interior design

Batch 2020-2025 : VI sem

Course instructor: Ar Hariharan.S

 INTRODUCTION TO INTERIOR DESIGN
Interior design is a multi-faceted profession in which creative and technical solutions are applied within a structure to achieve
a built interior environment. These solutions are functional, enhance the quality of life and culture of the occupants, and are
aesthetically attractive. Designs are created in response to and coordinated with the building shell, and acknowledge the
physical location and social context of the project. Designs must adhere to code and regulatory requirements and encourage
the principles of environmental sustainability. The interior design process follows a systematic and coordinated methodology,
including research, analysis and integration of knowledge into the creative process, whereby the needs and resources of the
client are satisfied to produce an interior space that fulfills the project goals
 UNIT II
INTRODUCTION TO INTERIOR DESIGN
Introduction to the professions of interior decoration, interior design and furniture design, bringing out their origin, evolution
and current scope of work.
Definition and process of interior design.
Introduction to the design of interior spaces as related to typology, function and themes.
Vocabulary of design in terms of
elements (point, line, shape, form, space, color, light, pattern, texture) and
principles (balance, proportion, scale, rhythm, hierarchy, unity, contrast, harmony, emphasis, movement) with specific
reference to examples from interior design
 Principles – gestalt theory –
Interior space typology, function and themes
principles
Balance
Emphasis
Harmony
Scale
Rhythm
Unity
 balance
Balance is the art of creating visual equilibrium or approximating the visual weight of objects throughout a room for a
balanced look. Balance can be created with symmetry; mirroring one side of an area or room to the other with furniture,
artwork or accessories. While generally more formal in nature, symmetry is suitable for modern bedrooms or living
rooms to lend a clean, calming aesthetic. In order for symmetry to work well, introduce an element of asymmetry to
create interest and subtly stimulate the overall composition. Whether through a singular piece of furniture, flowers or a
small accessory, that one element will create the visual tension required to keep the design from appearing monotonous
or stifling.
 balance

Balance can also be created with an asymmetrical approach by introducing objects or

