DACOWITS RFI 8

Army Combat Fitness Test

5 Dec 2019

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 What’s the problem?
• 70% of people between the age of 17-24
unqualified for military service
- 31% due to obesity
• 56,000 Soldiers non-deployable
- 4% medically non-available
- 5% limited duty profile
• 52% of all Soldiers will experience injury this year
• 17% of Regular Army Soldiers are obese
- 48% more likely to experience injury
- 86% increased chance of being medically
non-available
• Musculoskeletal Injuries (MSKI) affects 55% of
Soldiers annually
- Equates to 10M limited duty days
- A 1% reduction of non-available rate saves
~$30 million
“The capacity and capability of the Soldier on today’s battlefield is threatened by
poor health and lack of physical readiness” GEN Milley, 39th CSA

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 Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT)

• The Army last changed its physical fitness test in 1980. This change
coincided with the disestablishment of the Women’s Army Corps (WAC)
and the accession of women into the U.S. Army.

• The three events of the APFT are graded on raw score performance
and converted to 100-point scale scores normed against age and
gender.

• Army requires each service member to take for record, the 3-event
Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) one or two times per year (all
components).

• Little or no evidence-based science was used to validate the current

APFT test events or scoring scales.

• The APFT is a relatively poor predictor (~40%) of a Soldier’s ability to

execute high demand commonly occurring, critical Warrior Tasks and
Battle Drills required of all Soldiers.

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 Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT)
• In mid-2000 Army leadership identified the need for a more predictive
fitness assessment to improve physical readiness that correlated to high
demand Common Soldier Tasks (CSTs) and reduce injuries and unplanned
attrition.
• The six-event ACFT has been scientifically validated through four years of
extensive empirical research (R2 ACFT-High Demand CSTs = 80%) and is
a better predictor of physical fitness associated with high physical demand
common Soldier tasks IOT change the culture of Army fitness and increase
close combat lethality.
• Although testing standards remain under continued review; as prescribed
by NDAA guidelines, ACFT standards will be gender neutral.

PUBLIC LAW 113–291—DEC. 19, 2014; NATIONAL DEFENSE AUTHORIZATION

ACT; FOR FISCAL YEAR 2015; page 154.
SEC. 524. REMOVAL OF ARTIFICIAL BARRIERS TO THE SERVICE OF
WOMEN IN THE ARMED FORCES. (a) ROLE OF SECRETARY OF DEFENSE IN
DEVELOPMENT OF GENDER-NEUTRAL OCCUPATIONAL STANDARDS.
R2 – Ready and Resilient

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 Holistic Health and Fitness
The ACFT is an integral part of the Army Holistic
Health and Fitness system.

An enterprise-wide “system” that combines all aspects of physical and non-physical

human performance under a single governance to enable commanders to improve
Soldier health and fitness for combat.

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 Baseline Soldier Physical Readiness
Requirements Study (BSPRRS)
Phase I-II (2012-2013) Phase IV (2014-2015)

Purpose: Determine the physically demanding, Purpose: Determine which industry-validated, field-expedient
fitness test events were the best predictors of WTBD/CST
commonly occurring and critical Warrior Tasks and
performance on the WTST.
Battle Drills (WTBD) and Common Soldier Tasks (CST).
Eight physical fitness test events within 6 primary and 4
secondary components of fitness were found to be 73%
(moderate/high) predictive of WTBD/CST performance.
Phase III (2013-2014)
Purpose: Identify physical characteristics associated
with each of the 11 identified physically demanding,
commonly occurring, critical tasks to develop a
Warrior Task Simulation Test (WTST).

