Image of the City: Kevin Lynch

Kevin Lynch was an American urban planner and

author. He is known for his work on the perceptual form of

urban environments and was an early proponent of mental

mapping. His famous book The Image of the City were

published in 1960. The book Image of the City is primarily

about the importance of public image of a city.

In the first section of the book, it

presented the new concepts of legibility and

imageability to lay its theoretical foundation.

Consequently, three American cities were

introduced, compared, and discussed to

reveal Kevin Lynch’s outcomes of field

reconnaissance.

nd
For the 2 Chapter, Lynch
describes his research methods
in a details. A trained
urban researcher started the
research with careful
observations of a city and noted
the
physical characteristics of the
area. Then Lynch interviewed a
small group of city
residents in depth over
several months. Lynch
asked citizens a wide range
of
questions about the ways they
observed and interacted with the
city where they lived.
Subjects were asked about
emotional and practical
connections they had with the
city.
The interviewees were
longtime residents or
employees in the city and
had an
intimate, long memory of the
city. Lynch studied at Los
Angeles, Boston, and Jersey
City just for his case study.
Lynch chose these cities for
different reasons. He chose
Boston for its historical value,
Jersey City because it appeared
to have no form or
structure, and Los Angeles for
its contemporary qualities and
recent growth. Lynch
chose this three cities for his
observation.
Lynch explains his research methods in detail. Trained urban researchers began their

studies by carefully observing cities and noting the physical characteristics of the area. Lynch

then conducted detailed interviews with small groups of townspeople over several months. Lynch

asked citizens a variety of questions about how they observe and interact with the city in which

they live. Subjects were asked about their emotional and practical connections to the city. The

respondents were long-time residents and employees of the city and had long and fond memories

of the city. Lynch studied in Los Angeles, Boston, and Jersey City just for case studies. Lynch

chose these cities for a variety of reasons. He chose Boston for its historical value, Jersey City

because it seemed to have no form or structure, and Los Angeles for its modernity and recent

growth. Lynch chose these three cities for his observations

Moreover, five elements were highlighted and explain their interrelationships such paths, edges,

districts, nodes, and landmarks. According to Lynch, image is compared as a picture especially

in the mind which is a sentimental combination between objective city image and subjective

human thoughts. It also included to his book that there is two-way process that influences the
environment images such observer and observed. It explains that the observer with great

adaptability and in the light of his own purposes, selects, organizes, and endows.

Pathways or

sidewalks, trails, canals, railroads, and other channels in which people

interact, travel and walk. This element arranges space and movement

between space. It also indicates to his book that paths were the

predominant city elements and into people’s images. People observe

the city while moving through it, and along these paths the other environmental elements are

arranged and related. Additionally, paths give identity in the city and sense of directions in

peoples’ destinations. Having unclear paths resulted to unclear city.

The other element

two phases, linear breaks in continuity; shores, railroad cuts, edges

of development, walls. The strongest edges are continuous in form,

and often impenetrable to cross movement. There are various

types of edges such overhead, fragmentary, and visible edges.

Compared to paths, edges are used to prevent motion in specific direction. Paths were used to

direct the motion to specific direction.

Moreover, districts the medium-to-large sections of the city,

conceived of as having two-dimensional extent, which the observer

mentally enters "inside of, " and which are recognizable as having

some common, identifying character. There are various styles and

characteristics of districts such spatial form, topography, colors,

texture, detail , symbol, building type, use, activity, inhabitants, and degree of maintenance.

Additionally, it also indicates to Kevin Lynch that districts may embodies clear edges, or soft

uncertain ones gradually fading away into surrounding areas.

Nodes are

form which is travleing. According to Kevin Lynch, nodes should be

indentifiable from inside and should use for exterior reference if

visible from the outside. Also it should be strung along observers’

invisible path systems and major railroad stations.

not enter within them, they are external. They are usually a rather

simply defined physical object: building, sign, store, or mountain.

Landmarks should embody physical element with unique and

special visual features that has “point-specific” location and can be

identified from the distance. There are various characteristics that a

landmark must possess such clarity in general form, singularity, difference in form, shape and

height from surroundings, and contrast with the surroundings.

Air traffic in Davao city is operating from Francisco Bangoy International airport. Currently, the FBIA has
only 5 local connections and 1 international connection. There is a need to expand air linkages to further
enhance the competitiveness of Davao Region and Mindanao Island.

Air Transport

 Limited capacity of the F. Bangoy International Airport. Equipment and Terminal Building has to
be upgraded. There is also a rapid growth in air traffic volume both in cargo and passengers.
The area for future expansion is limited considering that the current airport only has an area of
204 hectares.

Air Transport

1.) Mindanao Airport Development Study

2.) Airport Terminal Upgrading Project (DIA)

3.) Airport Cargo Terminal Upgrade Project (DIA)

4.) Taxiway Development Project (DIA)

Road

Davao Region’s road network substantially connects it intra-regionally, and externally to other regions in
Mindanao and the rest of the economy. In 2010, the total road network of Davao Region was 16,937.44
km with a road density of 0.83 km per square km. This network expanded by 653.69 km from 2010 to
2014, bringing the total to 17,591.13 km which translated to a road density of 0.86 km per square km.
Additional road projects are still needed to meet the standard road density in Davao Oriental at 3,307.13
km; Compostela Valley at 817.86 km; and, Davao City at 92.83 km.