furnishings that off-set an imbalanced area in visual weight. This can be achieved through
colour, size or shape depending on the requirements of the design plan.
When planning your design scheme, begin by imagining your room as a grid and ensure
that objects, artwork, furniture, window treatments or architectural features balance each
other in colour, shape, pattern, or scale.
 asymmetrical balance
For an asymmetrical or imbalanced room, balance can be achieved with architectural elements, furniture or decorative
accessories to visually off-set the unevenness. Although the artwork has been hung off-centre, the scale of the piece on
the left is balanced by the darker colour of the pieces on the right. The two distinctly different lamps, although similar in
colour, also help tie the overall composition together by framing the back wall and breaking up the rigidity of the square
sofa and rectangular frames.
Asymmetrical
balance
 emphasis
Emphasis refers to the focal point of a space. A natural focal point occurs in rooms with a singular purpose such as a
bedroom, where attention is given to the most prominent piece in the room. Created focal points can be seen in rooms
with more than one purpose; living rooms and family rooms, for instance, where the rooms are large enough to contain
more than one point of visual interest. It must be noted, however, that these two points should never compete; they
must blend and relax with each other, making it comfortable for the room to contain both. One of the points of interest
should visually dominate and take `centre stage’, while the other creates a balancing effect to the eye. Think of a living or
family room that is also the television-watching room; either the fireplace or the television should dominate, never both.
The emphasis of a room can be created by converging lines, contrasting sizes, the colour and texture of various pieces in
a room, or the arrangement of furniture. Emphasis is crucial in bringing a sense of purpose to a room, lending a more
substantial feel and disputing the notion that the room is for decoration or show only.
 harmony
Harmony can be achieved by thinking of the overall desired mood of the space. A blend of similar furnishings and
monochromatic colours can be used to induce of peaceful, calming feeling. Likewise, the introduction of angular objects
set against softly rounded pieces can inject a visual tension to produce an exciting, dynamic feeling so long as those
pieces have a unified feel and aesthetic. The repetition of frames or other types of artwork can unify a disjointed space
and coordinating fabrics can fuse together upholstered furniture from different eras and styles to bring the whole
seemingly disparate look together.
While there are no hard and fast rules, harmony are achieved by paying particular attention to the overall look and feel of
your space. The goal is to link common furnishings, accessories or decorative elements in colour, style, or form to create
an overall pleasing visual effect.
 scale
Scale is one of the most difficult principles to master but done effectively, can make the difference between a mediocre
design and a brilliant one. While proportion is the ratio between the size of one object to another, scale refers to how the
size of that one object relates to another in context of the overall space. The general rule of thumb is to vary the sizes
and proportions of each object. By ensuring a textural or colour link between them, objects will play against one another
for an interesting and exciting effect.
 It should be noted that in a large room, you need large objects to fill the space and make it appear more intimate. In
smaller rooms, consider introducing a few oversized objects for dramatic impact. This will trick the eye into thinking the
room is larger than it actually is and lend the room a sense of importance that smaller objects simply can’t impart.
 rhythm
Rhythm is especially powerful. Your eye should move easily around the room from one object to another without being
jarred or “tripped up” by any one object in particular. There are exceptions to this, of course, such as the deliberate
placement of a show-stopping piece or situations in which the furniture placement takes advantage of a captivating view.
For most situations, however, the focus should remain on creating a sense of rhythm through repetition and contrast to
create visual interest. This can be achieved by utilizing the same colour or pattern at various intervals to keep the eye
moving throughout the room or by directing the eye to various points through the use of similar forms or shapes.
In any case, rhythm lends a sense of visual cohesiveness and should be considered an important component of your
overall scheme.
A regular rhythm is achieved by keeping the intervals between the objects relatively the same. This approach tends to be
formal in appearance. By hanging the images in a grid-like pattern, you eye travels from the artwork to the square
furnishings, then to the square coffee table and on to the square floor tiles. Through repetition, your eye is drawn around
the room easily without being jarred or stopping abruptly in any one area.
 unity
Unity is simply an orderly blend of lines, forms, colors, patterns and textures. While unity refers to the carful avoidance of
visual conflict, harmony assures the assimilation of various elements and objects throughout the room to create a unified
whole.
Unity describes the relationship between each of the various parts of a space and how they relate to one another. If the
room is traditional and feminine with a softly coordinating color palette, the introduction of heavily linear or starkly
modern furniture will throw off the entire composition. Similarly, a coat of glossy paint in a singular colour can unify mis-
matched furniture or frames to create a harmonious connection.
 While there are no hard and fast rules, unity are achieved by paying particular attention to the overall look and feel of
your space. The goal is to link common furnishings, accessories or decorative elements in colour, style, or form to create
an overall pleasing visual effect.
 principles of perception
Perception is the core content of the relationship between human and space. It is a process based on the feeling which is
the further organization, recognition and interpretation of sensory information, thus helping people to express and
understand the environment. Sensation refers to the active or passive reception and response of human organs to
sounds, colors, odors, temperatures, etc. in the environment. Perception adds time dimension, thinking and memory
subjective factors on the basis of sensory basis, and there are differences in personality and commonality because of the
different background of personal living environment . Therefore, perception is not only the sum of the simple sense
information of the environment, such as vision, hearing and touch, but also a comprehensive experience, understanding
and emotional input to environmental in-formation.
 gestalt

Gestalt is a psychology term which means “unified whole”. It refers to theories

of visual perception developed by German psychologists in the 1920s.
These theories attempt to describe how people tend to organize visual elements into groups
or unified wholes when certain principles are applied.
gestalt principles
types of gestalt principles
Similarity
 types of gestalt principles
Similarity
Similarity occurs when objects look similar to one another.
People often perceive them as a group or pattern.
This effect can be used to create a single illustration, image or message from a series of
separate elements.
When similarity occurs, an object can be emphasized if it is dissimilar to the others.