Warrior Task Simulation Test (WTST)

1. Conduct a foot movement 6 Primary Components 4 Secondary Components

under load (move point to
point)
2. Prepare a fighting position Phase V (2015-2017)
(fill, carry, and stack
sandbags) Purpose: Through unit pilot testing, validate whether
3. Move over, under, around, common physical fitness test events can accurately
through obstacles (move
predict ability to execute WTBD/CSTs, are safe to
O/U/A/T)
4. React to man-to-man perform, legally defensible, and acceptable.
contact (combatives)
5. Casualty extraction and
drag (casualty evacuation) Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT)
~80% ability to predict WTBD/CST performance

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 Army Combat Fitness Test - WTBD Simulation
1- Movement to contact 2- Build a hasty fighting position

3- Move over-under-around-through obstacles on uneven terrain

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 Army Combat Fitness Test - WTBD Simulation

4. Employ progressive levels of force (hand to hand contact)

5. Extract – Evacuate a casualty

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
23 Physical Exercises – BSPRRS
Monday – 15/22 September Thursday – 18/25 September
(1) Prowler Sled Push: _____________ min/sec (1) Kettlebell Squat Endurance: _____________ reps
(2) Cadence Dips: _____________ reps (2) Weighted Trunk Rotations: _____________ reps
(3) Illinois Shuttle Test: _____________ min/sec (3) Cadence Pull-ups: _____________ reps
(4) 400m Sprint: _____________ min/sec (4) Standing Long Jump: _____________ reps

Tuesday – 16/23 September Friday – 19/26 SEP

(1) Hex bar Deadlift: _____________ reps/wgt (1) Sumo Squat _____________ reps/wgt
(2) Standing Power Throw: _____________ m/cm (2) Bench Press Endurance: _____________ reps/wgt
(3) 300m Shuttle Run: _____________ min/sec (3) Leg Tuck: _____________ reps
(4) Modified Ab Rower: _____________ reps (4) Vertical Jump: _____________ ht/vanes

Wednesday – 17/24 September Current APFT

(1) Loaded Shuttle Run: _____________ min/sec (1) Push-ups _____________ reps
(2) Sandbag Drag: _____________ min/sec (2) 2-min Sit-up: _____________ reps
(3) Bench Press Strength: _____________ reps/wgt (3) 2-mile Run: _____________ min:sec
(4) Modified Sit-up: _____________ reps

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 Army Combat Fitness Test

Muscular Muscular Cardio

Power Endurance Strength Speed Agility Endurance

#3 Hand Release Push-Up

#5 Leg Tuck
#1 Strength Deadlift
#2 Standing Power Throw
#4 Sprint, Drag, Carry #6 2.0-Mile Run

Reaction
Balance Flexibility Coordination
Time

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 ACFT Scoring / Standards Principles
1. Performance standards will be gender and age neutral
2. Standards will be criterion-referenced, based on Common Soldier Task requirements
3. Physical Demand Categories (PDC) must align with OPAT PDCs

Army Occupational Physical Demand

Categories:
Heavy Physical
Demand Duties Black (70 pt)
Significant
Physical Grey (65 pt)
Demand Duties
Moderate
Physical Gold (60 pt)
Demand Duties

GOLD = Army Minimum Standard

National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) – 2015

GENDER-NEUTRAL OCCUPATIONAL PERFORMANCE STANDARDS: “…the Secretary of Defense – (1)
shall ensure that qualification of members of the Armed Forces for, and continuance of members of
the Armed Forces in, that occupational career field is evaluated on the basis of common, relevant
performance standards, without differential standards or evaluation on the basis of gender.”
*MOS – Military Occupational Specialty

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 ACFT Implementation
• The purpose of the ACFT is to:
- Improve individual Soldier and unit readiness.
- Transform the culture of Army fitness.
- Reduce preventable injuries and attrition.
- Enhance mental toughness and stamina.

• There are three phases to ACFT implementation: Phase I – Field

Test, Phase II – Initial Operational Capability (IOC), and Phase III –
Full Operational Capability (FOC).

• Field Test objectives were:

- Order and ship ACFT testing equipment to the 63 Field Test units.
- Train and validate ACFT test OIC/NCOICs and graders.
- Refine testing protocols.

• IOC objectives are:

- Train all Soldiers and administer a diagnostic ACFT (all components).
- Measures testing performance across all components.

