DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled "360 DEGREE FLEXIBLE

DRILLING MACHINE" submitted for the Degree in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING is my original work and the dissertation has not formed the
basis for the award of any, degree, and Associate ship, fellowship or any
other similar titles.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I am grateful to Er.Mohit Rajput Faculty of MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING, Faculty of Engineering,R.V institute of Technology
And Also I am so indebted to Head of MECHANICAL & Assembly
Section, for dedicating his valuable time on behalf of our own goodness &
for providing us a faculty of knowledge. Next I am thankful to all the
employees of MECHANICAL & assembly section for giving us their kind
co-operation.
Thank you
 ABSTRACT

Directional drilling machine which can be used based on drilling holes in various
location and movement and easily operation done with high accuracy. Productivity
can be improved by reducing total machining time and reduced human
effort and reduced manufacturing cycle time. In this present age the application of
micromachining operations continues to grow. These operations are required to
fabricate the products required for sectors like medical science, automobile
industries and electronics manufacturing etc. which deals with miniature trends.
Drilling process is one of the machining processes which is used to drill micro holes
not only in micro products but also in relatively larger work pieces which require
ultra-small features which can be accomplished only by drilling process

Key words: Drilling machine, Performance, Movement, Material,

Operation etc.
 CONTENTS
CETIFICATE
DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL ASPECTS OF DRILLING MACHINE
DRILLING PROCESS
LITARATURE SURVEY
DEVELOPMENT OF DRILLING MACHINE
MOVEMENTS IN FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE
SETUP PROCEDURE
WORKING PROCEDURE
METHODOLOGY
COMPONENT & SPECIFICATION
FUTURE SCOPE
 INTRODUCTION
Around 35,000 BCE, Homo sapiens discovered the benefits of the application of
rotary
tools. This would have rudimentarily consisted of a pointed rock being spun
between the hands to bore a hole through another material. This led to the hand
drill, a smooth stick that was sometimes attached to flint point, and was rubbed
between the palms. This was used by many ancient civilizations around the world
including the Mayans. The earliest perforated artifacts such as bone, ivory, shells
and antlers found, are from the Upper Paleolithic era.
Bow drill (strap-drills) are the first machine drills, as they convert a back-and
forth motion to a rotary motion, and they can be traced back to around
10,000 years ago. It was discovered that tying a cord around a stick, and then
attaching the ends of the string to the ends of a stick(a bow), allowed a user to drill
quicker and more efficiently.Mainly used to create fire, bow-drills were also
used in ancient woodwork, stonework and dentistry. Archeologist discovered a
Neolithic
grave yard in Mehrgrath, Pakistan dating from the time of the Harappans, around
7,500-9,000 years ago, containing 9 adult bodies with a total of 11 teeth that had
been drilled. There are hieroglyphs depicting
Egyptian carpenters and bead makers in a tomb at Thebes using bow-
drills. The earliest evidence of these tools being used in Egypt dates back to around
2500 BCE. The usage of bow-drills was widely spread through Europe,
Africa, Asia ancient times and is still used today. Over the years many slight
variation of bow and strap drills have developed for the various uses of either
boring through materials or lighting fires.​
We had chosen the user defined project (UDP) for our final year project. We are
decided our topic to develop the automatic multi-operational portable machine
say like tapping, drilling, grinding, reaming, and other relative operation. This will
make use of compressed air (pneumatic mechanism) for its operation. We will
trying to develop the portable machine which will easily handle and cover a
maximum working area from one station and make it more flexible to working
easily. As a small industries the machine and operation method use for drilling,
tapping and other similar process is not economically and eco friendly. As we
know that drilling machine use the electricity as there power source these
machine have many limitation like it is not flexible and not moveable, consume
more floor area
and main problem is that it need continuous electricity which increase the cost
of production. The tapping operations are performed by use of convention tap or
hand tap. during operation it is necessary with a hand tap to
periodically reverse rotation to break the chip formed during the cutting
process, thus preventing effect called crowding that may cause defect.
 In convention method, main
problem causes during the tapping operation for big job industries and
complex job these causes are created defect on tap tool, increasing operational
lead time,inaccuracy of thread geometry, more production cost and
more labour cost.
 1. General Aspects of Drilling Machine:
Drilling is the operation of producing circular hole in the work-piece by using a
rotating
cutter called DRILL. The machine used for drilling is called drilling machine. The
drilling operation can also be accomplished in lathe, in which the drill is held in
tailstock
and the work is held by the chuck. The most common drill used is the twist drill.