This is called anomaly.

 types of gestalt principles
Similarity

There can be similarity of shape, color, alignment, size, other possibilities (value, tone, or think
of some of your own) or a combination
 types of gestalt principles
Similarity - anomaly

The green shape on the right becomes a focal point because it is dissimilar to the other shapes. This is an
anomaly - when an element is emphasized because it is dissimilar, breaking the pattern of similarity.
types of gestalt principles
Continuation
 types of gestalt principles
Continuation
Continuation occurs when the eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to
another object, preferring to see a single continuous figure than separate lines. We tend to
perceive the simplest path, rather than a complex path.
This can be used to point toward another element in the composition, and is seen where a
line is cut through one object, often in a curve, aligning perfectly with a secondary element.
 types of gestalt principles
Continuation
Continuation occurs Continuation is the
because your eye underlying principle
will follow the lines in the perception of
of the bee’s path, as the celestial bodies
your eye tends to of the Zodiac.
naturally follow a
line or curve.
types of gestalt principles
closure
 types of gestalt principles
Closure
Closure is a common design technique that uses the human eye’s tendency to see closed
shapes. Closure occurs when an object is incomplete or a space is not completely enclosed. If
enough of the shape is indicated, people will see the whole by filling in the missing information.
This technique is often associated with stenciled artwork, but is also closely associated with logo
forms.
 types of gestalt principles
Closure

When the viewer’s perception completes a shape, closure occurs.

 types of gestalt principles
proximity
Proximity occurs when elements are placed close together. It is when the close arrangement
of elements creates a group association between those objects. If individual elements are also
similar, they will tend to be perceived as a single whole, even though they are separate
elements. When the squares are given close proximity, unity occurs.
 types of gestalt principles
proximity

While they continue to be separate shapes, Shapes don’t have to be regular or the same size to If the items are placed without proximity,
they are now perceived as one group. create proximity. Proximity or grouping can be achieved they are seen as separate shapes.
with a lot of different commonality including shape,
color, texture, size or any other visual attribute.
types of gestalt principles
figure / ground
 types of gestalt principles
figure / ground

The eye differentiates an object from its surrounding area. Figure/Ground often uses the idea
of light and shade to help create an images that jumps out of a series of shapes. A form,
silhouette, or shape is naturally perceived as figure (object), while the surrounding area is
perceived as ground (background). Remind you of positive/negative?
 types of gestalt principles
figure / ground

This principle describes the eye’s tendency to see and separate objects from their
surrounding background. It works because human eyes want to see the figure (foreground
object) and background (ground) as two different planes of focus. Everything that is not figure
is considered ground, which can be used to create some interesting visual effects and tricks,
particularly when the designer or artist introduces deliberate ambiguity.
 types of gestalt principles
figure / ground

In this image, the figure and ground This image uses complex figure/ground relationships
relationships change as the eye perceives the form of which change upon seeing the white bird or the black
two dogs or the Seattle Needle. bird. We also see the yin/yang.
 types of gestalt principles
symmetry

Symmetry states that the viewer should not be given the impression that something is out of
balance, or missing, or wrong. If an object is asymmetrical, the viewer will waste time trying
to find the problem instead of concentrating on the instruction.
 types of gestalt principles
symmetry

The law of symmetry captures the idea that when we

This image of the color wheel provides a sense of order perceive objects we tend to perceive them as
and balance, and allows the viewer to symmetrical shapes that form around their center.
focus on the shape and color. People tend to prefer symmetry.
 types of gestalt principles
asymmetry

When there is discord–the 2 sides are NOT similar, it is asymmetric,

and causes us to focus on what is different.
types of gestalt principles
asymmetry
 types of gestalt principles
Isomorphic Correspondence

Isomorphic Correspondence is how we respond to some images, based on our experiences in

the physical world. Sharp, pointed shapes or something scary communicate danger or pain A
cute puppy or a serene scene may relax you. We’re responding to the meaning of the image,
associating it with memories we have.
 types of gestalt principles
Isomorphic Correspondence