• FOC - 01 OCT 2020 with the ACFT as the Army test of record.
*OIC/NCOIC – Officer-in-Charge / Non-Commissioned Officer-in-Charge

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 DACOWITS RFI #8 - Response
a. What is the physiological science on which the ACFT is based?
• The ACFT is based on a concurrent validation study conducted by Center for
Initial Military Training under the aegis of HQDA EXORD 041-13. The criterion
variable was a proxy test for high physical demand Warrior Tasks and Battle
Drills (WTBD) / Common Soldier Tasks called the WTBD Simulation Test
(WTBD-ST). The variance accounted for between common fitness test
performance (ex., push-up) and WTBD-ST performance = ~80%.

b. What is the basis for the scoring criteria?

• The current scoring standards are based on five factors: (1) current normative
performance by known Soldier samples, (2) data collected during the Field
Validation (FY18), (3) conflation with Occupational Physical Assessment Test
(OPAT) standards – to include the Moderate, Significant, and Heavy
classifications, (4) initial predictions from Baseline Soldier Physical
Readiness Requirements Study (BSPRRS) regression equations, and (5)
standards from existing military fitness tests (i.e., Ranger Athlete Warrior
assessments and the Air Force ALO-TCAP assessments).

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 DACOWITS RFI #8 – Response con’t

c. What data is being collected during this pilot? And how will it be used?
• The Field Test and IOC data generally fall into two categories:
- Procedural or administrative data (equipment order/ship, optimal test
administration strategies, testing through-put, etc.)
- Status data (where does the force currently score on the ACFT with little or
no training or preparation).
• Outside Field Test / IOC testing, several groups and agencies (Colorado State
University ROTC, University of Iowa, The Citadel, University of Northern Iowa,
Army MWR, West Point, etc.) are conducting training studies to determine the
most efficient / effective ways to train for the ACFT.
These data may be used to:
- Refine testing protocols / procedures.
- Match performance to unit training programs.
- Analyze the effects of training on injury, attrition, and readiness.

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 DACOWITS RFI #8 – Response con’t
d. Other than testing physical fitness, what are the other uses of the ACFT (i.e., promotion, selection,
schools, etc.)?
• The Army is collecting data during the next Fiscal Year to inform future policy decisions.
Currently, the Army has not made any policy decisions on other uses for the ACFT and it is
not the test-of-record for this FY.

e. What efforts has the Army taken to address potential disadvantages to women given the physiological
gender differences between men and women?
• Combat physical demands are gender- and age-neutral. Army leadership therefore
prescribed the minimum requirements to pass the ACFT would be gender-and age-neutral.
The refined minimum requirements will be directly correlated to a Soldier’s ability to perform
the high demand, commonly occurring Common Soldier Tasks.
• Although there are biological differences between men and women, performance on the
ACFT is a function of training and commitment. A Soldier who consistently trains and
focuses on improving all elements of physical fitness will perform higher on each test event.
• The maximum score for each test event does not exceed the physiological capacity of male
or female Soldiers, as evidenced in the table below.

Highest Reported Score MDL SPT HRP SDC LTK 2MR

Women 350 13.5 66 1:23 24 11:33
Men 390 16.1 80 1:02 42 09:52
Maximum Score 340 12.5 60 1:25 20 13:30

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 Backup

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 Concept Development And Governance

FM 7-22, Holistic Health & Fitness

Part 1: System – H2F overview and planning
Part 2: Design – Physical, Nutrition, Spiritual, Mental and Sleep
readiness
Part 3: Build – H2F program design
Part 4: Deliver – H2F schedules
Part 5: Test – OPAT and ACFT

Appendices:
PRT Drills and Exercises
H2F Personnel
H2F Equipment
H2F Leader Education
New Army Water Survival Training, Sleep and, Mental readiness
New Army Nutrition doctrine
New Army Pregnancy and Post-Partum Physical Training
New Army Running Skill doctrine
New Army Spiritual Readiness doctrine
New Army Health Coaching instruction

Way Ahead
• Publish H2F Concept Paper
• Publish Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) on H2F System
• Publish FM 7-22 and other documents as required

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
3-Repetition Maximum Deadlift (MDL)

