis, Contour Analysis
Unit III: Image Enhancement and Filtering, Color Spaces, Color Transforms, Histogram Equalization,
Advanced Histogram Equalization(CLAHE),Color Adjustment using Curves, Image Filtering: Introduction
to Image Filtering, What is Convolution, Image Smoothing:-Box Blur, Gaussian Blur, Median Blur
Unit IV: Introduction to Image Gradients: - First Order Derivative Filters,Second Order Derivative Filters,
Edge Detection,Image Segmentation and Recognition,Image Classification,Object detection
UnitV: Applications of Computer Vision: Gesture Recognition, Motion Estimation and Object Tracking,
face detection, Deep Learning with OpenCV
Books and references
1. Forsyth & Ponce, “Computer Vision-A Modern Approach”, Pearson Education.
2. M.K. Bhuyan , “ Computer Vision and Image Processing: Fundamentals and Applications”, CRC Press,
USA, ISBN 9780815370840 - CAT# K338147.
3. Richard Szeliski, “Computer Vision- Algorithms & Applications”, Springer.
4. R.C Gonzalez & Richard E Wood, “Digital Image Processing” ,Addison WesleyPublishin
5. Bharti Motwani, “Machine Learning for Text and Image Data Analysis” , Publishers Wiley,2023
Online Lectures links
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc23_ee39/preview
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc19_cs58/preview
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc23_ee78/preview
PRACTICAL: Different problems to be framed to enable students to understand the concept learnt and get
hands-on on various tools and software related to the subject. Such assignments are to be framed for ten to
twelve lab sessions
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL
New Scheme Based On AICTE Flexible Curricula
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning, VII-Semester
AL702(A) AI in Gaming
Course Objective: The students should be able to understand and use AI techniques for
generating efficient, intelligent behavior in games. Additional attention is to be given to AI
algorithms for improving game play experience.
Detailed contents:
Unit I: Introduction:Introduction to Game AI, kind of AI used in game development, model of
game AI, AI engine structure.
Unit II: Movement Algorithms and Steering Behaviour kinematic movement algorithms,
problems related to the steering behaviour of objects and Solutions. Coordinated Movement and
Motor Control This unit discusses the concepts related to coordinated movements and motor
control.
Unit III: Pathfinding Basic Path finding Algorithms in game development, Path finding for
complex solutions
Unit IV: Decision-Making and Uncertainty decision trees and state machines for game
development, models for implementing knowledge uncertainty, such as fuzzy logic and Markov
systems.
Unit V: Introduction to Learning Mechanisms Board game theory and discusses the
implementation of some key algorithms, such as minimax and negamax, Random Number
Generation and Minimaxing, algorithms for implementing action prediction, decision learning and
reinforcement learning.
Alternative NPTEL/SWAYAM Course:
NPTEL Course Name, Artificial Intelligence: Search Methods For Problem Solving, Instructor H Prof.
Deepak Khemani, H,ost Institute IIT Madras
Suggested Reference:
1. https://www.athabascau.ca/syllabi/comp/comp452.php
2. https://www.udemy.com/course/artificial-intelligence-for-simple-games
/ 3. Artificial Intelligence for Games, Ian Millington and John Funge, CRC Press; 2nd edition, 2009.
4. Artificial Intelligence and Games, Georgios N. Yannakakis and Julian Togelius, Springer International
Publishing, 2018.
Course outcomes: After completion of course, students would be able to:
1. Understand identify tasks that can be tackled using AI techniques.
2. Apply appropriate AI technique for the problem under investigation.
3. Create efficient and robust AI algorithms for game tasks.
4. Apply learning mechanisms to gaming problems.
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL
New Scheme Based On AICTE Flexible Curricula
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning, VII-Semester
AL702 (B) Advance Machine Learning
Course Objective: To introduce advanced concepts and methods of machine learning and to
develop an understanding of the role of machine learning in massive scale automation. To design
and implement various machine learning algorithms in a range of real-world applications.
Unit I: Artificial Neural Network:Introduction to ANN, Perceptron, Cost Function, Gradient Checking,
multi-layer perceptron and backpropagation algorithm that is used to help learn parameters for a neural
network, Random Initialization
Unit II: Decision Trees:Representing concepts as decision trees, Recursive induction of decision trees, best
splitting attribute: entropy and information gain. Searching for simple trees and computational complexity,
Overfitting, noisy data, and pruning.
