Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sustainable Cities and Society

Greening smart cities: An investigation of the integration of urban natural

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The integration of urban natural resources and smart city technologies as a means to promote sustainability is
Smart cities investigated in this study using a descriptive-analytical literature review. The study identifies key elements
Urban natural resources associated with the incorporation of green spaces and smart technologies within smart cities. The findings show
Sustainability
that green spaces can promote environmental sustainability in smart cities when utilized as renewable energy
Smart technologies
Environmental wellbeing
sources, natural filters, and public spaces. However, effectively managing green spaces requires the imple­
mentation of smart technologies such as sensors to monitor and analyze data on factors such as air pollution,
temperature, and irrigation levels. The study evaluates the challenges of green space data analysis such as cost,
data reliability, privacy, and expertise, and reveals that Western and Eastern cities take different approaches to
green space data analysis, focusing on environmental/social and urban planning benefits respectively. The
importance of technologies and policies aimed at addressing environmental issues in disadvantaged commu­
nities, including air pollution, is emphasized. Effective strategies such as the deployment of air quality sensors,
green infrastructure, and transit-oriented development can improve air quality and health, though success de­
pends on policy design, resources, and infrastructure. Furthermore, the study explores the potential of advanced
technologies and strategies to manage sustainable energy resources in smart cities, including smart grids,
renewable energy, and energy-efficient buildings. The study also discusses the potential of smart technologies
such as precision irrigation, smart metering, and waste management initiatives to reduce water usage and waste.
The study concludes that technology and policy innovation can converge to yield environmental wellbeing
through efficiency and reduced harm. By embracing sustainability, communities can lead in creating livable
smart cities. The findings offer insights for policymakers, planners, and researchers on managing natural re­
sources and promoting sustainable development in smart cities.

1. Introduction hubs for economic growth and inventive activity (Ferrão & Fernández,
2013). Presently, the 600 largest cities worldwide generate approxi­
In the 21st century, the global population has become predominantly mately 80 % of the global GDP (Cadena et al., 2012). However, urban­
urban, with more than half residing in cities, marking the era of ur­ ization has brought with it challenges such as air pollution, climate
banization (Kabisch & Haase, 2011; Zhao et al., 2020; Guo et al., 2022). change, high energy consumption, and increased pressure on urban
This trend has been fueled by the rapid advancements in information infrastructure, especially in developing countries (Singh et al., 2020). To
technology, which have accelerated urban growth, commonly referred tackle these issues, there is an urgent need for systematic integration of
to as the third wave of urbanization (Cohen, 2006). According to pro­ all dimensions of urbanization with smart technology while preserving
jections, urban areas are expected to accommodate more than 70 % of urban natural resources. Traditional urban planning and governance
the global population by the year 2050, solidifying their role as primary approaches must be revamped to cater to the development of

* Corresponding authors.
E-mail addresses: gedan@sdnu.edu.cn (G. Dan), Toghraee@iaukhsh.ac.ir (D. Toghraie).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104985
Received 3 July 2023; Received in revised form 25 September 2023; Accepted 3 October 2023
Available online 5 October 2023
2210-6707/© 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

21st-century cities with a holistic view of all dimensions of urbanization sensors and smart devices that can monitor the health and wellbeing of
(Hall & Pfeiffer, 2000). elderly or disabled residents. For example, sensors can detect if a person
The notion of smart cities has surfaced as a potential remedy for has fallen or is having difficulty moving around the house and alert
urban challenges in contemporary times, particularly in the domain of caregivers or emergency services if necessary. Smart cities can also
urban planning and development (Neirotti et al., 2014). This approach provide transportation services that are accessible and convenient for
to urban planning involves incorporating the capabilities of both the the elderly and disabled, including on-demand ride-sharing services,
physical and digital worlds to address urban issues. The utilization of specialized transportation services for people with disabilities, and
sophisticated information and communication technologies, together public transportation systems that are designed to be accessible to all.
with the enormous amount of data generated in urban areas, offers Moreover, smart cities can use telemedicine and remote monitoring
unparalleled prospects for addressing significant urban challenges. One technologies to provide healthcare services to the elderly and disabled.
of the key components of a smart city is the ability to access real-time This can include virtual consultations with doctors, remote monitoring
information on citizens’ actions and preferences. This access enables of vital signs, and medication management systems. Lastly, smart cities
the identification and recognition of behavioral and normative patterns can use technology to help the elderly and disabled stay connected with
to understand what is happening at both city-wide and individual levels. their communities and social networks, including virtual social events,
Currently, many countries worldwide explore virtual world approaches online support groups, and other digital platforms that facilitate social
and solutions to resolve urban problems. However, due to different interaction (Kasznar et al., 2021; Mohammed et al., 2014; Razmjoo
perspectives in various scientific fields, the concept of a smart city lacks et al., 2022).
an official definition (Lai et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2018; Yin et al., 2015). In recent times, there has been a notable transformation in the urban
The sustainable management of natural resources and urban green paradigm due to the utilization of technological progress. The emer­
spaces poses a significant challenge as cities continue to expand. Urban gence of information and communication technology has brought about
green spaces, including parks, gardens, and trees, play a vital role in a revolutionary shift in the development of cities, enabling seamless
providing ecosystem services such as air purification, regulation of mi­ interconnectivity among citizens, businesses, and institutions, reminis­
croclimates, noise reduction, and opportunities for recreation and social cent of a complex neural network. Therefore, connectivity is a crucial
interaction. However, the rapid growth of urban areas exerts pressure on aspect of urban life that can be achieved through technological ad­
these valuable spaces. To ensure the development of smart cities, it is vancements. Various technologies can facilitate urban communication,
essential to implement effective planning and management strategies for such as the Internet of Things (IoT), 5 G networks, smart traffic systems,
urban resources, urban air pollution, urban climate and green infra­ electronic payment systems, social networks, and smart citizen support
structure (Shang & Luo, 2021; Guo et al., 2022; Ban et al., 2023; Yin, Liu, systems. By utilizing sensors, smart devices, and communication tech­
Liu, Zheng, & Yin, 2023). nology, IoT allows cities to collect information about the external
Economic downturns have been a driving force behind the trend of environment, energy consumption, and traffic, enabling better and more
cities transitioning toward smartness. To attract skilled labor and sustainable urban management (Calvillo et al., 2016; Lara et al., 2016).
compete on the global stage, cities began seeking smart and innovative Moreover, 5 G networks provide high-speed wireless communication
solutions to overcome economic challenges. Moreover, cities require with less delay, allowing cities to use faster internet for public networks
resources to generate wealth and become centers of global competition. and machine-to-machine (M2M) communications. Smart traffic systems
In the present era, service-based economies dominate the global market, gather and analyze traffic information using sensors and smart devices,
and cities play a vital role in this competitive landscape. Consequently, enabling cities to better manage traffic. Electronic payment systems
cities must create a favorable and high-quality environment to entice the allow citizens to make online payments easily and use electronic money
creative classes and stimulate further wealth generation and economic transfers, while social networks enable citizens to communicate with
competitiveness. Furthermore, cities seek to attract young, educated, each other and share information about events, locations, and urban
and skilled labor, address urban challenges, and create high-quality services. Additionally, smart citizen support systems allow citizens to
living standards to appeal to the creative class. Smart cities offer easily communicate with different urban departments and receive ser­
greater resilience against economic crises. By utilizing smart technolo­ vices such as reporting urban problems, viewing traffic status, and
gies, cities can improve their economy, generate greater income, and requesting urban services. These technologies and many others can
enhance their resilience against economic crises. Additionally, smart enable cities to improve urban communication and provide the neces­
systems can optimize resource management, improve the environment, sary infrastructure for a smart city. Through the use of advanced tech­
and reduce administrative and operational costs, which all contribute to nologies, cities can enhance their economic competitiveness and create
building resilience against economic downturns (Camero & Alba, 2019; higher living standards for their citizens (Ammara et al., 2022; Gupta
Chamoso et al., 2018; Meijer & Bolívar, 2016). et al., 2021; Zhuhadar et al., 2017). The rapid expansion of urban areas
Cognitive collective changes are a significant driving force behind in modern societies, encompassing both developed and developing re­
the trend of cities transitioning towards becoming smart, and aim to put gions, has emphasized the pressing necessity for effective urban man­
an end to the destruction of urban capabilities. This trend aims to put an agement (Y. Li et al., 2023; Luo, Wang, & Li, 2023; Yin et al., 2023).
end to the destruction of urban capabilities and enhance the quality of Scholars have conducted numerous research studies aimed at identi­
life for residents through technological, political, and economic forces. fying various parameters associated with the process of urbanization
One of the main reasons for this shift is the expected global population (Chen et al., 2022; X. Li et al., 2023; Shang & Luo, 2021; Xiao et al.,
growth of elderly individuals, which is anticipated to double in the next 2023). In this context, the exploration of different technological ad­
decade. As a result, urban infrastructure must adapt and become vancements and a comprehensive review of prior research findings can
compatible with these changes, and significant transformations are ex­ significantly contribute to the analysis and understanding of diverse
pected in the healthcare and elderly care sectors. Smart cities play an urban challenges (Cheng et al., 2017; Hu et al., 2023; Li et al., 2021; Luo
essential role in this regard, and one of their key functions is to assist the et al., 2022; Wang & Tao, 2023). The extensive body of literature on the
elderly and people with disabilities in performing daily tasks (Antho­ investigation of various technologies in recent years highlights the
poulos, 2015; Farmanbar et al., 2019; Ramírez-Moreno et al., 2021). By crucial importance of embracing contemporary technological advance­
reducing the need for in-person visits to medical centers and performing ments to effectively address the complexities of present-day urban issues
administrative tasks, smart cities can significantly enhance the quality of (Ding et al., 2023; B. Guo et al., 2023; Huang et al., 2021; J. Luo et al.,
life for these individuals. Various technologies can be utilized to achieve 2023; Tong et al., 2023). Consequently, harnessing a wide range of in­
this goal, such as smart homes, transportation services, healthcare ser­ formation sources and conducting further investigations can play a
vices, and social engagement platforms. Smart homes are equipped with pivotal role in addressing critical concerns such as the expansion of