• Task: Execute the 3 repetition maximum (RM) • Relevant Principles for Event Selection
deadlift event to assess lower-body strength 1. Efficacy: Highly predictive test to assess for lower body /
• Condition: Given a hexbar, weight plates, and core muscular strength
barbell collars totaling up to 340lbs in an outdoor or 2. Safety: Hexbar (vs Olympic bar) provides better
indoor testing environment anatomical position for proper lifting – controls for injury
• Standard: Conduct three (3) repetitions of the MDL 3. Ease of Administration: Requires one (1) grader per lane;
maintaining proper lifting form throughout the event time ~2:00 min per Soldier
movement IAW FM 7-22, Appendix A to meet the 4. Grading: Simple to grade, replicate over time/space
ACFT scoring standards
• Component of Fitness: Muscular Strength
− Definition: the maximum amount of force that can be
generated by a muscle or muscle group
− Secondary Component of Fitness: flexibility
− Anatomical Focus: knee extension, hip extension, grip,
lower back
• Application to Common Soldier Tasks (CST)
− Lifting heavy loads off the ground; casualty
extraction/evacuation; carrying/transporting heavy loads
(155mm artillery rounds, ammo boxes, etc.) IAW – In Accordance With

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
Standing Power Throw (SPT)

• Task: Execute the SPT event to assess upper and • Relevant Principles for Event Selection
lower body explosive power
1. Efficacy: Highly predictive test assessing upper and
• Condition: Given a 10lb medicine ball and tape lower body power required for Common Soldier Tasks
measure in an outdoor or indoor testing environment (CSTs); strong driver for upper and lower body power
training
• Standard: Conduct two (2) record SPTs using
proper movement technique IAW FM 7-22, Appendix 2. Safety: A “prepatory drill” and 50% effort practice throw
A to meet the ACFT scoring standards prior to event mitigates risk of injury
3. Ease of Administration: Requires one (1) grader and one
• Component of Fitness: Explosive Power (1) marker per lane; event time ~2:00 min per Soldier
− Definition: generating maximal force in the shortest time
4. Grading: Simple to grade, replicate over time/space
− Secondary Component of Fitness: balance, coordination,
flexibility
− Anatomical Focus: knee extension, hip extension, grip,
lower back
• Application to Common Soldier Tasks (CST)
− Mounting obstacles or vehicles; lifting Soldiers
up/onto/over obstacles or vehicles; lifting loads off the
ground and up/onto a vehicle or platform; jumping,
leaping, climbing over obstacles; throwing a grenade

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
Hand Release Push-Up (HRP)

• Task: Execute the timed HRPU (Arm Extension)

event to assess muscular endurance
• Relevant Principles for Event Selection
• Condition: Given a stopwatch in an outdoor or
indoor testing environment 1. Efficacy: Better predictive test assessing upper body
endurance than the current APFT push-up; strong
• Standard: Conduct as many repetitions as possible driver for upper body/core strength training
in two (2) minutes utilizing proper movement
technique IAW FM 7-22, Appendix A to meet the 2. Safety: Minimal risk for injury with proper training
ACFT scoring standards program
• Component of Fitness: Muscular Endurance 3. Ease of Administration: Requires one (1) grader per
− Definition: the ability of a muscle or muscle group to lane; event time = 2:00 min per Soldier
repetitively perform work for an extended period of time 4. Grading: Simple to grade, replicate over time/space
to volitional fatigue
− Secondary Component of Fitness: flexibility
− Anatomical Focus: elbow extension, shoulder flexion and
extension
• Application to Common Soldier Tasks (CST)
− Pushing loads up/onto/over obstacles; employing
progressive levels of force; load carriage; dynamic
balance under load

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
Sprint, Drag, Carry (SDC)

• Relevant Principles for Event Selection

1. Efficacy: Highly predictive test assessing anaerobic power
and endurance; strong driver for high intensity anaerobic
training
2. Safety: Minimal risk for injury with proper training program;
lateral shuttle in lap three (3) reduces the fall risk linked with
lower leg muscle fatigue
3. Ease of Administration: Requires one (1) grader and one (1)
lane safety per two (2) lanes; event time ~3:00 min per
Soldier
4. Grading: Simple to grade, replicate over time/space