Unit III:Ensemble Methods: Bagging, boosting, stacking and learning with ensembles. Random Forest
Unit IV:Introduction to reinforcement learning(RL), Reinforcement Learning, RL-framework, MDP,
Bellman equations, Value Iteration and Policy Iteration, Actor-critic model, Q-learning, SARSA,Bandit
algorithms – UCB, PAC,Median Elimination, Policy Gradient, Full RL & MDPs, Bellman Optimality,
Unit V:Dynamic Programming - Value iteration, Policy iteration, and Q-learning & Temporal Difference
Methods, Temporal-Difference Learning, Eligibility Traces, Function Approximation, Least Squares
Methods,Fitted Q, Deep Q-Learning, Advanced Q-learning algorithms , Inverse reinforcement learning,
Deep Inverse Reinforcement Learning, Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning,Recent Trends in RL
Architectures.
Recommended Books:
1. Christopher M. Bishop, “Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning”, Springer-Verlag New York Inc.,
2nd Edition, 2011.
2. Tom M. Mitchell, “Machine Learning”, McGraw Hill Education, First edition, 2017.
3. Jeeva Jose, Introduction to Machine Learning, Khanna Book Publishing 2020.
4. Rajiv Chopra, Machine Learning, Khanna Book Publishing 2021
5. Ethem Apaydin, Introduction to Machine Learning, 2e. The MIT Press, 2010
6. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction, Sutton and Barto, 2nd Edition.
7. Reinforcement Learning: State-of-the-Art, Marco Wiering and Martijn van Otterlo, Eds
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL
New Scheme Based On AICTE Flexible Curricula
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning, VII-Semester
AL702 (C) Predictive Analytics
Course Objective:
The students should be able to understand how to transform data and make it suitable for data driven
predictive tasks. Understand how to compute basic statistics using real-world datasets of consumer
activities, like product reviews.
Course outcomes: After completion of course, students would be able to:
1. Apply Python to create interactive data visualizations to make meaningful predictions and build
simple demo systems.
2. Apply simple regressions and classifications on datasets using machine learning libraries. 3.
Understand the usage of different python libraries.
contents:
Unit I: Introduction Data Product, Data Product Examples in Enterprise, Developing a Data Product
Strategy.
Unit II: Reading Data in Python Reading CSV & JSON Files, Processing Structured Data in Python,
Live-Coding: JSON, Extracting Simple Statistics from Datasets Data Processing in Python Data
Filtering and Cleaning, Processing Text and Strings in Python, Processing Times and Dates in Python
Unit III:Python Libraries and Toolkits Matrix Processing and Numpy, Introduction to Data
Visualization, Introduction to Matplotlib, urllib and BeautifulSoup
Unit IV:Gradient Descent Classification in Python, Introduction to Training and Testing, Gradient
Descent in Python, Gradient Descent in TensorFlow
Unit V:Diagnostics for Data Meaningful Predictive modelling, Regression Diagnostic, Over- and
Under-Fitting, Classification Diagnostics: Accuracy and Error, Classification Diagnostics: Precision
and Recall. Codebase for Evaluation and Validation, Model Complexity and Regularization,
Evaluating Classifiers for Ranking.
Text Books/Suggested References:
1. https://www.coursera.org/learn/basic-data-processing-visualization-python
2. https://www.coursera.org/learn/design-thinking-predictive-analytics-data-products
3. https://www.coursera.org/learn/meaningful-predictive-modeling
4. Applied Predictive Analytics: Principles and Techniques for the Professional Data Analyst, Dean
Abbott, 2014, Wiley.
5. Data Science for Business: What You Need to Know about Data Mining and Data-Analytic
Thinking, Tom Fawcett, O′Reilly, 1st edition, 2013.
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL
New Scheme Based On AICTE Flexible Curricula
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning, VII-Semester
AL 702(D) Machine Learning for Data Science
Course Objective: The students will be able to derive practical solutions using predictive analytics. They
will also understand the importance of various algorithms in Data Science.
Detailed Contents:
Unit I: Introduction
Algorithms and Machine Learning, Introduction to algorithms, Tools to analyze algorithms, Algorithmic
techniques: Divide and Conquer, examples, Randomization, Applications
Unit II: Algorithms
Graphs, maps, Map searching, Application of algorithms: stable marriages example, Dictionaries and
hashing, search trees, Dynamic programming
Unit III: Application to Personal Genomics
Linear Programming, NP completeness, Introduction to personal Genomics, Massive Raw data in
Genomics, Data science on Personal Genomes, Interconnectedness on Personal Genomes, Case studies
Unit IV: Machine Learning
Introduction, Classification, Linear Classification, Ensemble Classifiers, Model Selection, Cross Validation,
Holdout
Unit V: Machine Learning Applications
Probabilistic modelling, Topic modelling, Probabilistic Inference, Application: prediction of preterm birth,
Data description and preparation, Relationship between machine learning and statistics
Text Books/Suggested References:
1. Introduction to Machine Learning, Jeeva Jose, Khanna Book Publishing House.
2. Machine Learning, Rajiv Chopra, Khanna Book Publishing House.
3. Data Science and Machine Learning: Mathematical and Statistical Methods Machine Learning & Pattern
Recognition, by Dirk P. Kroese, Zdravko Botev, Thomas Taimre, Radislav Vaisman, Chapman & Hall/Crc,
2019.