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information networks, the promotion of sustainability, and the safety, engaging citizens, and elevating their quality of life through the
advancement of smart city initiatives (Y.-K. Fang et al., 2023; Liu et al., application of data and technology. However, there are potential chal­
2023; J. Luo et al., 2023). As a result, a considerable number of studies lenges to address, such as the high cost of implementation, data privacy
have been undertaken in recent years within the fields of technology, and security issues, equitable distribution of benefits, citizen participa­
smart cities, and the dissemination of information to advance our tion, and coordination between stakeholders to ensure the sustainability
knowledge in these areas (Lv et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2022; Kafilivey­ of these solutions (Hancke et al., 2012; Kummitha & Crutzen, 2017;
juyeh & İlhan, 2017). Sánchez-Corcuera et al., 2019). The implementation of smart cities
Despite the widespread focus on leveraging technology for sustain­ poses a range of challenges that must be tackled to effectively harness
able urban development, limited scholarly attention has been given to their potential advantages. A prominent obstacle is the considerable
the integration of urban green spaces and smart technologies as a means expense associated with deploying smart infrastructure and technolo­
of fostering sustainability. This study aims to bridge this research gap by gies, which could impede the progress of many cities, particularly those
examining the potential of smart cities to enhance environmental, so­ in developing nations. Furthermore, apprehensions exist concerning
cial, and economic sustainability through the synergistic utilization of data privacy and security, since the functioning of smart cities hinges
green spaces and advanced technologies (Gharaibeh et al., 2017; heavily on the acquisition and analysis of vast amounts of data, thereby
López-Quiles & Rodríguez Bolívar, 2018; Xiong et al., 2012). In Europe, raising queries regarding data accessibility and its application. Another
smart cities prioritize energy and sustainability concerns, which are challenge is ensuring that the benefits of smart city technologies are
critical for ensuring a superior standard of living in urban areas. The equitably distributed across the population, rather than exacerbating
rapid pace of urban expansion calls for intelligent approaches to tackle existing inequalities. If smart technologies are implemented primarily in
forthcoming challenges. Smart cities harbor an ecological outlook, with affluent areas, it could widen the gap between rich and poor neighbor­
a fundamental aim of utilizing technology to bolster sustainability and hoods. Moreover, there may be apprehensions about the potential loss of
facilitate superior management of natural resources. Smart cities employment as automation and artificial intelligence become more
encounter various challenges when it comes to managing natural re­ common in smart cities. Citizen participation is another challenge in the
sources. One of the primary obstacles is the large amount of data needed development and implementation of smart city solutions. Without
to manage natural resources, efficiently (Mohamed et al., 2020; van adequate engagement and participation from citizens, there is a risk that
Twist et al., 2023; Zhao et al., 2021). Although smart cities are depen­ these solutions may not address the needs and priorities of the com­
dent on data, the management, analysis, and application of this infor­ munities they are intended to serve sufficiently. Also, there may be
mation can be challenging, necessitating substantial investments in challenges in coordinating among various sectors and stakeholders
technology and infrastructure. Another challenge is the allocation of involved in implementing smart city solutions, such as government
resources effectively and efficiently to achieve sustainable outcomes agencies, private companies, and community groups. Effective coordi­
while balancing short-term goals with long-term sustainable develop­ nation and collaboration will be crucial for successfully executing these
ment plans, despite the emphasis on sustainability. Developing sus­ solutions and ensuring their long-term sustainability (Ismagilova et al.,
tainable infrastructure is another challenge for smart cities. Sustainable 2019; Toh et al., 2020; Yigitcanlar, 2015).
management of natural resources, such as renewable energy systems, While smart cities aim to utilize technology and data for sustainable
requires significant investments and long-term planning, which can be development, there is a lack of research on the integration of urban
challenging for smart cities. Citizen engagement in the management of green spaces and smart technologies as a pathway to promote sustain­
natural resources is essential for the success of smart city initiatives. ability. This is an important area of study given the increasing urbani­
Nevertheless, achieving citizen participation can be challenging, zation worldwide and the need for livable and environmentally-friendly
necessitating effective communication strategies and the provision of cities. The objective of this descriptive-analytical study is to investigate
relevant information to citizens. Furthermore, smart cities require sup­ how smart cities can utilize green spaces and technologies to advance
portive policy and regulatory frameworks to implement sustainable environmental, social and economic sustainability. Through a system­
initiatives successfully. However, these frameworks may be intricate atic literature review of academic and policy documents, this study
and require coordination across multiple government levels and stake­ identifies key approaches, benefits, and challenges related to smart and
holders (Djahel et al., 2014; Kumar et al., 2018; Rodríguez Bolívar, sustainable city development. Given the escalating global urbanization
2016). and the imperative for creating livable and ecologically sustainable
Smart cities are emerging as a potential solution to address various cities, this research area assumes significant importance. The outcomes
urban challenges, including improving efficiency, sustainability, safety, of this study have the potential to offer valuable insights to policy­
citizen engagement, and quality of life. By utilizing data and technology, makers, urban planners, and researchers regarding the effective man­
smart cities can optimize the use of resources such as energy, trans­ agement of natural resources and the advancement of sustainability
portation, and water, resulting in increased efficiency and cost- within the context of smart cities.
effectiveness. Additionally, promoting sustainable practices, such as
reducing waste, utilizing renewable energy sources, and promoting 2. Definitions and theoretical foundations of the research
green spaces, can help limit the adverse environmental effects of ur­
banization. Moreover, smart cities can enhance safety by utilizing sen­ 2.1. Perspectives on smart cities: academic, industrial, and governmental
sors, cameras, and other technologies to monitor and detect potential views
hazards such as traffic accidents, crime, and natural disasters, facili­
tating faster and more efficient responses (H. Kim et al., 2021; Ruhlandt, The creation of a smart city begins with developing a comprehensive
2018; Talari et al., 2017). Citizen engagement also improves in smart understanding of the concept. The notion of a smart city has evolved in
cities by using technology and data to involve them in decision-making various domains, including academia, industry, and government. In
processes, providing them with better information to make informed academic literature, a smart city is deemed as a self-configuring, self-
decisions on the development of their communities. Lastly, the concept healing, self-protecting, and self-optimizing system. Conversely, in in­
of smart cities has the potential to enhance the well-being of urban in­ dustrial literature, the term smart pertains to intelligent products and
habitants by offering improved access to crucial services such as services, artificial intelligence, and smart devices. In government doc­
healthcare, education, and public transportation, while concurrently uments, the concept of smart cities is closely linked with the theory of
establishing more habitable and inclusive urban environments. This urban planning that emerged in the early 1990s to counteract urban
renders smart cities an auspicious approach to tackling urban challenges sprawl. This concept primarily emphasizes the utilization of technology
by optimizing resource allocation, promoting sustainability, enhancing and social innovation. A suitable definition of a smart city, according to

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academic literature, is an intelligent city characterized by smart people, to the requirements of both present and upcoming generations. The
smart mobility, smart governance, smart living, smart economy, and sustainable smart city comprises complex social and technical systems
smart environment, resulting from a combination of assets and inde­ and has a novel framework for urban development (Balova et al., 2021;
pendent activities. On the other hand, industrial literature defines a Catalano et al., 2021; Jedliński, 2014).
smart city as a system of systems that employs technology to transform Copenhagen, Denmark provides an exemplary instance of a smart
and optimize its primary systems while fully utilizing limited resources sustainable city, where a variety of technologies have been implemented
(Caragliu et al., 2011; H.M. Kim et al., 2021; Mutambik, 2023). A smart to promote sustainability and efficiency. The city has introduced several
city is a city that integrates smart facilities and independent activities, smart sustainable city projects, including a smart traffic system, sus­
such as smart people, smart transportation, smart governance, smart tainable waste management systems, and sustainable energy produc­
living, smart economy, and smart environment. In this context, indus­ tion. The smart traffic system utilizes data from traffic systems to
trial literature characterizes a smart city as a system of systems that enhance driving, reduce traffic congestion, and improve road safety.
optimizes the city’s primary systems and employs technology to utilize Sustainable waste management systems incorporate advanced technol­
limited resources. Governmental literature, meanwhile, aims to enhance ogies such as smart sensors and IoT systems to collect and recycle waste,
the quality of life, foster economic growth, promote sustainable envi­ air, and water pollution. Additionally, Copenhagen has invested in
ronments, and improve energy, sustainability, safety, health, and sustainable energy production projects, such as wind and solar energy,
mobility. In summary, a smart city is defined as a sustainable and effi­ and improved energy efficiency in buildings and homes, making the city
cient city that enhances mobility, optimizes resource utilization, im­ a leader in smart sustainable cities through the use of innovative tech­
proves health and safety, fosters social development, supports economic nologies (Bibri, 2018; Hara et al., 2016; Kramers et al., 2014).
growth, and provides participatory governance through information and Smart sustainable cities possess the potential to yield several envi­
communication technologies, cooperation, and investment in social ronmental advantages. They can help mitigate carbon emissions by
capital (Wang & Tao, 2023; Lim et al., 2021; Vujković et al., 2022; Hu advocating for eco-friendly transportation modes like public trans­
et al., 2023; Luo, Zhuo, & Xu, 2023; Wang et al., 2023). portation, electric vehicles, and bicycles, in addition to utilizing smart
While different perspectives exist on smart cities, they agree that grids, energy-efficient constructions, and renewable energy sources.
information and communication technology is the central feature of a Additionally, smart sustainable cities can improve waste management
city’s future performance. Although some researchers argue that infor­ practices, enhance urban green spaces, and implement water conser­
mation and communication technology is the main characteristic of a vation measures to reduce water consumption and preserve natural re­
smart city, this does not mean ignoring social issues since people play a sources. In conclusion, smart sustainable cities can promote sustainable
crucial role in shaping a smart city through continuous interaction. Each development, improve the quality of life for citizens, and minimize the
writer emphasizes different aspects of a city, making it complicated to negative impact of urbanization on the environment by incorporating
measure the intelligence of a city due to its unique administrative, innovative technologies and sustainable practices (Höjer & Wangel,
economic, social, and geographic conditions and priorities. Hence, 2015; Huovila et al., 2019; Martin et al., 2018).
defining a universal system for all cities based on the diverse charac­
teristics of cities across the world is difficult. Moreover, the definitions of 2.3. Comparing sustainable smart cities and technology-driven cities
smart cities put forward by individual cities are not necessarily uni­
versal, making it advisable to use the fundamental structures of the The growth of information and communication technology-centered
smart city model as the basis for conceptualization. Each city’s intelli­ cities has prompted the emergence of several terms, including "e-city,"
gence must be redefined based on its perspectives, priorities, and con­ "digital city," "virtual city," "virtual community," "smart city," and
tent. The definition of a smart city places significant emphasis on "ubiquitous city." While each of these cities possesses distinctive char­
concepts such as the utilization of information and communication acteristics, the most significant variation and disagreement exist be­
technology in urban services and infrastructure, integration of different tween sustainable smart cities and smart cities. It is erroneous to use the
systems in planning and implementation, a collaboration of various term smart cities to refer to sustainable smart cities (Bibri, 2021; Jiang
stakeholders in all stages of urban development, investment in social et al., 2023). Höjer et al. points out that smart cities often lack sus­
capital, independence in decision-making, participatory governance, tainability due to two reasons (Höjer & Wangel, 2015). Primarily, sus­
connectivity, creativity, learning, and management of various local re­ tainability is not universally incorporated in all smart city concepts and
sources (Albino et al., 2015; Goodspeed, 2015; Grossi et al., 2020). has been assumed rather than explicitly considered in smart cities.
Additionally, there is a lack of a precise definition of sustainability in
2.2. Smart sustainable cities and environmental benefits smart cities, and none of the smart city definitions assign hierarchical
importance or prioritize their dimensions. Establishing a clear definition
A sustainable smart city leverages advanced technologies such as the of sustainability is an imperative aspect of sustainable smart cities. Li
Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data analytics, and geographic et al. identify significant challenges related to privacy, government
information systems to enable urban planning, construction, manage­ surveillance, digital rights, connecting urban sustainability challenges,
ment, and the provision of intelligent urban services. This concept has social cohesion issues, technology discourse, and policymaker approach
been embraced as a means of promoting industrial, informational, and to smart city initiatives as weaknesses of smart cities (Li & Woolrych,
sustainable development advantages for cities. In contemporary times, 2021). Similarly, Yigitcanlar et al. criticize smart cities for adopting a
sustainable smart cities have emerged as a hybrid model for addressing technocratic and neoliberal approach to urban development, and it is
urban challenges and transforming cities into livable environments unclear how a smart city plan will lead to sustainability (Yigitcanlar
(Abusaada & Elshater, 2021; X. Fang et al., 2023; Heidari et al., 2022; Li et al., 2019). Monfaredzadeh et al. believe that smart cities do not
et al., 2022). The development of sustainable smart cities involves emphasize sustainability concepts (Monfaredzadeh & Krueger, 2015).
various groups, including those who focus on developing technology Datta et al. note that most cities introduce themselves as smart cities to
infrastructure and sustainable development policies, those who advo­ escape economic crises and produce more wealth (Datta & Odendaal,
cate for the implementation of e-government services in sustainable 2019). This results in the creation of new markets through the digiti­
smart cities, and those who do not find existing urban development zation of urban infrastructures, such as smart energy and mobility sys­
models suitable. The sustainable smart city is an innovative urban center tems, and the formation of new consumers through smart technology
that harnesses information and communication technologies and other consumption. These factors lead to a contradictory formation between
related tools to improve the standard of living, efficiency of activities the goals, expectations, and claims that smart cities have regarding
and urban services, and competitiveness, while simultaneously catering urban sustainability (Radtke, 2022; Roblek & Meško, 2020).

