Passage 1The War on SmokingMake no mistake, the move to introduce plain

packaging is just the latest front in the war against smoking. Over the past decade,
there has been a ban on smoking in public places and moves to restrict displays in
shops. But one of the issues that has been concerning health experts and ministers
is the number of people who continue to take up smoking,
particularly young people. More than 200,000 under-16's start in the UK each year -
helping ensure a viable market remains for manufacturers once the number of
people quitting and dying is taken into account. In countries like the UK where there
is a ban on advertising, the pack remains the last major vehicle for promotion. Hence
the detail and care taken in the design of the packets with their laminated and
special print effects, foil decorations and slide openings and qbevelled edges. It
should come as no surprise therefore to learn that they have become known as the
"silent salesman" and "mobile billboard" within the industry. They are that important.

Questions 1-4
Complete the sentences. Choose no more than two words and/or a number from
the passage for each answer.
1. ____________ is the most recent strategy to tackle the problem of smoking.
2. The large number of new smokers, particularly under 16's, makes certain that
cigarette companies will always have a ______________
3. In some countries, packaging is the only method that cigarette companies have for
_________________
4. Packets are seen as being the _________________ in the sigarette industry.

Passage 2
Schopenhauer On Education
Schopenhauer says in his essay of education that ideas are formed only after the
observations. For him, Observation is deserved for being in the first place. He
contrasts two types of individuals: An individual who has his own experience and an
individual who learned and heard from others. He praises former types of individuals
because whatever ideas he gained comes from his own experience. So, he can use
the ideas correctly. On the contrary, latter types of individuals' ideas are not derived
from their own experience so there is a possibility that they will apply those ideas
wrongly.
He criticized teachers by stating that teachers are stuffing the ideas to the young
mind rather than developing their acuity and discernment. He emphasizes that the
principal point in education is, “one’s knowledge of the world begins at the right end”,
this should be the aim of education. Teachers should encourage students to observe
their surroundings and to form ideas based on that. One must take care of childrens
to not use words which they don't know the clear meaning of. Learning words is not
going to be useful. One needs to understand the words. One’s Observation precedes
one’s idea, this should not be the reverse.
About Memory, he said that it should be greatly exercised from an early age. We
should carefully consider what needs to be retained. There are ideas which last long.
It is essential to select the important and significant ideas to keep it in memory. This
selection should be made by the masters in every branch of knowledge. Almost and
always one’s maturity of knowledge is the work of one’s experience alone.
Questions 5-9
Choose the correct letter, a, b, c or d.
5. Idea are formed after the __________
A. Practice
B. Observation
C. Exercise
D. Sleep
6. Schopenhauer praised the individual who__________
A. Gain ideas from his own experience
B. Learn from the books
C. Hearing from the Masters of Knowledge
D. Live without knowledge
7. Teachers should not___________
A. Let the students to observe their surroundings
B. Stuff their minds with other ideas
C. Let them to play in the open fields
D. Let them to eat food
8. Childrens should not be allowed to use the words which __________
A. Have a bad meaning
B. They don’t know the clear meaning of.
C. Have no meaning
D. Is foreign to them
9. Who should select the knowledge that should be retained by the
childrens?
A. High School Teachers
B. Business People
C. Masters of every branch of knowledge
D. Parents

Passage 3
Emotion
In Psychology, emotion is defined as the state of feeling which causes
psychological and physiological changes, which in turn, affects our
thinking and behaviour. Theories of emotion classified into three main
categories: Neurological, Physiological and Cognitive. Neurological
means the brain activity leads to the emotional response. Physiological
means bodily changes are the cause of emotional responses. Cognitive
means thinking is responsible for emotions.
One of the theories of emotion is the James-Lange Theory. This theory
was proposed by physiologist Carl Lange and psychologist William
James. This theory states that all emotions are the outcomes of the
physiological response to the events. James Lange theory is broken
down into a sequence of four parts: Event, Arousal, Interpretation and
Emotion.
If an individual faces an event, the result is physiological reactions,
which in turn, produces emotions based on how we interpret the
physiological reactions. There is also another theory, namely, Cannon-
Bard Theory. It was created by Walter Cannon as an argument against
James-Lange Theory. It states that when an individual witnesses stimuli,
thalamus sends the brain a message on how to respond to that
particular stimuli. As a result, emotions will occur.

Questions 10-13
Choose the correct letter, a, b, c or d.
10. Emotion is the state of feeling which causes_______
A. Physiological changes
B. Psychological changes
C. Societal changes
D. Both (a) and (b)
11. What is the main category in theory of emotion?
A. Neurological
B. Physiological
C. Cognitive
D. All the above
12. Who is Carl Lange?
A. Physiologist
B. Biologist
C. Psychologist
D. Athlete
13.Which theory countered the James-Lange Theory ?
A. Stress Theory
B. Cannon-Bard Theory
C. Bard-Cannon Theory
D. Cannon Theory