It is the simplest and accurate machine used in production shop. The work
piece
is held stationary i.e. Clamped in position and the drill rotates to make a hole.
Drilling machine is kind of machine rotating cutting tool which direction the drill
feeds
only on the machine axis(workmanship perforation). Drilling is operating while
producing round holes in the piece work by using a rotating cutter called DRILL.
usually a drill bit or driver bit, used for boring holes in various materials
or fastening
various materials together with the use of fasteners. The attachment is gripped by
a chuck
at one end of the drill and rotated while pressed against the target material.​
The tip, and sometimes edges, of the cutting tool does the work of cutting into the
target material. This may be slicing off thin shavings grinding off small
particles crushing
and removing pieces of the work piece, countersinking, counter boring, or other
operations.​
Drills are commonly used in woodworking, metalworking, construction and do-it-
yourself projects. Drills are available with a wide variety of performance
 characteristics, such as power and capacity.
Drill machines have been the heart of every industry. Drilling holes in parts,
sheets and structures is a regular industrial work. Perfect and well aligned
drilling needs fixed and strong drills. Some parts cannot be drilled using fixed drills
due to low space between drill bit and drill bed. We need to use hand drills in such
cases but hand drills have alignment problems while drilling. So here we propose a
360 degree flexible drill that can be mounted on a table or wall and can be used to
drill holes horizontally, vertically or even upside down. So this makes it possible for
easy drilling in even complicated parts and surfaces. Thus we use rotating hinges
and connectors with motor mount and supporting structure to design and
fabricate a mini 360 degree drill for easy drilling operations.
 2. DRILLING PROCESS
Drilling is the method of making holes in a work piece with metal
cutting tools. Drilling is associated with machining operations such as
trepanning, counter boring, reaming and boring. A main rotating
movement is common to all these processes combined with a linear feed.
There is a clear distinction between short hole and deep hole drilling.
The drilling process can in some respects be compared with turning and
milling but the demands on chip breaking and the evacuation of chips is
critical in drilling. Machining is restricted by the hole dimensions, the
greater the hole depth, the more demanding it is to control the process and
to remove the chips. Short holes occur frequently on many components
and high material removal rate is a growing priority along with quality
and reliability.Solid drilling is the most common drilling method, where the hole is
drilled in solid material to a predetermined diameter and in a single
operation.Trepanning is principally used for larger hole diameters since this
method is not so power- consuming as solid drilling. The trepanning
never machines the whole diameter, only a ring at the periphery. Instead
of all the material being removed in the form of chips, a core is left
round the center of the hole.
Counter boring is the enlargement of an existing hole with a
specifically designed tool. This machines away a substantial amount of
material at the periphery of the hole.
Reaming is the finishing of an existing hole. This method involves small
working allowances to achieve high surface finish and close tolerances.
The cutting speed, or surface speed (vc) in for drilling is determined by
the periphery speed and can be calculated from the spindle speed (n)
which is expressed in number of revolutions per minute. During one
revolution, the periphery of the drill will describe a circle with a
circumference of π x Dc, where Dc is the tool diameter. The cutting
speed also varies depending upon which cutting edge across the drill-
face is being considered.
A machining challenge for drilling tools is that from the periphery to the
center of the drill, the cutting speed declines in value, to be zero at the
center. Recommended cutting speeds are for the highest speed at the
periphery.
The feed per revolution (ƒn) in mm/rev expresses the axial movement of
the tool during one revolution and is used to calculate the penetration
rate and to express the feed capability of the drill.
The penetration rate or feed speed (vf) in mm/min is the feed of the tool
in relation to the work piece expressed in length per unit time. This is
known as the machine feed or table feed. The product of feed per
revolution and spindle speed gives the rate at which the drill penetrates
the work piece. The hole depth (L) is an important factor in drilling as is
the radial cutting depth (ap) and feed per tooth (fz) for calculations.
Machining holes
Holes are either made or finish machined. Most work pieces have at least
one hole and depending upon the function of the hole, it needs machining
to various limitations.
The main factors that characterize
A hole from the machining view point are

- diameter
- depth
- quality
- material
- conditions
- reliability
- productivity
3. LITERATURE REVIEW