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Therefore, Sustainable smart cities and technology-driven cities are improve municipal waste management and preserve natural resources.
two different concepts. Although both concepts focus on the use of Smart city transformation can improve citizens’ quality of life and
technology in urban development, they differ in their approach to sus­ conserve natural resources, contributing significantly to ecosystem
tainability. Sustainable smart cities prioritize sustainability in their sustainability and sustainable development (Guo et al., 2022; Kumar &
urban development plans and use technology as a tool to achieve their Dahiya, 2017; Sukhwani et al., 2020).
sustainability goals. They consider social, economic, and environmental This study is centered on the examination of urban green spaces as
factors in their planning and aim to create livable and resilient cities for significant natural assets within cities. These green spaces, encompass­
present and future generations. Technology-driven cities, on the other ing parks, gardens, trees, and vegetation, play a pivotal role in the urban
hand, focus primarily on the use of technology in urban development environment. Given the ongoing expansion and increased population
without necessarily prioritizing sustainability (Al Sharif & Pokharel, density of cities, the effective management of these green spaces be­
2022; ur Rehman et al., 2023; Xia et al., 2022; Xia et al., 2023). They comes imperative for achieving sustainability. Hence, the primary
may use technology to improve efficiency, connectivity, and conve­ objective of this study is to explore the integration of smart city tech­
nience, but may not consider the broader impact on social, economic, nologies with urban green spaces to enhance environmental sustain­
and environmental factors. Therefore, the main difference between ability. Through this research, a range of solutions and approaches will
sustainable smart cities and technology-driven cities is their approach to be examined, including green space planning, data analysis, community
sustainability. Sustainable smart cities prioritize sustainability as a core involvement, and policy formulation, all aimed at fostering livable and
component of their planning, while technology-driven cities may pri­ environmentally-friendly cities.
oritize technology without necessarily considering sustainability
(Dameri, 2014; Verrest & Pfeffer, 2019; Zheng et al., 2020). 3. Research methodology

2.4. Natural resource conservation and the role of smart cities The present study employs a descriptive-analytical research meth­
odology to explore the concept of smart cities and their features. A
The degradation of natural resources in recent decades has necessi­ comprehensive review and analysis of academic literature, practical
tated the urgent protection of these resources. Although human in­ tools intended to aid cities, and official international documents pub­
terventions such as industrial and green revolutions have contributed to lished between 1990 and 2023 were undertaken to identify the crucial
these changes, the role of human factors in both the destruction and components, dimensions, beliefs, and perspectives associated with the
conservation of natural resources has been overlooked. Instead, the concept of smart cities. The literature search was performed using a
destruction of resources has often been attributed to natural processes range of keywords and phrases related to the concept of smart cities,
and physical, biological, and chemical developments, leading to a such as smart community, digital city, intelligent city, ubiquitous city,
flawed approach to natural resource management. Traditional ap­ virtual city, information city, creative city, learning city, knowledge
proaches to resource protection have focused on technical and techno­ city, urban natural resources, the relationship between urban natural
logical knowledge, emphasizing humans’ dominance over nature and resources and smart cities, sustainable smart city, energy and water
the adaptation of ecosystems to human desires. However, this approach consumption control. The literature was obtained via two primary
has resulted in intensified damage and destruction of resources. sources, academic literature databases and Google Scholar. The search
Furthermore, ignoring the needs of local communities and stakeholders was limited to scholarly articles, scientific journals, and conference
has led to dissatisfaction and a change in the prevailing ideology of proceedings in the interdisciplinary fields of urban studies, public
resource conservation. This shift emphasizes the preservation of the management, information science, natural resource-related sciences,
functional integrity of ecosystems and the flexible, proportional use of energy, consumption management, and computer science.
environmental capacities. Additionally, contemporary thinking em­ The initial search yielded a total of 672 documents, which were
phasizes the relationship between the social system and the ecosystem, subsequently screened for their relevance to the research topic. The
making concepts such as social complexity and ecosystem more prom­ screening process involved reviewing titles, abstracts, and full texts of
inent (Chu et al., 2021; Portney, 2005). Therefore, while current con­ the identified documents. Following the screening, 194 documents were
servation programs focus on ecosystem functions, they need deemed suitable for inclusion in the final literature review, based on
improvement and reform. This includes giving more importance to the their direct relevance to the integration of urban natural resources and
role of local communities and residents in natural resource manage­ smart technologies. The selected documents underwent a rigorous
ment, providing them with access to new technologies and optimized evaluation by the research team to assess their quality and credibility.
resource management, and involving them in decision-making pro­ Only peer-reviewed scholarly articles, conference papers, and book
cesses. Policy-makers and planners should also value the environmental chapters were included in the final literature sample, ensuring a high
and economic values of natural resources and prioritize the environ­ standard of scholarly work. To analyze the collected literature, a
mental and ecosystem needs in their conservation programs. Education descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, employing thematic
and training processes on natural resource conservation should be analysis. Key themes, concepts, and findings were identified from the
included in school curricula (Bifulco et al., 2016; Khalimon et al., 2020; literature, and codes were developed to categorize the data and identify
Phadtare & IndajeetJadhav, 2017). common patterns. By employing this systematic screening process,
The implementation of smart cities is a crucial way to protect the evaluating the quality of the selected literature, and utilizing thematic
environment globally. Smart city transformation involves the use of analysis, this study aims to provide an unbiased synthesis of the current
innovative technologies to enhance citizens’ quality of life, optimize knowledge on the integration of urban natural resources and smart
energy consumption, improve urban management, and protect the technologies for sustainable development.
environment. Therefore, smart city transformation can play a vital role However, it is worth noting that this study has certain limitations,
in natural resource conservation. Smart technologies can be used to such as the likelihood of overlooking relevant literature due to the
improve the quality of city air, reduce pollution, optimize energy con­ search criteria and the likelihood of partiality in the selection and
sumption, manage water and wastewater, manage waste, conserve analysis of the articles. Therefore, the findings of this study should be
water resources, prevent food waste, and enhance civic interactions. For interpreted with caution. In conclusion, this study employed a rigorous
instance, smart city systems such as smart lighting management systems, methodology to explore the concept of smart cities and the integration of
smart HVAC systems, and smart water and energy management systems urban natural resources and smart city technologies for sustainable
can be implemented to reduce energy consumption in buildings. Simi­ development. The study’s findings offer valuable insights for policy­
larly, smart waste collection, separation, and recycling systems can makers, urban planners, and researchers interested in promoting

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sustainable development in smart cities. Nitoslawski et al., 2019; Obringer & Nateghi, 2021; Salman & Hasar,
2023).
4. Finding and discussion This study focuses on a thorough analysis of the role of urban green
spaces in cities, encompassing parks, gardens, trees, and vegetation.
Smart cities are a novel concept in urban management that aims to These green spaces are valuable natural assets that contribute signifi­
enhance the quality of life for citizens, optimize energy consumption, cantly to the urban environment. They offer various ecosystem services,
protect the environment, and improve urban management. The use of such as the purification of air, regulation of microclimates, reduction of
innovative technologies enables smart cities to collect, analyze, and noise, and opportunities for recreational activities and social in­
share urban data and information from diverse perspectives, contrib­ teractions. Given the global expansion and increased density of cities, it
uting to their sustainable development objectives. Consequently, there is is crucial to effectively manage these urban green spaces. Therefore, the
a direct relationship between the concept of smart cities and natural primary aim of this study is to explore the integration of smart tech­
resources, as smart technologies can help conserve natural resources by nologies with these green spaces to enhance their sustainability. Addi­
reducing energy consumption, optimizing water and energy usage, tionally, this research examines other essential natural resources in
reducing air and water pollution, promoting the use of public transport urban settings, including water, energy, and waste materials. It in­
and pedestrian activities, and improving environmental quality (Adali vestigates how smart technologies can be utilized to manage these re­
et al., 2022; Oberascher et al., 2022; Qayyum et al., 2021; Weil et al., sources efficiently, promote conservation efforts, and achieve
2023). Implementing smart city systems such as smart lighting man­ sustainability. By clearly defining these natural resources, this study
agement, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning, and water and en­ aims to provide specific insights into harnessing smart city technologies
ergy management systems can facilitate energy reduction in buildings. to improve natural resource management and enhance urban
Furthermore, utilizing smart waste collection, separation, and recycling sustainability.
systems can help improve municipal waste management and preserve The creation of a green space network in cities has been proposed as
natural resources. Smart cities can also function as a monitoring and an effective solution for smart city development. This approach involves
control system for natural resources, such as water and air pollution. By integrating and connecting various green spaces such as parks, gardens,
utilizing smart water resource management systems, data on runoff, squares, and natural spaces in the city to create a network. This green
water quality, and water consumption can be collected and utilized for space network can be used as a hub for communication between people
optimal planning. Similarly, monitoring air pollution through smart and the city, promoting sustainable urban development. Also, analyzing
systems can help improve air quality and reduce pollutants, contributing green space data can facilitate smart city development by using sensors
to a cleaner environment. The utilization of smart energy management and smart systems in green spaces to collect and analyze information on
systems can aid in minimizing energy consumption and encouraging the factors such as air quality, pollution levels, temperature, and irrigation
usage of sustainable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy. levels, improving green space management, and promoting sustainable
Additionally, smart transportation systems can optimize traffic, reduce urban development. The design of green spaces in smart cities can play a
air pollution, and encourage the use of public transport and pedestrian crucial role in promoting social development (Aly & Dimitrijevic, 2022;
activities. The integration of these technologies into smart cities can Branny et al., 2022; S. Zhang et al., 2022; Japir Bataineh et al., 2023).
facilitate sustainable development and preserve natural resources. To One way to achieve this is by creating recreational and sports spaces
conclude, smart cities are an innovative solution for enhancing urban within green areas to encourage physical activity and social interaction,
management and promoting environmental protection and sustainable which can enhance the physical and mental health of residents and
development. The integration of smart technologies can help conserve foster a sense of community. Additionally, creating a serene and
natural resources and improve the quality of life for citizens (Alshu­ welcoming environment within green spaces can provide a space for
waikhat et al., 2022; Mortaheb & Jankowski, 2023; Shang & Lv, 2023; residents to relax and unwind, which can also encourage social inter­
Wang & Zhou, 2023). This study will further discuss the relationship action and community building. Another effective approach to pro­
between smart cities and natural resources in detail in the following moting social development through green spaces is to design these areas
sections. to include social meeting spaces, such as picnic areas, cafes, and com­
munity gardens. By providing residents with spaces to gather, socialize,
4.1. Green spaces in smart city development and exchange ideas, green spaces can help build a sense of community
and promote social development. Moreover, involving the community in
Utilizing natural resources within urban environments, particularly the design and maintenance of green spaces can promote social devel­
through the integration of green spaces, presents a promising avenue to opment by instilling a sense of ownership and pride in their neighbor­
bolster the sustainability of smart city development. This study delves hood, which can lead to partnerships and collaborations between
into a range of strategies aimed at harnessing the potential of green residents, local government, and other stakeholders. Lastly, designing
spaces in smart cities. One such approach involves the implementation green spaces to be easily accessible and connected to other parts of the
of smart green spaces, which leverage advanced technologies like sen­ city can encourage residents to use these spaces and promote social
sors to effectively manage irrigation and artificial lighting, optimizing interaction. This can be achieved by creating bike lanes, pedestrian
resource usage in these areas. This can effectively reduce water and walkways, and public transportation routes that connect green spaces to
energy consumption, improve air quality, and mitigate the impacts of other parts of the city. By doing so, green spaces can become a hub for
climate change. Another solution is the conversion of green spaces into social activities and gatherings, promoting social development and
energy sources, such as installing solar panels on green roofs to generate enhancing the overall quality of life in smart cities (Irvine et al., 2022;
energy and meet a building’s energy needs. Green spaces can also serve Li, 2022; Zain et al., 2022). Fig. 1 illustrates the strategies for utilizing
as filters for air purification and reducing air pollutants, reducing the green spaces in smart city development. The figure is divided into two
effects of climate change, and mitigating the heat effects in the city. main categories, including smart green spaces and green spaces for so­
Green spaces can also be designed as venues for social development in cial development. The smart green space category includes the use of
smart cities, providing recreational and sports activities, a peaceful and smart systems, such as sensors, to manage irrigation and artificial
friendly environment, and social gathering spaces to enhance citizens’ lighting, and the conversion of green spaces into energy sources. The
quality of life and promote social development. Additionally, green green spaces for social development category includes the creation of
spaces can act as filters to reduce noise pollution in smart cities, recreational and sports spaces, design for social meeting spaces, and
particularly for sound levels caused by traffic or industrial and com­ involving the community in the design and maintenance of green spaces.
mercial activities (Anguluri & Narayanan, 2017; Artmann et al., 2019; This figure highlights the potential of green spaces in smart city