4. Hands-On Data Science and Python Machine Learning, Frank Kane, Packt Publishers, 2017.
5. https://www.edx.org/course/machine-learning-for-data-science-and-analytics
6. Dr. Nageswara Rao,”Machine Learning in Data Science Using Python”,Publisher by Dreamtech, 2022
Course Outcomes: After completion of course, students would be able to:
1. Apply practical solutions using predictive analytics.
2. Understand the importance of various algorithms in Data Science.
3. Create competitive advantage from both structured and unstructured data.
4. Predict outcomes with supervised machine learning techniques.
5. Unearth patterns in customer behavior with unsupervised techniques
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL
New Scheme Based On AICTE Flexible Curricula
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning, VII-Semester
AL 703(A) Compiler Design
Unit I: Introduction to compiling & Lexical Analysis Introduction of Compiler, Major data Structure in
compiler, types of Compiler, Front-end and Back-end of compiler, Compiler structure: analysis-synthesis
model of compilation, various phases of a compiler, Lexical analysis: Input buffering, Specification &
Recognition of Tokens, Design of a Lexical Analyzer Generator, LEX.
Unit II: Syntax Analysis & Syntax Directed Translation Syntax analysis: CFGs, Top down parsing, Brute
force approach, recursive descent parsing, transformation on the grammars, predictive parsing, bottom up
parsing, operator precedence parsing, LR parsers (SLR,LALR, LR),Parser generation. Syntax directed
definitions: Construction of Syntax trees, Bottom up evaluation of S-attributed definition, L-attribute
definition, Top down translation, Bottom Up evaluation of inherited attributes Recursive Evaluation,
Analysis of Syntax directed definition.
Unit III: Type Checking & Run Time Environment: Type checking: type system, specification of simple
type checker, equivalence of expression, types, type conversion, overloading of functions and operations,
polymorphic functions. Run time Environment: storage organization, Storage allocation strategies,
parameter passing, dynamic storage allocation, Symbol table, Error Detection & Recovery, Ad-Hoc and
Systematic Methods.
Unit IV: Code Generation: Intermediate code generation: Declarations, Assignment statements, Boolean
expressions, Case statements, Back patching, Procedure calls Code Generation: Issues in the design of code
generator, Basic block and flow graphs, Register allocation and assignment, DAG representation of basic
blocks, peephole optimization, generating code from DAG.
Unit V: Code Optimization: Introduction to Code optimization: sources of optimization of basic blocks,
loops in flow graphs, dead code elimination, loop optimization, Introduction to global data flow analysis,
Code Improving transformations ,Data flow analysis of structure flow graph Symbolic debugging of
optimized code.
References:
1. 1. A. V. Aho, R. Sethi, and J. D. Ullman. Compilers: Principles, Techniques and Tools , Pearson
Education
2. 2. Raghavan, Compiler Design, TMH Pub.
3. 3. Louden. Compiler Construction: Principles and Practice, Cengage Learning
4. 4. A. C. Holub. Compiler Design in C , Prentice-Hall Inc., 1993.
5. 5. Mak, writing compiler & Interpreters, Willey Pub.
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL
New Scheme Based On AICTE Flexible Curricula
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning, VII-Semester
AL 703(B) Augmented and Virtual Reality
Course Objective: The objective of this course is to provide students a general introduction of Virtual and
Augmented Environments followed by an analysis of features, requirement and issues in real-life
applications.
UnitI: Introduction to Virtual Reality- Virtual Reality and Virtual Environment: Introduction, Applications
of Virtual Reality, Computer graphics, Real time computer graphics, Flight Simulation, Virtual environment
requirement, benefits of virtual reality, Historical development of VR, Scientific Landmark 3D Computer
Graphics: Introduction, The Virtual world space, positioning the virtual observer, the perspective projection,
human vision, stereo perspective projection, 3D clipping, Colour theory, Simple 3D modeling, Illumination
models, Reflection models, Shading algorithms, Radiosity, Hidden Surface Removal, Realism-
Stereographic image.