Isomorphic correspondence can make us think of something while looking at something else
gestalt principles
Similarity
Continuation
Closure
Proximity
Figure/Ground
Symmetry
Isomorphic Correspondence
 Typology-function-themes
Creating an experience touching the user’s senses has been an attempt and focus of all Interior Designers.
Providing the best possible user experience is all about understanding the users. Why is creating this
experience so important? There are millions of users and tonnes of competitors they can choose from,
which is why themes and trends in interior design continuously keep evolving to meet the user needs and
requirements. They will select the service that best suits and speaks to them. The following are a few
trending themes that have made their way in consumer homes
 Typology-function-themes
1. Art Deco Delight

Features of this interior design style include geometric shapes and graphic patterns,
polished chrome or brass, glossy timber furnishings, glass and mirrors and layered
sultry lighting. It incorporates being bold and artistic expression with exotic touches.
Originating from Paris in 1925, Art Deco is all at once histrionic and elegant. Take a
peak at House Beautiful for more Art Deco interior design tips.
1. Art Deco Delight
 Typology-function-themes
2. Bohemian Beauty
It combines different textures and materials from natural to metallic and embraces
warm red and purples tones and plenty of layering when it comes to pillows, rugs and
blankets. Beaded embellishments, tassels and crochet curtains are all whimsical
additions to the Boho interior decor style. If you fancy something more carefree, Boho
interior design is your friend. Purposefully messy, this style— with its global
inspirations, travel mementos and op shop finds— provides a warm ambience.
2. Bohemian Beauty
 Typology-function-themes
3. Classical Reflections
Classicism emerged in Europe in the 17th-19th centuries with the impressionist art,
music, literature and architecture of the time inspiring this particular style.
Today, lovers of tradition who enjoy plush, formal settings tend to be drawn to the
symmetry, sophistication, simplicity and reliability of classic design. Think gilded
frames, heavy drapery and ornate woodwork.
3. Classical Reflections
 Typology-function-themes
4. Contemporary Cheer
Contemporary and modern interior design themes often get confused. The key is to
remember that “modern” refers to a particular era (most often the early and mid 20th
century) whereas contemporary refers to designs of today; the here and now.
This is the interior design style for those who love to follow fashion trends and change
with the times. Right now in the world of contemporary art and design we are loving
the simplicity of whites, greys and blondes with the excitement of occasional color.
4. Contemporary Cheer
 Typology-function-themes
5.Elegant Country
Unlike the music, country interior design style is for everyone. Rather than drawing
from the dramas and hardships of life, it draws from the calm of the country lifestyle
with nature as its muse. English Country, featured below, is a feminine and flowing
home design style with floral fabrics, paintings of flowers and botanical prints at the
forefront.
5.Elegant Country
 Typology-function-themes
6.Hollywood Glam
This is the home interior style for those who love to make a statement. Hollywood
glam is the epitome of luxury with opulent furnishings and over the top accents like
velvets, metallics and rich color palettes that include reds, purples and blues.
Incorporate a red carpet into any room, sequined cushions and lampshades and lights
around your bathroom mirror to make the most of this interior design theme.
6.Hollywood Glam
 Typology-function-themes
7. Industrial Edge
While it often seems modern and funky to the eye, industrial design is actually quite
rustic and sensible. It takes advantage of exposed steel, timber and brick to create an
edgy living space that’s full of character.
It preserves the best quality design of the turn of the 20th century and brings out all its
raw beauty and mercurial appeal. Industrial interior design themes offer a unisex vibe
that suits larger spaces, both at home or the office.
7. Industrial Edge
 Typology-function-themes
8. Mid Century Modern
While mid century modern is considered a more practical interior design style, there’s
more to it than pure function. It may not be fussy, but it still oozes character with
nostalgic elements gleamed from the 1950s and 60s.
Everything is scaled back and simple, but with some fun retro stylings thrown in.
8. Mid Century Modern
 Typology-function-themes
9. Minimalist Musings
Bachelor pads often embrace minimalist design. Perhaps it’s because it’s easy to keep
clean, but it’s actually a house proud interior design style like any other defined by
simple furnishings, neutral color palettes and clean lines.