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Fig. 1. Strategies for utilizing green spaces in smart city development: enhancing sustainability and promoting social development.

development to enhance sustainability and promote social development. Nijkamp, 2009; Lee & Maheswaran, 2011; Wolch et al., 2014).
The utilization of smart green space strategies plays a pivotal role in Green space data analysis holds the potential to provide a host of
improving resource efficiency, leveraging technology to optimize oper­ benefits to urban residents. For instance, it can improve air quality by
ations, and mitigating environmental impacts. Concurrently, social identifying areas that require more greenery and trees to reduce air
development approaches contribute to the promotion of community pollution. This, in turn, can positively affect the health and well-being of
well-being through inclusive and recreational green spaces, as sub­ urban residents. Additionally, by analyzing data, cities can identify areas
stantiated by prior research. that require green spaces and create new ones, which can increase access
to outdoor recreation, physical activity, and social interaction, thereby
4.2. Challenges and benefits of green space data analysis improving the quality of life of urban residents. Green space data
analysis can also contribute to improved water conservation by pre­
The utilization of technological advancements to analyze data per­ dicting the amount of water required for irrigation and controlling water
taining to green spaces offers significant potential in mitigating air consumption in green spaces. This can help ensure that urban residents
pollution levels within urban areas. Through the integration of sensors, have access to clean and safe water, which is critical for their health and
CCTV cameras, 3D mapping, and other intelligent systems, valuable well-being. Moreover, green space data analysis can offer valuable in­
information regarding green spaces can be collected and subjected to sights into how cities can improve their urban planning and design. By
analysis using machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms. identifying areas that require more green spaces and trees, cities can
This analytical approach enables the prediction of optimal irrigation develop plans that prioritize sustainable urban development, ultimately
requirements and facilitates the regulation of water consumption, thus creating more livable communities. Green spaces can also have a posi­
promoting enhanced water conservation practices within green spaces. tive impact on public health by reducing stress levels, promoting phys­
Moreover, this data-driven methodology enables the acquisition of ac­ ical activity, and improving mental well-being. With the help of green
curate insights into changes in vegetation and air quality across cities, space data analysis, cities can create more green spaces that are acces­
thereby facilitating the identification and implementation of effective sible to urban residents, thereby providing them with opportunities to
solutions for sustainable urban development (Ding et al., 2022; Jia et al., improve their health and well-being. Also, green space data analysis can
2023; Ma, 2020; Sharifi et al., 2021). Green space data analysis can be involve residents in the planning and maintenance of green spaces,
an effective solution for reducing air pollution in cities (Douglas et al., promoting community engagement and collaboration. This can help
2017; Kabisch et al., 2017; Niemelä et al., 2010). One way to achieve build stronger communities and foster a sense of ownership and pride in
this is by using the data to increase the area of green spaces in cities, their neighborhoods (Kabisch et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017; Ibeanu
which can help in reducing air pollution. By identifying areas that et al., 2023).
require the creation of green spaces, city officials and managers can The implementation of green space data analysis, while beneficial for
make informed decisions for sustainable urban development. Another sustainable urban development, can present several challenges for cities.
way to reduce air pollution is by increasing the number of trees in cities The first challenge is data collection, which can be particularly difficult
with the use of green space data analysis. By analyzing the amount of for older cities with limited digital infrastructure. Weather conditions,
greenery and distribution of trees in different areas of the city, decisions equipment failure, and vandalism are among the factors that can affect
can be made about planting trees and vegetation in areas with a shortage the quality of data collected on green spaces. The second challenge is
of green spaces. This can help increase the amount of oxygen produced, data management, which can be complex due to the large amounts of
leading to improved air quality and reduced air pollution. Finally, data generated by green space data analysis. To address this, cities may
analyzing green space data can provide an accurate picture of changes in need to invest in appropriate data management systems to ensure that
the level of greenery and air quality in cities, leading to effective solu­ the data collected is well-organized, easily accessible, and secure.
tions for improving air quality. By identifying areas that need to increase Another challenge is the need for technical expertise in fields such as
the number of trees and creating green spaces, cities can improve air data analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence. This re­
quality and promote sustainable urban development (Baycan-Levent & quires cities to either hire experts or partner with organizations that

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

specialize in these fields to analyze the data collected effectively. be used to identify areas that require green space development and
Moreover, the implementation of green space data analysis can be implement green space development plans in these areas. This can help
costly, particularly for cities with limited budgets. As such, cities may city officials prioritize sustainable urban development and create livable
need to seek funding from external sources or prioritize their spending to communities by providing urban residents with more opportunities for
allocate resources to this area. Privacy concerns are also a challenge, outdoor recreation, physical activity, and social interaction. By using
particularly if the data collected includes images or videos of people. green space data analysis, city officials can make evidence-based de­
Cities may need to implement appropriate privacy policies and regula­ cisions and ensure that green spaces are developed in areas where they
tions to ensure that they comply with relevant laws and protect citizens’ are most needed (Haaland & van Den Bosch, 2015; Madureira et al.,
privacy rights. Finally, engaging stakeholders, including residents, 2015; Wood et al., 2018). Fig. 2 presents the benefits and challenges of
community groups, and local businesses, is essential for the success of green space data analysis in urban development. The figure is divided
green space data analysis initiatives. Cities may need to invest in public into two main categories: benefits and challenges. The benefits category
outreach and engagement efforts to ensure that stakeholders are well- includes improving air quality, water conservation, urban planning and
informed, involved, and supportive of these initiatives (Kabisch & design, public health, and community engagement through the creation
Haase, 2011; Kabisch, 2015; Kabisch et al., 2015). and maintenance of green spaces. The challenges category includes data
Green space data analysis has been implemented in various cities collection and management, technical expertise, cost, privacy concerns,
worldwide to evaluate the distribution and density of green spaces and and stakeholder engagement. This figure highlights the potential of
improve the quality of life for citizens. For instance, in Singapore and green space data analysis in sustainable urban development and the
Shanghai, 3D mapping technology and green space data analysis have challenges that need to be addressed for its successful implementation.
been utilized to assess the distribution and density of green spaces. The existing body of research substantiates the favorable environmental,
Similarly, in European cities such as Copenhagen and London, green social, economic, and health outcomes associated with the benefits
space data analysis has been employed for planning and developing mentioned earlier. To ensure the successful implementation of green
green spaces. This includes analyzing the amount of greenery and tree space data analysis, it is imperative to tackle the identified challenges
distribution in different areas of the city, determining the amount of through diverse approaches, such as active community involvement,
green space available in the city, identifying areas that require green collaborations between public and private entities, and enhanced pro­
space development, and assessing the distribution of green space in vision of financial resources.
public places such as parks and squares. This data analysis helps cities Table 1 presents a comparison of the implementation of green space
prioritize sustainable urban development and create more livable com­ data analysis in the West and East countries based on the points in the
munities by providing more opportunities for outdoor recreation, previous studies (Baycan & Nijkamp, 2012; Buckland & Pojani, 2023;
physical activity, and social interaction. Green space data analysis can Byomkesh et al., 2012; Cilliers et al., 2013; Kabisch & Haase, 2013; Kong
aid city officials and urban managers in decision-making related to the & Nakagoshi, 2006; Kong et al., 2007; Kumalawati et al., 2022; Takyi
creation of green spaces. This data analysis can precisely identify areas et al., 2022; Shavarani et al., 2018; Shirani et al., 2020). Table 1 pro­
that require green space development and evaluate the amount of green vides a clear overview of the similarities and differences in the use of
space available in different areas of the city. By analyzing green space technology for green space data analysis, the importance of green space
data, officials can gain insight into the amount of greenery and tree data analysis for reducing air pollution and improving the quality of life,
distribution in different areas of the city, enabling them to make challenges in implementing green space data analysis, and the impor­
informed decisions regarding planting trees and vegetation in areas with tance of stakeholder engagement. This comparative analysis helps to
a shortage of green spaces. Furthermore, green space data analysis can identify the common themes and patterns related to the integration of

Fig. 2. Benefits and challenges of utilizing green space data analysis for sustainable urban development: improving air quality, water conservation, and commu­
nity engagement.