Unit II: Geometric Modeling- Geometric Modeling: Introduction, From 2D to 3D, 3D space curves, 3D
boundary representation Geometrical Transformations: Introduction, Frames of reference, Modeling
transformations, Instances, Picking, Flying, Scaling the VE, Collision detection Generic VR system:
Introduction, Virtual environment, Computer environment, VR technology, Model of interaction, VR
Systems.
Unit III: Virtual Environment -Animating the Virtual Environment: Introduction, The dynamics of
numbers, Linear and Nonlinear interpolation, the animation of objects, linear and non-linear translation,
shape & object in betweening, free from deformation, particle system. Physical Simulation: Introduction,
Objects falling in a gravitational field, Rotating wheels, Elastic collisions, projectiles, simple pendulum,
springs, Flight dynamics of an aircraft.
Unit IV: VR Hardware and Software- Human factors: Introduction, the eye, the ear, the somatic senses. VR
Hardware: Introduction, sensor hardware, Head-coupled displays, Acoustic hardware, Integrated VR
systems. VR Software: Introduction, Modeling virtual world, Physical simulation, VR toolkits, Introduction
to VRML
Unit V: Augmented and Mixed Reality- Taxonomy, Technology and features of augmented reality,
difference between AR and VR, Challenges with AR, AR systems and functionality, Augmented reality
methods, visualization techniques for augmented reality, wireless displays in educational augmented reality
applications, mobile projection interfaces, marker-less tracking for augmented reality, enhancing
interactivity in AR environments, evaluating AR systems.
References:
1. John Vince, “Virtual Reality Systems “, Pearson Education Asia, 2007.
2. Anand R., “Augmented and Virtual Reality”, Khanna Publishing House, Delhi.
3. Adams, “Visualizations of Virtual Reality”, Tata McGraw Hill, 2000.
4. Grigore C. Burdea, Philippe Coiffet , “Virtual Reality Technology”, Wiley Inter Science, 2 nd Edition,
2006.
5. William R. Sherman, Alan B. Craig, “Understanding Virtual Reality: Interface, Application and Design”,
Morgan Kaufmann, 2008.
6. Alan B Craig, William R Sherman and Jeffrey D Will, Developing Virtual Reality Applications:
Foundations of Effective Design, Morgan Kaufmann, 2009
7. Paul Mealy,”Virtual & Augmented Reality for Dummies”, publishers Wiley,June 2018
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL
New Scheme Based On AICTE Flexible Curricula
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning, VII-Semester
Open Elective – AL703 (C) Agile Software Development
Pre-Requisite: Software Engineering
Course Outcomes: After completing the course student should be able to:
1. Describe the fundamental principles and practices associated with each of the agile
development methods.
2. Compare agile software development model with traditional development models and
identify the benefits and pitfalls.
3. Use techniques and skills to establish and mentor Agile Teams for effective software
development.
4. Apply core values and principles of Agile Methods in software development. Course
Contents:
Unit-I: Fundamentals of Agile Process: Introduction and background, Agile Manifesto and
Principles, Stakeholders and Challenges, Overview of Agile Development Models: Scrum,
Extreme Programming, Feature Driven Development, Crystal, Kanban, and Lean Software
Development.
Unit-II: Agile Projects: Planning for Agile Teams: Scrum Teams, XP Teams, General Agile
Teams, Team Distribution; Agile Project Lifecycles: Typical Agile Project Lifecycles, Phase
Activities, Product Vision, Release Planning: Creating the Product Backlog, User Stories,
Prioritizing and Estimating, Creating the Release Plan; Monitoring and Adapting: Managing
Risks and Issues, Retrospectives.
Unit-III: Introduction to Scrum: Agile Scrum Framework, Scrum Artifacts, Meetings,
Activities and Roles, Scrum Team Simulation, Scrum Planning Principles, Product and Release
Planning, Sprinting: Planning, Execution, Review and Retrospective; User story definition and
Characteristics, Acceptance tests and Verifying stories, Burn down chart, Daily scrum, Scrum
Case Study.
Unit-IV: Introduction to Extreme Programming (XP): XP Lifecycle, The XP Team, XP
Concepts: Refactoring, Technical Debt, Timeboxing, Stories, Velocity; Adopting XP: Pre-
requisites, Challenges; Applying XP: Thinking- Pair Programming, Collaborating, Release,
Planning, Development; XP Case Study.