Micromachining operations play an important role in precision production

industries. Out of the various machining processes, micro-drilling is used to
produce micro holes in fuel injectors, printed circuit board, aerospace materials
etc. So in order to achieve the optimum working conditions various research were
conducted by different researchers from across the globe. This report reviews
some of the journal published by them regarding optimization
processes.Yogendra Tyagi,Vadansh Chaturvedi and Jyoti Vimal have conducted an
experiment on drilling of mild steel, and applied the taguchi methods for
determining the optimum parameters condition for the machining process using
the taguchi methods and analysis of variance. The work piece used is mild steel
(100mm×76mm×12mm) and the tool used is HSS with a point angle of 118° and
diameter of 10 mm. Taguchi L9 orthogonal
arrays is used here in order to plan the experiment. The input parameters are feed
rate,depth of cut and spindle speed whereas the output responses are
surface roughness and metal removal rate (MRR).In case of signal to noise ratio
calculation, larger the better characteristics is used for calculation of S/N ratio for
metal removal rate and nominal and small the better characteristics is used for the
calculation of S/N ratio for surface roughness. After the analysis of the data
obtained it is found that MRR is affected roughness. mostly by feed. Confirmation
experiment was conducted using the data obtained from S/N ratio graphs and
it confirmed with the results of taguchi methodology. In case of surface roughness
analysis same procedure was followed where the significant parameter was found
to be the spindle speed. Here too the confirmation experiment was conducted and
this confirms the successful implementation of taguchi methods.
Timur Canel,A. Ugur Kaya,Bekir Celik studied the laser drilling on PVC material in
order to increase the quality of the cavity. Taguchi optimization methods was
used to obtain the optimum parameters. The material used in the experimental
setup is PVC samples with dimensions of 5mm×85mm×4.5mm. Surelite Continuum
Laser is used to the cavities. The input parameters are wavelength, fluence
and frequency and the output response are aspect ratio, circularity and heat
affected zone. Taguchi L9 orthogonal array is used to find the signal to noise ratio.
Smaller the better characteristics is used for HAZ, larger the better characteristic is
used for​
Aspect ratioand nominal the better characteristic is used for
circularity. Variance analysis is performed usingthe calculated S/N ratio to conclude
optimum stage. It is found that
, second is wavelength and last is
fluence. For circularity it is found that the most effective parameter is wavelength,
fluence and frequency. For HAZ it is found that the most effective parameter is
wavelength, second is frequency and last is fluence. The experimental results are
compatible with Taguchi method with 93% rate.
Thiren G. Pokar,Prof. V. D. Patel used grey based taguchi method to determine the
optimum micro drilling process parameters. hivapragash, K.Chandrasekaran,
C.Parthasarathy, M.Samuel have tried to optimize the drilling process involving
metal matrix composites(MMC) in order to minimize the damage done to it during
the process by using taguchi and grey rational analysis. The work piece used is Al-
TiBr2(MMCs),with dimension of 100mm × 170mm × 15mm.The tool material is HSS
with diameter of 0.6 mm. The input parameter are spindle speed, depth of cut
and feed rate whereas the output parameter are MRR and surface roughness. For
finding out the optimal combination of cutting parameters the results are
converted into S/N ratios and higher the better type characteristics is used
for MMR, and smaller the better characteristics is used for surface roughness.
Wen Jialing and Wen Pengfei used an orthogonal experimental design in order
to find out the optimum process parameters for injection molding of
aspheric plastic lens, to reduce volumetric shrinkage and volumetric shrinkage
variation. Six input parameters were taken, each with 5 levels(Fill Time/sec,
holding pressure/Mpa, holding pressure/times, cooling time/s, melt
temperature/°C, mold temperature/°C.L25(56) orthogonal array is used to plan
the above experiment. The parameters affecting both volumetric shrinkage and
volumetric shrinkage​
variation are identified in order.
4 DEVELOPMENT OF DRILLING MACHINE
A. Equipments used for the Experiment as shown:
1 Base plate
2 Vertical arm
3Hrizontal arm
4 Suspension spring
5Rollar bearing
6 Motor
7 Drill bit
8 Copper wire
9 Switch board
10 Guider
5 MOVEMENTS IN FLEXIBLE DRILLING MACHINE