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Table 1
Comparison of green space data analysis implementation in smart cities of the west and east for sustainable urban development.

urban natural resources and smart city technologies for sustainable promoted (Q. Guo et al., 2023; Song et al., 2023). Various technologies,
development. such as Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, Artificial Intelligence (AI),
smart driving systems, smart energy networks, smart waste management
4.3. The impact of smart cities on urban environmental sustainability systems, and smart home appliances, are utilized in smart cities to
enhance the environment. IoT sensors can collect data on weather and
Smart cities possess the capacity to tackle environmental issues by pollution levels, providing accurate information about the environment.
leveraging cutting-edge technologies and intelligent communication AI can optimize environmental processes and improve air quality, waste
systems. This has the potential to yield enhancements in air quality, management, and resource efficiency. To achieve a sustainable and
reduction in noise pollution, efficient waste management, and optimized environmentally friendly smart city, it is essential to implement these
resource utilization. To realize these advantages, the implementation of technologies in a consistent and unified manner (Khawand et al., 2022;
smart and automated waste collection systems, adoption of electric ve­ Niyi Anifowose et al., 2022). By doing so, it is possible to improve the
hicles, and integration of intelligent irrigation systems are among the urban environment, reduce the negative impact on the environment,
key tools that can be deployed within smart cities. Moreover, smart and enhance the quality of life for citizens. Therefore, the integration of
cities can effectively curb traffic congestion and urban density, resulting these technologies is crucial to ensure that smart cities have a positive
in decreased air pollution levels and enhanced resource efficiency. By impact on the environment while providing the necessary services and
harnessing smart technologies, public transportation can be enhanced, amenities to citizens (Mauree et al., 2019; Ortega-Fernández et al.,
car usage can be optimized, and pedestrian and bicycle traffic can be 2020; Shruti et al., 2020). The impact of implementing smart cities on

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various environmental parameters is discussed in detail in the following Data reliability is another challenge that needs to be addressed to ensure
sections. that the data generated by air quality sensors is accurate and reliable.
Measures need to be in place to ensure that the data collected is of
4.3.1. The impact of smart city technologies and policies on reducing air sufficient quality to support effective decision-making processes. Cities
pollution also need to have the necessary infrastructure and expertise to manage
Air pollution presents a substantial environmental challenge within and integrate the large amount of data generated by air quality sensors.
urban settings, and the integration of smart city technologies holds great Furthermore, privacy concerns may arise as air quality sensors collect
potential for mitigating its impact. Addressing the imperative to data on individuals’ movements and activities. Therefore, it is vital to be
enhance air quality is essential, considering the detrimental health im­ transparent about how data is collected and used and to protect in­
plications associated with air pollution. One of the key approaches by dividuals’ privacy. Equity is another challenge, as air quality sensors
which smart cities can effectively combat air pollution is through the need to be placed in locations that accurately reflect the air quality
optimization of transportation systems. By implementing smart traffic experienced by different communities. This necessitates the placement
management systems, cities can reduce traffic congestion, resulting in of sensors in low-income and minority communities, which are
vehicles running more efficiently and decreasing emissions from cars frequently impacted disproportionately by air pollution. Additionally,
and trucks. Additionally, smart public transportation systems can pro­ regulatory challenges may arise as air quality sensors may not meet
mote the use of buses, trains, and other forms of public transit, which regulatory standards for air quality monitoring. Hence, cities must work
can reduce the number of cars on the road and associated emissions. with regulatory agencies to ensure that the data collected by sensors is
Another approach to addressing air pollution in smart cities is by using usable for regulatory purposes (Neirotti et al., 2014; Benevolo et al.,
smart buildings and energy systems. By optimizing energy consumption 2016; Su et al., 2023).
and reducing waste, buildings can become more energy-efficient and To address environmental justice and reduce health disparities, it is
generate fewer pollutants. Smart grids and renewable energy sources crucial to ensure that air quality sensors are equitably distributed in low-
can also help lower emissions from power plants and other electricity income and minority communities. Cities can adopt various strategies to
sources. Smart waste management systems can also contribute to ensure the fair placement of sensors. One strategy is to engage with
reducing air pollution. By minimizing the amount of waste sent to community organizations and residents to identify locations where air
landfills and incinerators, smart waste management can lessen the quality sensors should be placed. By involving the community in the
quantity of methane and other pollutants released into the air. decision-making process, cities can ensure that sensors are positioned in
Furthermore, smart city technologies such as air quality sensors can areas that accurately reflect the air quality experienced by residents.
enable cities to monitor air pollution levels in real-time and implement Another approach is to use existing data on air quality, traffic patterns,
measures to reduce emissions when pollution levels exceed safe levels. and other relevant factors to identify areas where air quality is likely to
Such measures can include implementing low-emission zones or pro­ be poor. This data can help guide the placement of sensors in areas
moting the use of electric vehicles and other low-emission trans­ where they are most needed. Collaborative partnerships between cities,
portation options (Shen et al., 2023; Wu et al., 2023; Xu & Yang, 2022; community organizations, universities, and other stakeholders can also
Moshayedi et al., 2023). facilitate the deployment of air quality sensors. These partnerships can
Air quality sensors play a critical role in smart cities, offering several ensure that sensors are placed in locations that are relevant to the
advantages such as real-time monitoring, data-driven decision-making, community and that the data collected is used to address community
improved public health, environmental monitoring, and citizen concerns. Cities can also adopt policies that require air quality sensors to
engagement. Air quality sensors allow cities to monitor air quality in be placed in specific locations, such as near schools or in neighborhoods
real-time, enabling them to quickly identify pollution hotspots and with high asthma rates. Such policies can ensure that sensors are placed
respond promptly to prevent health issues and mitigate environmental in areas where they are most needed. Furthermore, prioritizing funding
damage. Moreover, air quality sensors generate vast amounts of data for air quality sensor deployment in low-income and minority commu­
that can inform evidence-based environmental policies. This data can nities is another strategy that cities can use to address environmental
help in determining the placement of green spaces, prioritizing trans­ health disparities. By doing so, cities can ensure that these communities
portation modes, and regulating industrial activities. Air quality sensors have access to the resources they need to improve their air quality
also significantly contribute to improving public health. By identifying (Chatti & Majeed, 2022; Cui & Cao, 2022; Kaginalkar et al., 2021).
areas with high pollution levels, cities can implement public health in­ Apart from deploying air quality sensors, cities have implemented
terventions that reduce exposure to harmful pollutants, improving the various policies to reduce air pollution in low-income communities.
health of residents and reducing the healthcare costs associated with Green infrastructure projects, such as planting trees and building green
pollution-induced illnesses. Additionally, air quality sensors enable roofs, can absorb pollutants and improve air quality while also reducing
environmental monitoring of other factors such as humidity, tempera­ the urban heat island effect. Transit-oriented development is another
ture, and noise levels. This data can be used to better understand the policy implemented by cities to reduce air pollution in low-income
relationship between environmental factors and air quality and improve communities. This policy involves building affordable housing near
overall environmental health. Furthermore, air quality sensors can in­ public transit and promoting alternative modes of transportation such as
crease public awareness of environmental issues and promote citizen walking and biking, which reduces the number of cars on the road. Cities
engagement in environmental initiatives. Citizen involvement in data have also implemented low-emission zones that restrict the most
collection and analysis can foster stronger relationships between cities polluting vehicles from entering certain areas of the city, often placed in
and their communities, promote sustainable behavior, and encourage low-income communities. Moreover, clean energy incentives such as
greater participation in environmental monitoring efforts (Angelidou rebates for solar panels and electric vehicles can help low-income resi­
et al., 2018; Li et al., 2020; Liu & Zhang, 2021). dents access clean energy technologies and reduce their reliance on
Although the implementation of air quality sensors in cities offers fossil fuels. Cities have also implemented regulations on industrial ac­
several benefits, it also poses several challenges that need to be tivity to reduce emissions and improve air quality in nearby commu­
addressed. These challenges include cost, data reliability, data integra­ nities, including emissions standards, pollution fees, and zoning
tion, data privacy, equity, and regulatory challenges. One of the primary restrictions. Education and outreach campaigns that raise awareness of
challenges for cities is the cost of purchasing and installing air quality air quality issues and promote sustainable behavior have also been
sensors, which can be particularly problematic for cities with limited implemented by cities, including campaigns that target low-income
budgets. Additionally, there are ongoing expenses associated with communities and provide resources and support to help residents
maintaining, calibrating, and storing data generated by these sensors. reduce their exposure to air pollution. The effectiveness of policies

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implemented by cities to reduce air pollution in low-income commu­ looking for parking spots, using dynamic pricing to balance parking
nities can vary depending on the policy itself, implementation, and supply and demand, reducing double-parking, and incentivizing drivers
community engagement (Almalki et al., 2021; Michalec et al., 2019; to park in less congested areas. These strategies can improve traffic flow,
Yao et al., 2020). reduce emissions from idling vehicles, and ultimately contribute to a
Smart traffic management systems have the potential to make a healthier and more sustainable urban environment (Englund et al.,
significant contribution in reducing air pollution in urban environments. 2021; Liu & Ke, 2023; Zhu et al., 2016).
By reducing traffic congestion and associated emissions from cars and To implement smart parking systems in cities, a comprehensive
trucks, these systems can optimize traffic flow, reduce idling, and assessment of parking needs is necessary. This includes factors such as
improve air quality (Djahel et al., 2014). Studies have shown that smart parking demand, availability, and current technologies. After assessing
traffic management systems can have a positive impact on reducing air the needs, cities can select from several technology solutions, such as
pollution in cities. For instance, a study revealed that the implementa­ sensors, cameras, and mobile applications. The chosen technology so­
tion of an intelligent transport system (ITS) resulted in a 15 % reduction lution should be suitable for the city’s needs and budget. In the case of a
in carbon dioxide emissions (El-Hansali et al., 2021). Smart traffic sensor-based solution, parking sensors will need to be installed in
management systems can also promote the use of sustainable modes of parking spaces or on the street. These sensors can detect whether a space
transportation, such as public transit, biking, and walking, which can is occupied or vacant and relay this information to a central database.
further reduce emissions and improve air quality (De Oliveira et al., Additionally, a parking management system should be developed by
2020). cities to gather and analyze data from the sensors or other technology
Smart traffic management systems can promote sustainable trans­ solutions. This system should provide real-time information on parking
portation in several ways. Firstly, by providing real-time traffic infor­ availability and pricing, as well as enable payment and enforcement. To
mation, these systems enable commuters to plan their routes and avoid encourage the use of the smart parking system, cities should promote it
congested areas, which can encourage the use of alternative modes of to the public through marketing and outreach campaigns. This can help
transportation such as public transit, biking, and walking. Secondly, increase awareness and encourage commuters to choose more sustain­
smart traffic management systems can promote multimodal trans­ able transportation options. Furthermore, continuous monitoring and
portation planning by providing information on a range of trans­ evaluation of the smart parking system is crucial to ensure that it meets
portation options. For example, some systems offer real-time its objectives and identifies areas for improvement. This includes
information on public transit schedules and bike-sharing availability, analyzing data on parking usage, revenues, and customer satisfaction.
making it easier for commuters to incorporate these options into their By following these steps, cities can successfully implement smart park­
travel plans. Another approach to promoting sustainable transportation ing systems that meet their specific needs and contribute to more sus­
is the integration of smart parking systems into smart traffic manage­ tainable transportation choices. Regarding smart traffic management
ment systems. By offering real-time information on parking availability systems, their implementation feasibility and effectiveness can vary
and pricing, these systems can make it easier for people to find parking depending on the size, budget, and infrastructure of the city. Imple­
and encourage the use of alternative modes of transportation, such as menting smart traffic management systems involves significant invest­
public transit and biking. For example, drivers can be directed to park- ment in technology, data infrastructure, and personnel, which may not
and-ride facilities located near public transit stations, which can be feasible for smaller cities or those with limited budgets. Additionally,
incentivize the use of public transit (Li et al., 2017; Sharif et al., 2017; cities with older infrastructure may need to invest in upgrading their
Sumi & Ranga, 2018). transportation systems to enable the integration of smart traffic man­
Smart parking systems possess the potential to play a significant agement technologies. Moreover, the effectiveness of smart traffic
function in mitigating traffic congestion and the related air pollution in management systems may depend on the existing transportation infra­
urban areas. One of the key benefits of these systems is that they can structure of the city. For instance, cities with well-developed public
reduce the amount of time drivers spend looking for parking spots and transportation systems may have an easier time integrating smart traffic
circling around, which can lead to increased traffic congestion and management systems that promote the use of alternative modes of
associated emissions from idling vehicles. Smart parking systems can transportation. Conversely, cities with high levels of car dependency
achieve this by providing real-time information on parking availability, may face more significant challenges in promoting sustainable trans­
allowing drivers to quickly find a parking spot without circling around, portation options through smart traffic management systems (Alsafery
reducing the amount of time spent looking for parking and consequently et al., 2018; Khanna & Anand, 2016; Vakula & Kolli, 2017). Fig. 3
reducing traffic congestion. In addition to providing real-time parking provides an overview of the different categories under the core theme of
information, smart parking systems can also use dynamic pricing to smart city technologies for reducing air pollution. The figure illustrates
incentivize drivers to park in less congested areas or at off-peak times. the various strategies and challenges associated with the deployment of
Smart parking systems can aid in balancing the supply and demand of air quality sensors, optimizing transportation and energy systems,
parking and minimizing traffic congestion by charging higher rates in improving waste management, and implementing smart traffic and
high-demand regions and lower rates in low-demand regions. This parking systems. The categories are organized to highlight the potential
approach can encourage drivers to choose less congested parking areas, benefits of these strategies for improving public health, reducing envi­
ultimately reducing the overall traffic congestion in the city. Another ronmental damage, and promoting citizen engagement. Additionally,
significant benefit of smart parking systems is their ability to reduce the figure outlines the challenges associated with the equitable
double-parking, which can block traffic and reduce road capacity. By deployment of air quality sensors and the need for regulatory standards
providing real-time information on parking availability and reducing to ensure data reliability and privacy protection. A range of strategies,
the need for drivers to park illegally, smart parking systems can help including transportation optimization, smart waste management
reduce double-parking and improve traffic flow. Lastly, smart parking implementation, air quality sensor deployment, and the establishment
systems can reduce the amount of time drivers spend cruising for of smart parking and traffic systems, have been extensively studied and
parking by providing real-time information on parking availability and proven effective in reducing urban air pollution. By adopting a
incentivizing drivers to park in less congested areas. For instance, of­ comprehensive approach that combines these solutions, substantial
fering discounts or rewards for parking in less congested areas can improvements in air quality and public health can be achieved, as sup­
encourage drivers to choose these areas and reduce traffic congestion ported by previous research.
and associated emissions from idling vehicles. Therefore, smart parking
systems have the potential to significantly reduce traffic congestion and 4.3.2. Smart city solutions for sustainable urban water management
air pollution in cities by reducing the amount of time drivers spend Cities worldwide are facing a critical imperative to address water