Unit-V: Agile Software Design and Development: Agile design practices, Role of design
Principles, Need and significance of Refactoring, Refactoring Techniques, Continuous
Integration, Automated build tools, Version control; Agility and Quality Assurance: Agile
Interaction Design, Agile approach to Quality Assurance, Test Driven Development, Pair
programming: Issues and Challenges.
Recommended Books:
1. Robert C. Martin, Agile Software Development- Principles, Patterns and Practices, Prentice
Hall, 2013.
2. Kenneth S. Rubin, Essential Scrum: A Practical Guide to the Most Popular Agile Process,
Addison Wesley, 2012.
3. James Shore and Shane Warden, The Art of Agile Development, O’Reilly Media, 2007.
4. Craig Larman, ―Agile and Iterative Development: A manager’s Guide, Addison-Wesley,
2004.
5. Ken Schawber, Mike Beedle, Agile Software Development with Scrum, Pearson, 2001.
6. Cohn, Mike, Agile Estimating and Planning, Pearson Education, 2006.
7. Cohn, Mike, User Stories Applied: For Agile Software Development Addison Wisley,
2004.
8. Rama Bedarkar, “Agile Scrum: Improving Practices for Business Gains,” Publishers Wiley,
2022
Online Resources:
1. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering
2. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing
3. IET Software
4. ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology (TOSEM)
5. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL
New Scheme Based On AICTE Flexible Curricula
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning, VII-Semester
AL 703(D) Internet and Web Technology
UNIT I: Introduction: Concept of WWW, Internet and WWW, HTTP Protocol: Request andResponse, Web
browser and Web servers, Features of Web 2.0 Web Design: Concepts of effective web design, Web design
issues including Browser, Bandwidth and Cache, Display resolution, Look and Feel of the Website, Page
Layout and linking, User centric design, Sitemap, Planning and publishing website, Designing effective
navigation.
UNIT II: HTML: Basics of HTML, formatting and fonts, commenting code, color, hyperlink, lists, tables,
images, forms, XHTML, Meta tags, Character entities, frames and frame sets, Browser architecture and
Web site structure. Overview and features of HTML5
UNIT III: Style sheets : Need for CSS, introduction to CSS, basic syntax and structure, using
CSS,background images, colors and properties, manipulating texts, using fonts, borders and boxes, margins,
padding lists, positioning using CSS, CSS2, Overview and features of CSS3JavaScript : Client side
scriptingwith JavaScript, variables, functions, conditions, loops and repetition, Pop up boxes, Advance
JavaScript: Javascript and objects, JavaScript own objects, the DOM and web browser environments,
Manipulation using DOM, forms andvalidations,DHTML : Combining HTML, CSS and JavaScript, Events
and buttons.
UNIT IV:XML: Introduction to XML, uses of XML, simple XML, XML key components,
DTDandSchemas, Using XML with application. Transforming XML using XSL and XSLT
PHP:Introduction and basic syntax of PHP, decision and looping with examples, PHP and HTML,Arrays,
Functions, Browser control and detection, string, Form processing, Files, AdvanceFeatures: Cookies and
Sessions, Object Oriented Programming with PHP.
UNIT V: PHP and MySQL:Basiccommandswith PHP examples, Connection to server, creating atabase,
selecting a database, listing database, listing table names,creating a table, insertingdata, altering tables,
queries, deleting database, deleting data and tables, PHP myadminanddatabasebugs
Reference Books:
1.Developing Web Applications, Ralph Moseley and M. T. Savaliya, Wiley-India
2.Web Technologies, Black Book, dreamtech Press
3.HTML 5, Black Book, dreamtech Press
4.Web Design, Joel Sklar, Cengage Learning
5.Developing Web Applications in PHP and AJAX, Harwani, McGrawHill
6.Internet and World Wide Web How to program, P.J. Deitel& H.M. Deitel , PearsonEducation.
7 Developing Web Applications, 2ed by Ralph Mosely, MT Savaliya,Publisher Wiley India Pvt
Ltd
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL
New Scheme Based On AICTE Flexible Curricula
CSE-Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning/ Artificial Intelligence and Machine
Learning, VII-Semester
AL 705 Skill Development Lab
The primary objective of skill development lab is to impart the set of skills into students, so that they are
industry ready.
Course Outcomes: After completion of the course students should be able to
1. Understand the basics of software as a product.
2. Understand the current requirements of industries.
3. Implement the software as a product using different design patterns.
4. Apply the software development techniques in real life applications.
Unit – I Software product life cycle.
Unit – II Software product development standards.
Unit – III Design patterns – 1
Unit -IV Design Patterns – II
Unit – V Case Study