This drilling machine possesses a radial arm which along with the drilling head
can swing and move vertically up and down as can be seen in Fig. The radial,
vertical and horizontal arm movement of the drilling head enables locating the drill
spindle at any point within a very large space required by large and odd shaped
jobs. The tubular column on that the radial arm which moves up and down
manually or it can powered movement then the drilling head here this is called
drillinghead which holds the drill spindle here in which the drill is mounted and is
subjected to rotation. The entire head is mounted on the radial arm and this can
move inward and outward from the from the thisalong with this radial arm the
drilling head moves upward and downward to have large gap between the to drill
and job or there is a stoke length. Not only that further this radial arm can be
rotated about the column rotated about the column, say about 360 degree.
The main movements in the machine are:

1 360 degrees rotation of arm joint.

2 Up & down movement of the horizontal arm on vertical arm.
3 Linear slide movement of horizontal arm.
5.1 Setup Procedure
1) Base:
The base acts a support for the whole machine. It’s made of a mild steel. The base
of the drilling machine supports the entire machine and when bolted to the floor,
provides for vibration-free operation and best machining accuracy. The top of the
base is similar to the worktable and may be equipped with t- slot for mounting
work too larger for the table.
2) Arm:
There are two arms:
1 Vertical arm
2 Horizontal arm
The primary arm holds the secondary arm and it is with the help of this arm the
360° of rotation is transferred from the t plate to the secondary arm in order to
move the drill head at angles. They are made up of stainless steel.

3) Cross Slide:
We have used a hand drilling machine to be fixed on the cross slide. Our drilling
machine can drill holes on concrete, wood and metal. The drill bit can be rotated
both clockwise and anticlockwise direction
6 WORKING PROCEDURE

Pneumatic multi-operation machine make use of compressed air obtained from

compressor passes through pressure regulator & then passes through pneumatic
gun. In pneumatic gun air exerts a axial spinning force on the spindle located inside
the tool head which causes the drill tool to rotate inside the work piece with
required RPM.

7 METHODOLOGY

Step 1: Part collection

After some survey from market finally we bought pneumatic gun, pressure
regulator, pipes, wheels for table & adaptor at the reasonable price.
Step 2: Define Joints
1 We defined joints which are used for relative motion of arms & also to rotate
gun in 360 degree.

2 We designed mainly three types of joints such as ball joints, pin joints &
rotational top head.
3 We can switch to an automation by using servo motor in the defined joints for
future scope.

Step 3: Design arms or linkages

We made arms or linkages having material of mild steel with help of fabricator.
We can use telescopic arms to extend the work envelope of pneumatic drilling
machine for future scope
Step 4: Fabrication of table

We made supporting table to sustain the load of pneumatic drilling machine by

mounting it on the table.
We provide wheels to the table to provide the portability to the machine

Step 5: Assembling of component

After collection & designing of all parts we go for the final assemble to give the
final touch to our machine.

Finally we assembled all the components in the one single unit and made universal
drilling machine to justify our project title “DESIGN & DEVELOPMENT OF
UNIVERSAL PNEUMATIC DRILLNG MACHINE”.
Step 6: Fabrication of table

We did some experiment by drilling the material as wood, aluminium & cast iron
using the appropriate tool & air pressure.
The experiments in the image shows the drilling of the workpiece. The other
operation such as tapping, boring, grinding, thread cutting can also Performed by
our machine
8 COMPONENT & SPECIFICATION
Fig 11: Component & specification (All dimensions are in mm)
9 FUTURE SCOPE
We can use servo motor in our machine to provide the automation by giving
auto feed.

We can use telescoping arm to increase the working envelope of the machine to
reach in any direction easily.

We can use hydraulic system or hydraulic lubrication to operate the machine in

smooth manner without including the less fatigue of man power
CONCLUSION & SUMMARY

Due to the various problems faced by conventional operation processes such as

Poor thread finish, more time consumption, frequent tool breakage and many
more. So,we have decided to design the machine which will make use of
compressed air as a power source. Above is the Future model of pneumatic
machine on which the tapping ,drilling, boring etc operation is achieved by
Pneumatic system and it eliminates all the problem faced by conventional
operation process. This pneumatic multi-operation Machine is to be presented for
increasing their productivity as well as quality of job. It also gives the detailed
description mechanism and their different main parts of machine. In this we are
defining different process parameters like spindle speed (rpm), cutting feed rate,
cutting force, torque and power for their efficient working of operation.