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

Fig. 3. Strategies for reducing air pollution in smart cities: optimizing transportation and energy systems, smart waste management, air quality sensors, and smart
traffic and parking systems.

consumption in light of global warming, population growth, and esca­ buildings, and have reported the amount of water saved (Curry et al.,
lating per capita consumption. The pressing challenges posed by a 2018). The importance of addressing water consumption reduction in
growing global population and the finite nature of natural resources cities through smart city implementation and its technologies has been
have elevated the urgency of implementing smart city initiatives as an highlighted in previous research. By using smart water management
essential endeavor for current and future generations (Holdren & Ehr­ systems, such as those that detect leaks and monitor water pressure and
lich, 1974; Jury & Vaux, 2007). Various regions around the world are quality, cities can reduce water losses and ensure safe water for human
experiencing serious water shortages, particularly countries with low consumption. Furthermore, implementing dynamic water tariffs and
rainfall such as Central Asia, India, the Middle East, North Africa and notifying users based on smart meters can encourage water conservation
North America (Rijsberman, 2006). The quality of water is also a chal­ and reduce consumption. The use of smart pilot projects in various
lenge, with approximately 1.1 billion people worldwide lacking access settings can also help reduce water consumption and promote sustain­
to water of desirable quality (Elimelech, 2006). One out of every four able water management practices (Ntuli & Abu-Mahfouz, 2016; Sha­
cities globally is experiencing a water shortage crisis, with population hanas & Sivakumar, 2016; Singh & Ahmed, 2021).
growth and urbanization exacerbating the situation (Zhang et al., 2020). One of the most significant protocols for smart building automation
By 2050, over six billion people are projected to live in cities. As a is the KNX protocol, which is a global communication standard for home
response, since 2012, more than 142 cities in North America, Europe, and building control. The Konnex Association created the KNX standard
and East Asia have initiated smart city initiatives (Shafiullah et al., in 1999 by combining three older European home systems standards,
2022). Smart building systems, which use artificial intelligence, can namely EHS, BatiBUS, and EIB or Instabus. The KNX standard is widely
react to environmental conditions and perform some tasks automatically used in residential and commercial buildings for controlling integrated
(Wong & Li, 2008). The Japanese company Hitachi, with more than a systems, including HVAC, lighting, security, remote control, shading
century of experience in water treatment across nearly 42 countries, is and curtain control, monitoring systems, and energy management. The
working towards creating smart cities that efficiently use water re­ KNX protocol has several advantages, such as millions of devices
sources and establish effective water infrastructure (Alusi et al., 2011). currently in service, all devices specifically designed for building auto­
In the city of Austin, Texas, approximately 5.8 billion barrels of mation, a unified software for all products regardless of the manufac­
drinking water were lost in 2015 due to leaks in pipes before reaching turer, the ability to use tree, line, star, or any combination of topology,
consumers, which accounted for approximately 12 % of the total the ability to choose between different communication interfaces, and
drinking water consumed that year (Blatt, 2011). To address this issue, a the ability to connect to other protocols through different communica­
water management system was introduced, which measures water tion gateways. The widespread adoption of the KNX protocol has
pressure and pH levels to detect water leaks and ensure safe pH levels for resulted in a vast ecosystem of compatible devices, which provides
human health. These systems use sensors to collect data, which is then customers with a wide range of options for building automation and
processed by microcontrollers and communicated through computers control. With its versatility and compatibility, the KNX protocol is a
and wireless networks (Nie et al., 2020; Saad & Gamatié, 2020). popular choice for building automation and is widely used in smart
Moreover, ultrasonic sensors have been used by researchers to evaluate buildings worldwide. Smart building projects that utilize the KNX pro­
water quantity, quality, and leaks, and this data is announced on a tocol require the connection of various modules, sensors, and devices
website using an Arduino board (Yasin et al., 2021). Lopez et al. have that are under the KNX protocol or through other communication in­
developed a method for determining dynamic water tariffs and notifying terfaces to sensors or devices that need to be controlled by this system.
users based on smart meters. Implementing this method in the city of These devices are connected in a network, and sensors receive infor­
Valencia in Spain with 430,000 subscribers resulted in an 11 % reduc­ mation and transmit it to the smart modules through the network. The
tion in water consumption (Lopez-Nicolas et al., 2018). Additionally, received information is then processed in the modules, and appropriate
Curry et al. have proposed five smart pilot projects to reduce water actions are taken based on the information (Domingues et al., 2016;
consumption in smart airports, smart homes, smart schools, smart Kastner et al., 2005; Lohia et al., 2019). The implementation of smart

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

solutions to reduce water consumption using the KNX protocol is pre­ implementing an intelligent irrigation system for urban green spaces
sented in the following sections, divided into three categories: irrigation, using the KNX protocol includes a switch operator, power sources, an
residential, and urban solutions. In this section, we focus on the irriga­ internet connection module, a central control display for monitoring and
tion and urban solutions, while the residential solutions will be explored entering primary information, electric valve gates, soil moisture sensors,
in the next section. The irrigation solutions involve the use of smart environment temperature sensors, a sensor for determining light in­
irrigation controllers that monitor the weather and soil moisture to tensity, and a network platform. The number, type of programming, and
optimize irrigation and reduce water consumption. The urban solutions, method of communication between devices are determined based on
on the other hand, include the use of smart water meters to monitor several factors such as the location of water supply, accessible water
water consumption and detect leaks, as well as the implementation of quantity and quality, types of crops used in the planting scheme, soil
dynamic water tariffs to encourage water conservation. These solutions parameters, and regional climate. The input level of the switch operator
provide significant opportunities for reducing water consumption in is determined based on the diversity of plant coverage in terms of irri­
smart buildings and promoting sustainable water management practices gation type. The equipment is designed to ensure efficient irrigation and
(Christensen et al., 2020; Lazaroiu & Roscia, 2017; Vanus et al., 2016). reduce water waste in urban green spaces. The sensors, combined with
Modern irrigation techniques involve two general forms: pressurized the central control display, provide real-time monitoring and control of
irrigation and drip and sprinkler irrigation. However, these methods the irrigation system, allowing for adjustments to be made based on
often face challenges such as high implementation costs, technical changing conditions in the environment (Cruz-S’nchez et al., 2012;
maintenance of the system, and servicing of pumping system periph­ Khujamatov & Toshtemirov, 2020).
erals. Sprinkler irrigation may also face limitations in mixed planting Water loss in cities is a significant problem, often resulting from
schemes, as well as water loss due to incorrect system design or strong water leakage in urban infrastructure (Mutikanga et al., 2009).
winds (Chaudhary et al., 2011). Rain irrigation systems have an effi­ High-pressure pumps send a considerable amount of water into urban
ciency rate of up to 70 %, while drip irrigation systems have an effi­ water distribution networks daily. The pressure within the pipes has the
ciency rate of up to 95 % (Payero et al., 2008). In contrast, surface most significant and quickest hydraulic effect on the amount of leakage
irrigation of farms has an efficiency rate of no more than 50 % (Maisiri (Trifunovic, 2006). As time passes, some parts of the network become
et al., 2005). In traditional situations, where most of the country’s lands worn out and experience water leakage due to high water pressure
are irrigated in this manner, the efficiency rate is even lower, at less than within the pipes. If a broken pipe causes water to leak to the surface, the
35 % (Oweis & Hachum, 2006). The primary reasons for water loss in damage is easily identifiable. However, if the pipe is damaged deep
the agricultural sector are the use of fresh water for irrigation, underground, the water will never reach the surface, making detection
over-irrigation of crops, creation of surface runoff, and irrigation at and repair much more challenging (Puust et al., 2010). In a smart city,
inappropriate times (Legesse & Ayenew, 2006). On the other hand, the installing water leakage detection sensors and pressure-reducing pumps,
development of green spaces is a crucial aspect of urban development. and creating a network between them, can significantly reduce water
Trees are the lifelines of cities, and the construction of green spaces is loss. During certain hours of the day, water consumption by users de­
essential for the mental and physical health of society. Maintaining these creases. If the water pressure inside the pipes is higher than the needs of
spaces is a fundamental principle of green space management, and the users during these hours, water leakage occurs in the worn-out urban
irrigation is one of the primary needs for maintenance. Currently, urban infrastructure. Therefore, by reducing the water pressure during
green spaces are irrigated using various methods, such as mobile tanks, off-peak hours of water consumption by subscribers, water leakage can
fixed tanks, human-powered irrigation through embedded taps, pres­ be prevented to a great extent. Smart water meters measure the peak and
surized irrigation systems, or combined systems. The choice of irrigation off-peak hours of water consumption by subscribers, and the informa­
method depends on factors such as climatic conditions, existing infra­ tion obtained from them is sent by the urban smart system network to
structure, budget, and the type of plant tissue used (Choukai et al., the central controllers and displays. Consequently, if necessary, the
2022). water pressure can be reduced or increased by the installed pumps.
In a smart agricultural field, moisture sensors are placed at regular Additionally, smart water meters are present in various nodes of the
intervals within the soil and next to the planted crops. These sensors are water distribution network structure, measuring the amount of water
connected to a network through specialized wiring. The sensors send a reaching that node. The total amount of water pumped in the nodes
message to the central control system as soon as the moisture within the should match the amount of water output from the main pump. If the
soil decreases below the specified level for the plant. This message is difference between the numbers exceeds the predetermined limit, a
displayed on a display screen, which is available to the farmer through warning message is sent to the network supervisor on the central display
the central controller display screens or control software that can be to inform them of the existence of a leakage in the distribution network.
installed on a mobile phone. Upon receiving a message indicating Furthermore, a network of water leakage sensors is placed around the
decreased soil moisture from a predetermined number of sensors within water distribution network infrastructure. These sensors measure the
each row of the planted crops, the system first examines weather soil moisture around the pipes. If the soil moisture exceeds the standard
changes using models provided on reputable weather websites, via a limit determined according to the region’s climate, a warning message is
remote control module. If rainfall is expected in the coming days based sent to the network manager to take prompt action to repair the leak.
on the weather maps, irrigation is delayed until the specified time (the The implementation of these measures in a smart city can significantly
number of days irrigation can be delayed is determined by the type of reduce water loss and promote sustainable water management practices
crop). Otherwise, the system sends an irrigation command to electric (Fantozzi et al., 2014; Kulkarni & Farnham, 2016; Laspidou, 2014).
valve gates for the irrigation operation to be carried out within the soil. The smart water distribution system has several features, including
The irrigation continues until the soil moisture level is less than the the ability to report the amount of water consumed by subscribers in
predetermined moisture threshold for the embedded soil sensors. Once each area, detect water leaks, and schedule pre-determined water
sufficient moisture is created, irrigation is immediately stopped to pre­ pressure reductions or increases (Bhardwaj et al., 2022; Nguyen et al.,
vent water loss. Moreover, the system can be adjusted to perform irri­ 2018). To implement the water leakage detection system using the KNX
gation based on temperature changes throughout the day. In hot protocol, the following equipment is required: a switch operator (with
seasons, irrigation is carried out at minimum temperature to prevent the input level determined based on the diversity of vegetation coverage
water evaporation, while in cold seasons, irrigation is carried out at in terms of the type of irrigation), power supply, internet connection
maximum temperature to prevent crop freezing. The smart irrigation module, central control display for monitoring and entering initial in­
system reduces water consumption in agriculture and promotes sus­ formation, electric valve, water leakage detection sensors, and network
tainable water management practices. The equipment required for infrastructure. The water leakage detection sensors are crucial