• Task: Execute the timed SDC event to assess muscular

strength and endurance, and anaerobic power and endurance
• Condition: Given a 25m lane, one (1) drag sled, two (2) 45lb
weight plates, two (2) 40lb kettlebells, and a stopwatch in an
outdoor or indoor testing environment
• Standard: Within four (3) minutes, conduct five (5) x 50m
shuttles for time in the following order – 50m sprint, 50m sled
drag, 50m lateral shuttle, 50m kettlebell carry, 50m sprint IAW
FM 7-22, Appendix A
• Component of Fitness: Muscular Endurance and Strength,
Anaerobic Power, Anaerobic Endurance
− Definition: sustained moderate to high intensity muscular work
over short duration
− Secondary Component of Fitness: reaction time, coordination,
agility, balance, flexibility
− Anatomical Focus: knee extension, hip extension, grip, lower
back, shoulders
• Application to Common Soldier Tasks (CST)
− Moving quickly over uneven terrain under load; moving
over/around/through obstacles; casualty extraction/evacuation;
moving supplies or ammunition; 3-5 second rushes

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
Leg Tuck (LTK)

• Relevant Principles for Event Selection

1. Efficacy: Highly predictive test assessing upper
body/grip/core strength and endurance; greater functionality
compared to alternative events; improves dynamic balance
and mobility; contributes significantly to the prevention of
over-use load carriage injuries
2. Safety: Minimal risk for injury since the Soldiers feet/legs
remain under the base of support
3. Ease of Administration: Requires one (1) grader per lane;
event time ~2:00 min per Soldier
4. Grading: Simple to grade, replicate over time/space

• Task: Execute the LTK event to assess muscular

endurance
• Condition: Given a 7.5ft high x 5ft wide pull-up bar or
climbing pod in an outdoor or indoor testing environment
• Standard: Conduct as many LTKs as possible utilizing
proper movement technique IAW FM 7-22, Appendix A
to meet the ACFT scoring standards
• Component of Fitness: Muscular Endurance
− Definition: the ability of a muscle or muscle group to
repetitively perform work for an extended period of time to
volitional fatigue
− Secondary Component of Fitness: flexibility
− Anatomical Focus: knee flexion, hip flexion, grip, abdominals
• Application to Common Soldier Tasks (CST)
− Climbing up/onto/over vehicles or obstacles; traversing
rope/ladder bridges; load carriage; dynamic balance under
load

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
2-Mile Run (2MR)

• Task: Execute a timed 2MR to assess aerobic

endurance • Relevant Principles for Event Selection
1. Efficacy: Highly predictive test assessing for measuring
• Condition: Given a measured and generally flat, aerobic endurance
outdoor 2.0-mile course and stopwatch or outdoor
race clock 2. Safety: Minimal risk for injury
• Standard: Execute the timed 2MR utilizing proper 3. Ease of Administration: Requires one (1) grader per course;
running skill IAW FM 7-22, Appendix A to meet the separate 2MR graders are authorized; event time ≤ 21:07
ACFT scoring standards min per Soldier
4. Grading: Simple to grade, replicate over time/space
• Component of Fitness: Aerobic Endurance
− Definition: the ability to exercise large muscle groups at
a level somewhere between moderate and high intensity
for more than a few minutes
− Secondary Component of Fitness: None
− Anatomical Focus: knee flexion-extension, hip flexion-
extension
• Application to Common Soldier Tasks (CST)
− Moving long distances over uneven terrain under load;
recovery from high intensity movements such as 3-5
second rushes; movement under fire

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
Alternate event for 2-mile run (2MR)
Alternate Event
5,000m Row
• Task: Execute a challenging alternate non-
impact aerobic event for permanent profile
Soldiers who cannot perform the 2-mile run
• Condition: Given a standardized and approved
horizontal rowing machine (ergometric)
• Standard: Execute the rowing event utilizing
proper form to meet equivalent ACFT
muscular and aerobic performance standards
within 25 minutes

• Relevant Principles for Event Selection

1. Efficacy: Highly predictive test assessing for measuring
aerobic endurance
2. Safety: Minimal risk for injury; appropriate for Soldiers on a
lower body no / low impact profile
3. Ease of Administration: Requires one (1) grader event time
≤ 25:00 min per Soldier *
An ergometric rower works multiple large muscle
4. Grading: Simple to grade, replicate over time/space
*= remains TBD with Field Test scoring, age and gender neutral
groups, to include shoulders, arms, core, and
legs, at one time. The repetitive push and pull
under tension provides a low-impact assessment
of muscular and aerobic endurance.
TBD – To Be Determined