Issues and Concerns

 Some roads are still in poor condition. About 46.77% of total road network are gravelled;
54.12% are barangay roads located in District III; and 20.34% are still earth roads, entirely
located in the rural barangays.
 Not enough high standard farm-to-market-roads (FMRs). Agricultural products are
compromised due to poor status of FMRs. The farmers and settlers of some barangays of
District II, particularly Paquibato District, transport their agricultural products directly to Davao
del Norte and not pass through the City due to bad road condition.
 Road project requirements and implementation problems. Some road projects have difficulty in
the acquisition of Road-Right-of-Way (RROW). There are no data for specific corridors vis-à-vis
length, width carriageway and road surface condition particularly in Central Business District
(CBD). Sometimes City and DPWH have identical road projects because barangay councils would
request projects from City and DPWH at the same time. The CEO does not practice survey
stationing, they only use the names of puroks for project locations.
 Inadequate signage for inter-regional intersections, particularly at Buda, Davao City and
Bukidnon Province and more prevalently among City rural road junctions. The ongoing
construction of new ones also causes traffic congestion.
 Road openings passing through a Conservation Area poses threats, particularly at the boundary
of Marilog–Magpet (Cotabato Province).
 Inadequate high standard highway. Expressways should be the direct linkage to other cities,
municipalities and regions outside the City.
 Proposed road projects with no drainage systems.
 Pavement markings were removed. Other pavement markings were removed during asphalt
overlay project.
 Road obstruction. Illegal parking is rampant. There are also illegal structures and sidewalk
vendors.
Power Supply:

Energy sufficiency and reliability remain to be challenging despite the significant developments of
private sector led power generation. Efforts in harnessing alternative and renewable energy sources
must be further explored to meet the current and potential power demands. The power supply of Davao
City is distributed by the Davao Light and Power Company (DLPC) which is a major provider in Davao
Region and tagged as the 3rd largest privately-owned electric utility in the Philippines, with 23
substations and 19 of which are located in Davao City.

Issues and Concerns

 Steady and sufficient supply of power in Davao City is sometimes compromised

Water Supply

The main provider of potable water in Davao City is the Davao City Water District (DCWD), serving 60%
of the city’s barangays. Of the 40% of the barangays outside its water supply service area, some are
serviced by the city government through barangay water and sanitation associations (BAWASAs)

The DCWD supplies water from Level III water systems, while BAWASAs generally supply water from
Level I and Level II systems. NEDA Board Resolution No. 12, Series of 1995 describes the levels of water
supply service in Davao City and the rest of the Philippines

Regarding water sources of HIS respondents, DCWD connections made up 50%; BAWASAs, 25%; public
faucets, own wells, rainwater storage, etc. comprised 20%, and other sources, 10%. Water supplied by
the DCWD, BAWASAs, and water associations is used for all purposes.

Water Supply System Issues and Concerns

 Lack of water source in some areas. Over extraction of water is a threat to water sources in the
future. Regulation of private well development is weak. Water service is intermittent or
irregular especially in District II. In some cases, spring sources are far from the community
settlement area or at lower elevation from the beneficiaries.
 Water quality issues in some areas. There are no proper water treatment facilities for Levels I
and II water systems. Regular water quality monitoring is not undertaken.
 Problems in pre and post project implementation of Rural Water Supply Projects. There are
mostly no Barangay Water and Sanitation Associations (BAWASAs) in communities to maintain
rural water facilities.

Information and Communication Technology

Issues and Concerns

Some postal services have been overtaken by current technologies.

 Slow Internet service. Globe/Smart have infrastructure or cell sites procurement problems and
a number of subdivisions/homeowners oppose cell site locations because of fears about
radiation. In some cases, ideal locations for cell sites are found but there are issues encountered
such as land acquisition/right-of-way issues. Internet speed is slow in some areas because there
are many customers availing of the internet service but the cell site signal is poor.
 Services in some rural areas are not yet available.
 Disarrayed/disorganized wires and cables attached to buildings from posts of
telecommunication companies.
  Limited coverage of landline facilities. Although Globe/Bayantel provides landline to mobile
phones services and PLDT landline services, landline facilities still have limited coverage.
 Coverage of television networks and cable television networks. Some areas are not yet serviced
by television and cable television networks especially in rural areas.Programs and Projects

1.) Postal Service Upgrading Program

2.) Underground cabling in major thoroughfares by telcos/utilities

3.) Globe/Smart Infrastructure Upgrading Program

4.) Cell Site Development Program

5.) Free WIFI in strategic public places

6.) Public WIFI Development Program

7.) Continue fiscal and non-fiscal incentives on ICT-related investments

8.) Mandatory MTTC installation ordinance

9.) Require telcos to clear dead wires

10.) Require distinguishing marks or color

11.) Landline Modernization Program

12.) TV/Cable Networks Expansion Project

A Natural Paradise

Davao City is a haven for nature enthusiasts, boasting an abundance of natural wonders. Mount Apo,
the highest peak in the Philippines, is a prominent feature of the city’s landscape and offers adventurous
hiking trails. The city is also blessed with picturesque beaches, such as Samal Island and Talicud Island,
where visitors can bask in the sun, snorkel in clear waters, and explore marine sanctuaries. The Eden
Nature Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, nestled in the foothills of Mount Apo, provides a serene escape with
its lush gardens, wildlife encounters, and breathtaking views.