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

components of the system, as they detect any leaks and identify their 4.3.3. Technologies and strategies for electricity resource management in
exact location. The central control display receives information from the smart cities
sensors and displays it to the network supervisor, who can take prompt Smart city implementation holds immense potential for effective
action to repair the leak. The smart water distribution system reduces electricity resource management. To tackle this challenge, advanced
water loss and promotes sustainable water management practices in technologies and strategic approaches are being employed within smart
urban areas (Ciholas et al., 2019; Rinaldi et al., 2020). cities. These include smart grid systems, integration of renewable energy
In addition to the solutions discussed earlier, smart cities can also sources, energy-efficient building practices, demand response programs,
employ other methods to control urban water resources. One such infrastructure for electric vehicle charging, energy storage systems,
method is smart water pricing, which involves implementing pricing microgrid frameworks, and data analytics. Smart grid systems use
schemes that reflect the true cost of water production and distribution. advanced sensors and communication technologies to monitor and
This can incentivize water conservation and discourage wasteful usage. control electricity distribution in real-time. Smart grids can aid in
For instance, tiered pricing systems that charge higher rates for exces­ averting blackouts and enhancing the overall efficacy of the electricity
sive water usage can encourage people to be more mindful of their water system by optimizing electricity flows and curbing wasteful usage
consumption. Another effective approach is public education and (Lazaroiu & Roscia, 2012; Xia et al., 2021). Additionally, smart cities are
awareness campaigns. By educating the public about the importance of progressively adopting sustainable energy sources like solar and wind
water conservation and providing practical tips for reducing water power to minimize dependence on fossil fuels and diminish greenhouse
usage, cities can encourage residents to adopt more sustainable water gas emissions. The integration of renewable energy sources into the grid
usage habits. Such campaigns can be carried out through various can also enhance the resilience of the electricity system and reduce the
channels, including social media, public service announcements, and probability of power outages. The promotion of energy-efficient build­
community outreach programs. Therefore, implementing smart city ing designs and technologies, such as LED lighting, smart thermostats,
solutions can significantly reduce urban water resource waste, which is and automated shading systems, is advocated by smart cities to lower
of great importance in the face of increasing water scarcity in many energy consumption in buildings. This can decrease electricity demand
countries around the world. By promoting sustainable water manage­ and help forestall power shortages. Furthermore, demand response
ment practices, smart cities can ensure the availability of safe, clean programs urge consumers to decrease their electricity utilization during
water for future generations (Chandran et al., 2021; Karwot et al., 2016; peak demand periods, thereby lowering the need for costly new power
Moy de Vitry et al., 2019). Fig. 4 shows the main categories of smart city plants. Furthermore, smart cities are investing in electric vehicle
solutions for sustainable urban water management, including irrigation charging infrastructure to support the transition to sustainable trans­
solutions and urban solutions. Irrigation solutions involve the use of portation (Silva et al., 2018; Pellicer et al., 2013). By providing conve­
smart irrigation controllers that optimize irrigation and reduce water nient and accessible charging stations, smart cities can encourage more
consumption through moisture sensors and weather models. Urban so­ people to switch to EVs and reduce the demand for gasoline-powered
lutions include the use of smart water meters to monitor water con­ vehicles that contribute to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
sumption and detect leaks, as well as the implementation of dynamic Energy storage systems are also being explored to help balance elec­
water tariffs. Additional methods include smart water pricing schemes tricity supply and demand, thereby preventing blackouts and improving
and public education campaigns to promote sustainable water usage the reliability of the electricity system. Several smart cities are adopting
habits. The implementation of these solutions can significantly reduce microgrids, which are small-scale electricity systems capable of func­
water waste and promote sustainable water management practices in tioning autonomously from the primary electricity grid. Microgrids can
smart cities. Therefore, the existing literature provides substantial evi­ help improve the resilience and reliability of the electricity system by
dence regarding the water-saving and conservation advantages offered providing backup power during blackouts or other disruptions. Addi­
by smart irrigation systems and technologies that encompass leak tionally, advanced data analytics tools are being used to better under­
detection and pressure management. Augmenting these measures with stand electricity usage patterns and identify opportunities for energy
pricing incentives and educational campaigns is crucial for cultivating a savings. Smart cities can analyze data from smart meters and other
culture of sustainable water usage in urban areas, as substantiated by sensors to develop targeted programs to reduce electricity usage (Car­
previous research. agliu et al., 2011; Khalil et al., 2021).

Fig. 4. Smart city solutions for sustainable urban water management: strategies and technologies for efficient water use and conservation in urban environments.

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

Smart grid systems are designed to incorporate advanced digital challenges, many smart cities are making progress in integrating
technologies to modernize traditional electricity grids. These systems renewable energy sources into the grid. By addressing these challenges
use sensors and other devices to collect real-time data on electricity and working collaboratively with stakeholders, cities can build more
usage and grid conditions, and then use advanced analytics and control sustainable and resilient energy systems that benefit their citizens and
systems to optimize the flow of electricity and reduce wasteful usage the environment (Hammons, 2008; Liserre et al., 2010; Zahedi, 2011).
(Phuangpornpitak & Tia, 2013). Smart cities need to manage the electricity resources required to
The implementation of smart grid systems can assist utilities in power electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure effectively. Charging
achieving a better balance between electricity supply and demand, station locations must be carefully chosen to ensure that they are easily
which can enhance the overall dependability of the electricity system. accessible to EV drivers, even if it means installing new electrical
Smart grids can automatically redirect electricity away from regions infrastructure. Smart cities must also consider the types of charging
with high demand or store surplus electricity during periods of low stations installed, ranging from slow chargers to fast chargers, which can
demand and distribute it during peak demand. Moreover, smart grids impact the demand on the electricity grid. Load management strategies,
can optimize the usage of sustainable energy sources like solar and wind such as scheduling charging during off-peak hours or incentivizing EV
power, which can aid in minimizing dependence on fossil fuels and owners to charge their vehicles during times of low demand, can help
diminishing greenhouse gas emissions. This can reduce the necessity for avoid overloading the electricity grid. To ensure that EV charging sta­
new power plants and enhance the utilization of existing generation tions are located in areas that are easily accessible to EV drivers, smart
capacity. Two-way communication is a key feature of smart grids, cities can conduct a needs assessment, engage with stakeholders, use
allowing utilities to collect data from sensors and other devices in real- mapping tools, partner with private companies, and consider zoning and
time and send signals back to these devices to control their operation. permitting regulations. A needs assessment can analyze data on the
This two-way communication enables smart grids to be more responsive number of EVs in the area, the locations of existing charging stations,
to changing conditions and optimize the flow of electricity in real-time. and the availability of electrical infrastructure in different areas.
By using advanced analytics and control systems, smart grids can opti­ Engaging with stakeholders, including EV owners, local businesses, and
mize the use of these resources to reduce reliance on centralized power community groups, can help identify convenient locations that meet the
plants and increase the resilience of the electricity system. The cyber­ needs of the local community. Mapping tools can help identify potential
security of these systems is critical as smart grids rely on digital tech­ locations for charging stations based on proximity to major highways,
nologies and communication networks. Smart grid systems need to be public transportation, and popular destinations. Partnering with private
designed with strong cybersecurity measures to prevent cyberattacks companies can provide valuable expertise in identifying optimal loca­
and protect the privacy and security of data. Smart grids rely on a variety tions for charging stations. Finally, zoning and permitting regulations
of devices and systems that need to be interoperable and able to can encourage the installation of charging stations in areas that are
communicate with each other. Ensuring that these systems work easily accessible to EV drivers. By taking a proactive and collaborative
together seamlessly can be challenging, especially when different ven­ approach, smart cities can build a more sustainable and resilient trans­
dors are involved (Colak et al., 2015; Lo & Ansari, 2011). portation system by ensuring that EV charging stations are located in
The incorporation of sustainable energy sources like solar and wind areas that are easily accessible to EV drivers, promoting the adoption of
power into the electricity grid is a crucial approach for smart cities to EVs, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transportation
encourage sustainability and decrease dependence on fossil fuels. Solar (Maglaras et al., 2014; Qureshi et al., 2021; Vaidya & Mouftah, 2020).
power is increasingly being used by smart cities as solar panels can be Managing electricity resources for energy storage systems is crucial
installed on rooftops, carports, and other structures to generate elec­ for sustainable urban environment. The sizing of energy storage systems
tricity locally. By integrating solar power into the grid, smart cities can is a critical component to ensure that they provide the required elec­
reduce reliance on centralized power plants that burn fossil fuels and tricity when needed. Historical electricity demand data is analyzed to
contribute to air pollution and climate change. Wind power is another determine peak demand periods and size the energy storage system
renewable energy source being embraced by smart cities. Wind turbines accordingly. Smart cities may also need to implement load management
can be installed in windy areas to generate electricity that can be fed into strategies to manage electricity demand, such as scheduling charging
the grid, contributing to a cleaner and more sustainable energy mix. during off-peak hours or incentivizing electricity users to reduce con­
However, one of the biggest challenges with renewable energy sources is sumption during high demand. Regular maintenance is required to
their intermittency. The production of solar and wind power can fluc­ operate energy storage systems efficiently and effectively. Smart cities
tuate, making it challenging to balance electricity supply and demand, should consider maintenance and replacement costs when evaluating
particularly during periods of high demand or low renewable energy the economic feasibility of energy storage systems. To maintain energy
production (Anees, 2012; Bhandari et al., 2014; Yousif et al., 2019). storage effectively, smart cities can establish a regular maintenance
Smart cities are utilizing energy storage systems like batteries to accu­ schedule, use remote monitoring, perform performance analysis, pro­
mulate surplus electricity generated by renewable energy sources and vide maintenance personnel training and education, and enter into
dispense it when required, assisting in enhancing the dependability of contractual agreements with energy storage system manufacturers or
the electricity system and reducing the likelihood of power outages. service providers. A comprehensive maintenance strategy can ensure
Additionally, smart cities are adopting microgrids as small-scale elec­ effective and efficient energy storage maintenance, contributing to a
tricity systems that can operate autonomously from the primary elec­ more sustainable and resilient electricity system (Almihat et al., 2022;
tricity grid. Microgrids can be fueled by sustainable energy sources like O’Dwyer et al., 2019; Taveres-Cachat et al., 2019).
solar and wind power, offering backup power during power outages or Smart cities are increasingly using data analytics tools to effectively
other disruptions. Integrating renewable energy sources into the grid manage electricity resources. By analyzing historical data on electricity
may require upgrading the grid infrastructure to handle the variable and usage, these tools can help forecast future demand patterns, allowing
distributed nature of these sources, which can be costly (Khan et al., utilities to plan for electricity supply and demand, ensuring that there is
2018). Regulations and policies can also present barriers to integration, enough electricity supply to meet demand during peak periods. Addi­
such as regulations around energy pricing or grid interconnection that tionally, data analytics tools can help smart cities identify areas where
may need to be updated to support the integration of renewable energy energy is being wasted or used inefficiently, allowing utilities to develop
sources or the deployment of energy storage systems. Additionally, some targeted programs to reduce electricity usage and improve energy effi­
members of the public may have concerns about the visual and envi­ ciency. Load management strategies such as scheduling charging during
ronmental impacts of renewable energy sources, requiring public edu­ off-peak hours or using demand response programs can also be imple­
cation and addressing concerns to promote acceptance. Despite these mented using data analytics to incentivize electricity users to reduce