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
Alternate event for 2-mile run (2MR)

Alternate Event
15,000m Bike
• Task: Execute a challenging alternate non-
impact aerobic event for permanent profile
Soldiers who cannot perform the 2-mile run
• Condition: Given a standardized and approved
stationary bike machine (ergometric)
• Standard: Execute the timed bike event utilizing
proper form to meet equivalent ACFT muscular
and aerobic performance standards within 25
minutes

• Relevant Principles for Event Selection

1. Efficacy: Highly predictive test assessing for measuring
aerobic endurance
2. Safety: Minimal risk for injury; appropriate for Soldiers on an
upper body profile and lower body no / low impact profile
3. Ease of Administration: Requires one (1) grader event time
≤ 25:00 min per Soldier *
4. Grading: Simple to grade, replicate over time/space
*= remains TBD with Field Test scoring, age and gender neutral
An ergometric bike works large muscle groups
in the legs. Repetitive movements under
tension provides a low-impact assessment of
lower-body muscular and aerobic endurance.

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
Alternate event for 2-mile run (2MR)
Alternate Event
1,000m Swim
• Task: Execute a challenging alternate non-
impact aerobic event for permanent profile
Soldiers who cannot perform the 2-mile run
• Condition: Given a standardized and approved
25-50m swimming pool
• Standard: Execute the timed swim event
utilizing proper form to meet equivalentACFT
muscular and aerobic performance standards
within 25 minutes
• Relevant Principles for Event Selection
1. Efficacy: Highly predictive test assessing for measuring
aerobic endurance
2. Safety: Minimal risk for injury; appropriate for Soldiers on an
upper body profile and lower body no / low impact profile
3. Ease of Administration: Requires one (1) grader event time
≤ 25:00 min per Soldier *
4. Grading: Simple to grade, difficult to replicate over
time/space v. pool requirements
*= remains TBD with Field Test scoring, age and gender neutral
The swim works multiple large muscle groups, to
include shoulders, arms, core, and legs, at one
time. The repetitive pull, kick and recover under

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 Army Combat Fitness Test
Training

Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) Training Products

The Army Physical Readiness Training (PRT) doctrine, FM 7-22 (October 2012), Army PRT application for smart devices (iOS and
Android), and Combined Arms Lessons Learned (CALL) ACFT Guide can assist with the complete training program.

Example garrison and field exercises for the 3RM Deadlift

3 Repetition Maximum Deadlift

Top Exercises 1. Sumo Squat
2. Alternate Staggered Squat Jump
3. Forward Lunge
Top PRT Drill Strength Training Circuit
Standard Equipment 60 lb trap bar and plates

A digital version of this CALL Alternate Equipment Ammo cans Tow bars
publication is available to view or Duffle bag PVC pipe
download from the CALL website:
Rucksack Wooden handle
http://call.army.mil
5 gallon water cans MRE box

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 Comparative Military Physical Fitness Tests

Air Force Tactical Air Danish Armed Army RAW Army Combat
Fitness Domain
Control Party Test Forces Physical Test Assessments Fitness Test

Agility/Speed 3-Cone drill 20yd shuttle sprint 5-10-5 shuttle run Sprint-drag-carry

Explosive Power Medicine ball toss (20lb) Standing long jump Standing power throw

Muscular Strength Deadlift / Grip strength Deadlift Deadlift Deadlift

Anaerobic power Farmers carry 2x50x100 Sprint-drag-carry

Dips Pull-up
Upper Body Endurance Pull-ups Hand release push-up
Pullp-ups 2-min/cadence push-up

Lower Body Endurance Weighted lunges Loaded lunges

9-item core test 2-min sit-ups

Core Endurance Cross knee crunch Leg tuck
Planks Heel-claps

Anaerobic endurance 20yd shuttle sprint 300-yd shuttle run Sprint-drag-carry

Aerobic endurance 1.5-mile run 12-min run / Beep test 2-mile & 5-mile run 2-mile run

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