Cultural Tapestry

The cultural fabric of Davao City is woven from a diverse array of ethnicities and traditions. The
indigenous tribes, including the Bagobo, Manobo, and Mandaya, have preserved their rich heritage,
which is celebrated through various festivals and cultural events. Kadayawan Festival, held every August,
showcases the city’s indigenous communities and their vibrant rituals, music, dance, and arts. Museums,
such as the Davao Museum and Museo Dabawenyo, offer a glimpse into the city’s history, showcasing
artifacts and artworks that reflect the local culture.

Economic Growth and Development

Davao City has emerged as a major economic center in Mindanao, driving growth and development in
the region. The city’s strategic location, abundant resources, and investment-friendly environment have
attracted both local and foreign businesses. It is a hub for agriculture, with vast plantations of fruits,
such as durian, pomelo, and banana, contributing to the city’s economic success. Davao City is also
known for its thriving manufacturing and processing industries, as well as its robust service sector. The
rise of commercial centers and modern infrastructure is a testament to the city’s progress and potential.

Disciplined Governance and Safety

Davao City is renowned for its disciplined governance and commitment to safety and security. Under the
leadership of former mayor and President Rodrigo Duterte, the city implemented strict laws and
regulations that contribute to its reputation as one of the safest cities in the Philippines. The
implementation of the “no-smoking” policy, curfew for minors, and traffic discipline campaigns have
helped maintain order and cleanliness within the city. This emphasis on safety and discipline has made
Davao City an attractive destination for both residents and tourists alike.

Sustainable Development

Davao City is committed to sustainable development and environmental conservation. The city actively
promotes eco-tourism and sustainable practices to preserve its natural resources. It has implemented
programs for waste management, reforestation, and the protection of its coastal areas and marine
ecosystems. The Philippine Eagle Center, located in Davao City, plays a vital role in the conservation of
the endangered Philippine Eagle, showcasing the city’s dedication to preserving its unique biodiversity.

Gastronomic Delights

Davao City is a gastronomic haven, offering a delectable array of local flavors and international cuisines.
The city’s diverse culinary scene reflects its multicultural heritage and abundance of fresh produce.
Visitors can indulge in the iconic durian fruit, known as the “King of Fruits,” and savor other exotic
delicacies such as pomelo, mangosteen, and marang. From street food favorites like barbecue and
grilled seafood to upscale dining experiences, Davao City’s culinary offerings cater to all palates.

Davao City has a number of health infrastructures that cater to the needs of its constituents. Some of
the significant health projects were pursued during the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, namely the
Covid-19 Cluster Clinics, Mental Wellness Center, Davao City Special Needs Intervention Center for
Children, and the Davao City Public Hospital . The City Government, under the leadership of outgoing
Mayor and Vice President-elect Sara Duterte-Carpio, prioritized a number of health investments during
her back-to-back term for the last six years

In addition to these, Davao City has a number of health centers and hospitals that provide
comprehensive and quality health services to its residents. The City Health Office is responsible for the
planning, implementation, and monitoring of health programs and services in the city 23.

Marilog District Hospital

Located in Marilog District, this hospital provides medical services to the residents of the district and its
neighboring areas

Agdao Health Center

Located in Agdao, this health center provides primary health care services to the residents of Agdao and
its neighboring areas

Buhangin Health Center

Located in Buhangin, this health center provides primary health care services to the residents of
Buhangin and its neighboring areas

Bunawan District Health Center

Located in Bunawan, this health center provides primary health care services to the residents of
Bunawan and its neighboring areas

Tugbok Rural Health Unit

Located in Tugbok District, this health center provides primary health care services to the residents of
Tugbok and its neighboring areas

Calinan Health Center

Davao City is home to a number of educational institutions, including 667 private and public schools and
nearly 40 colleges. The city has completed numerous infrastructure projects, including 180 school
buildings, contributing to its educational development.

University of Southeastern Philippines

The university has two campuses in Davao City and has approved a 10-year

Land Use Development and Infrastructure Plan for its campuses, indicating ongoing expansion and
improvement efforts

Davao Wisdom Academy

A DepEd recognized private educational institution established in 2002

Department of Education-Region 11

The department is responsible for the planning, implementation, and monitoring of education programs
and services in the city.

DITE - TESDA Accredited Training and Competency Assessment Center: A TESDA-accredited technical
vocational school in Davao and Mindanao

Kadayawan Festival, held every August, showcases the city’s indigenous communities and their vibrant
rituals, music, dance, and arts. Museums, such as the Davao Museum and Museo Dabawenyo, offer a
glimpse into the city’s history, showcasing artifacts and artworks that reflect the local culture.