However, it does not mean it’s devoid of style. Quite the contrary. When art is selected
with care, the “less is more” mindset respects creativity, but shuns flamboyant
excesses and unmanageable clutter.
9. Minimalist Musings
 Typology-function-themes
10.Nautical Escape
Inspired by the deep blue, nautical themes in interior design are often seen in beach
houses and seaside apartments as well as restaurants and cafes to create a sense of
adventure and relaxation.
Defined by rustic furnishings, sailing motifs, blue colour palettes and boating
ornaments aplenty, the nautical interior design theme is everyone’s chill zone.
10.Nautical Escape
 Typology-function-themes
11. Oriental Mindset
Asian-style interiors are more often than not a fusion of styles, with Japanese and
Chinese expression leading the way of popular interior design themes.
Japanese design is minimalist (think Zen) with colors from the natural world informing
the color palette while Chinese design is more opulent with richer, lavish colors like
golds, reds, jades and purples used.
11. Oriental Mindset
 Typology-function-themes
12. Retro Fun
The psychedelic art of today requires far less drugs, despite being inspired by the
wayward psychedelic era of the sixties.
Retro design is all about good, clean fun. Using pops of color in art, furnishings and
ornaments will lift spirits and inspire happiness.
12. Retro Fun
 Typology-function-themes
13.Rustic Meandering
Rustic design is all about bringing the outdoors in, but without the biting bugs and the
risks of inclement weather. Think raw, reclaimed timbers, exposed beams and
unfinished stones, popular with a lot of hipster cafes and restaurants of today. There’s
no reason why you can’t recreate this interior design style at home.
13.Rustic Meandering
 Typology-function-themes
14. Scandinavian Flavor
Inspired by the simplicity of Nordic life, Scandinavian design has become an artform in
itself. It takes to crafting something stylish and cutting edge to functional and simple.
To that end, white and blonde color palettes are typical of Scandi with splashes of
elements from nature such as furs, leathers and natural fibers.
14. Scandinavian Flavor
 Typology-function-themes
15.Shabby chic
Shabby chic furnishings are often either distressed or appear that way; paint tends to
have antique-style finishes. The Shabby Chic color palettes include white, cream and
pastels. Light fixture and wall hangings may be ornate and continue the feminine
vibe of shabby chic design. Shabby chic is vintage-inspired style, but compared to
Bohemian and other styles, tends to be more feminine, soft and delicate.
15.Shabby chic
 Typology-function-themes
16.Hampton style
Coastal style also dubbed Hamptons style, hails from the iconic U.S. beachside area. Common features
include light, airy color palettes with cool neutral shades paired with blues and greens. Furnishings are
often white or beige. The room can contain elements of wood and accessories are often inspired by the
sea. Blue and white striped patterns for pillows, large windows, white plush sofas, and painted white
wood are also common fixtures of the classic Coastal/Hampton style. The intention is to create a relaxed
and comfortable environment that is inspired by the beach and ocean.
16.Hampton style
 Typology-function-themes
17.Traditional
Traditional design style offers classic details, sumptuous furnishings, and an abundance of accessories. It
is rooted in European sensibilities. Traditional homes often feature dark, finished wood, rich color
palettes, and a variety of textures and curved lines. Furnishings have elaborate and ornate details and
fabrics, like velvet, silk and brocade, which may include a variety of patterns and textures. There’s depth,
layering and dimensionality within most traditional designs.
17.Traditional
 Typology-function-themes
18.Modern
Modern is a broad design term that typically refers to a home with clean, crisp lines, a simple color
palette and the use of materials that can include metal, glass and steel. Modern design employs a sense
of simplicity in every element, including furniture. A word that’s commonly used to describe modern
style is sleek, and there is not a lot of clutter or accessories involved with a modern style.
18.Modern
 Typology-function-themes
19.Contemporary
Modern and contemporary are two styles frequently used interchangeably. Contemporary is different
from modern because it describes design based on the here and now. The primary difference separating
modern and contemporary design style is that modern is a strict interpretation of design that started in
the 20th century. Contemporary on the other hand, is more fluid and can represent a sense of currency
with less adherence to one particular style. For example, contemporary style may include curving lines,
whereas modern design does not.
19.Contemporary