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

their electricity consumption during times of high demand. Further­ for electricity resource management. The figure is divided into two main
more, smart cities can use data analytics tools to predict maintenance categories: advanced technologies and challenges/considerations. The
needs for electricity infrastructure, such as transformers and switches, advanced technologies category includes smart grid systems, renewable
reducing downtime and lowering the costs associated with equipment energy integration, energy-efficient buildings, demand response pro­
repairs and replacements. By improving energy efficiency, implement­ grams, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, energy storage systems,
ing time-of-use pricing, managing electricity demand, and predicting microgrids, and data analytics. The challenges/considerations category
maintenance needs, data analytics tools can help smart cities reduce includes cybersecurity, interoperability, intermittency of renewable
electricity costs for residents and businesses (Chen et al., 2021; Hashem energy sources, upgrading grid infrastructure, regulations and policies,
et al., 2016; Sarker, 2022). and public acceptance. The figure highlights the importance of
Implementing smart city technologies for managing electricity re­ addressing these challenges to achieve more sustainable and resilient
sources can be challenging, and there are several factors that can impact energy systems in smart cities. The findings depicted in Fig. 5 highlight
the success of these initiatives. Some of the key challenges that smart that the adoption of smart grid systems, integration of renewable energy
cities face include cost, interoperability, data privacy and security, sources, establishment of EV infrastructure, and utilization of other
public engagement, and regulatory barriers. One of the primary chal­ relevant technologies can lead to a substantial reduction in greenhouse
lenges is the cost of implementing smart city technologies, which can be gas emissions, as demonstrated by various assessments. Nevertheless,
expensive. Building a smart grid or installing energy-efficient technol­ effectively addressing the identified challenges necessitates collabora­
ogies in buildings can require significant upfront investments that may tive efforts among multiple stakeholders and innovative policy measures
take years to recoup through energy savings. In addition, smart city to achieve the desired sustainability objectives.
technologies rely on a variety of sensors, devices, and systems that need
to be interoperable and able to communicate with each other. Ensuring 4.3.4. Environmental effects and challenges of waste management in smart
that these systems work together seamlessly can be challenging, espe­ cities
cially when different vendors are involved. Data privacy and security is The primary objective of smart cities is to enhance the well-being of
another significant challenge. Smart city technologies rely on vast urban inhabitants and mitigate environmental pollution through the
amounts of data that need to be collected, stored, and analyzed. utilization of advanced technologies and efficient resource utilization. In
Ensuring the privacy and security of this data can be a significant the context of smart city development, sustainable management of
challenge, as it may be vulnerable to cyberattacks or other threats. urban resources, particularly recyclable materials like plastics, papers,
Public engagement is also crucial for the success of smart city initiatives. metals, and glass, assumes great significance. To facilitate effective
Educating the public on the benefits of these technologies and engaging recycling management in smart cities, technologies specific to this
them in the planning and implementation process can be challenging, domain are employed for the collection, segregation, recycling, and
especially when there are concerns about data privacy or the cost of optimized management of recyclable waste materials. Smart technolo­
these initiatives. Furthermore, regulatory barriers such as energy pricing gies enable the collection of data from different recycling containers,
or grid interconnection may need to be updated to support the inte­ which enhances the accuracy of waste collection and recycling. This, in
gration of renewable energy sources or the deployment of energy stor­ turn, leads to efficient and effective recycling of waste, resulting in a
age systems. Despite these challenges, many cities are making progress decrease in the amount of waste produced, enhanced resource avail­
in implementing smart city technologies for managing electricity re­ ability, and reduced environmental pollution. Moreover, recycling
sources. By addressing these challenges and working collaboratively various materials creates employment opportunities and reduces waste
with stakeholders, cities can build more sustainable and resilient energy management costs. Smart cities utilize various technologies for efficient
systems that benefit their citizens and the environment (Shafiullah et al., and effective collection and recycling of recyclable waste, such as smart
2022; Bawany & Shamsi, 2015; Hassan et al., 2021). Fig. 5 illustrates the collection systems, separation and recycling technologies, artificial in­
various strategies and technologies that smart cities are implementing telligence, deep learning, and blockchain. Smart collection systems,

Fig. 5. Strategies and technologies for electricity resource management in smart cities: advanced technologies and challenges/considerations.

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

such as smart recycling containers, smart recycling bins, and smart management costs, make them an attractive approach to waste man­
collection networks, employ sensors and smart devices to collect and agement in smart cities. Therefore, it is imperative to address the chal­
optimize the waste collection process with precision. Separation and lenges associated with the implementation of smart collection systems to
recycling technologies like automatic sorting systems, advanced recy­ fully realize their potential in waste management (Ahmad et al., 2021;
cling systems, and recycling machines such as recycling mills are used to Ebekozien et al., 2022; Ijemaru et al., 2022).
recycle recyclable waste. Artificial intelligence and deep learning tech­ Blockchain technology can be applied in numerous ways to enhance
nologies can detect, separate, and recycle recyclable waste in a smart waste management practices. One such application is the utilization of
and accurate manner (Ullah et al., 2023; Yong et al., 2023). By identi­ blockchain for supply chain tracking to track the movement of waste
fying recyclable waste, these technologies can streamline the recycling from its inception to its final destination, such as a recycling facility or
process and increase efficiency. Furthermore, blockchain technology landfill. By documenting each step of the waste management process on
can be utilized to ensure that all stages of the collection and recycling the blockchain, stakeholders can maintain a clear and tamper-proof
process are transparent and traceable, minimizing the likelihood of record of the waste’s journey, which can aid in tracking and manage­
fraud and illegal transactions (Aazam et al., 2016; Anagnostopoulos ment of waste streams (Arabian et al., 2022; Barenji & Nejad, 2022).
et al., 2017; Esmaeilian et al., 2018). Additionally, blockchain can be used to establish digital identities for
Advanced technologies such as sensors, data analytics, and IoT de­ waste management facilities, regulators, and other stakeholders
vices are used by smart collection systems to improve the collection and involved in the waste management process, ensuring the legitimacy of
management of recyclable waste. Sensors are deployed to collect data on waste management activities and that waste is being handled appro­
the level of recyclable waste in recycling containers or bins. These priately and lawfully. Another application of blockchain in waste
sensors can detect when a container or bin is full or nearly full and send management is the use of smart contracts to automate processes such as
an alert to waste collectors to empty it. Subsequent to the collection of waste collection and recycling. Smart contracts can be programmed to
data by sensors, data analytics tools and algorithms are implemented to execute specific actions automatically, such as initiating waste collec­
optimize waste collection routes. By devising more efficient routes, tion when a recycling bin is full (Samuel et al., 2022; Singh et al., 2022).
waste collectors can diminish the duration and expenses related to Furthermore, blockchain-based reward systems can be implemented to
redundant collections. IoT devices, such as smart recycling containers incentivize sustainable waste management practices, such as recycling
and bins, communicate with one another and with waste management or reducing waste generation. For example, a blockchain-based reward
systems, delivering real-time data on the whereabouts and status of system could provide tokens or other incentives to individuals or busi­
recyclable waste. This enables waste management systems to optimize nesses that engage in sustainable waste management practices (X.
the collection process and minimize waste. The system also utilizes Zhang et al., 2023; X. Zhang et al., 2023; X. Zhang et al., 2022; Kolahan
smart routing to optimize waste collection routes. By scrutinizing data et al., 2021). Also, blockchain technology can be utilized to establish
on the status and location of recycling containers or bins, waste collec­ decentralized waste management systems where waste management
tors can plan the most effectual collection routes, reducing the duration activities are coordinated among several stakeholders in a peer-to-peer
and costs associated with unnecessary collections. Additionally, smart network. This approach can reduce the need for centralized waste
collection systems offer remote monitoring capabilities for recycling management facilities, which can be costly and time-consuming to
containers or bins, which enable waste management systems to keep construct and maintain. In summary, blockchain technology can be
track of the status of recycling containers or bins in real-time. This al­ utilized to enhance transparency, efficiency, and sustainability in waste
lows them to respond to issues or emergencies rapidly. In conclusion, management practices (Aithal, 2021; Aroba et al., 2023; Nižetić et al.,
smart collection systems leverage advanced technologies to enhance the 2019).
collection and management of recyclable waste, resulting in waste Blockchain technology holds tremendous potential in augmenting
reduction and improved efficiency for waste management systems (Ali waste management practices by providing several benefits, such as
et al., 2020; B. Fang et al., 2023; Shukla & Hait, 2022). transparency, traceability, efficiency, fraud prevention, and incentiv­
The introduction of smart collection systems comes with several ization. Blockchain technology can establish a transparent and tamper-
challenges that require attention. One of the prominent concerns is the proof record of waste management activities, starting from waste
cost, as the implementation of such systems can be expensive, and the collection to recycling. This can increase trust among stakeholders,
associated costs may be passed onto residents and businesses. This may including waste management companies, regulators, and citizens. Also,
act as a barrier to the adoption of these systems, especially in areas with blockchain, waste management activities can be traced back to
where the costs of waste management are already high. Moreover, the their source, allowing for improved tracking and management of waste
installation of new infrastructure, such as sensors, data analytics sys­ streams. This can lead to better waste management practices, a reduc­
tems, and communication networks, is essential for the operation of tion in waste, and an increase in recycling rates. Blockchain technology
smart collection systems, which can be time-consuming and costly. This can facilitate the efficient and secure exchange of information and re­
is particularly true for areas with existing waste management infra­ sources between stakeholders. This can result in a reduction in the time
structure that may require upgrading or replacement. Another challenge and cost associated with waste management activities. Additionally,
associated with smart collection systems pertains to data management. blockchain technology can aid in preventing fraud and illegal activities
These systems generate a vast amount of data that needs to be collected, in waste management, such as illegal dumping or improper handling of
analyzed, and utilized to optimize the waste collection process. This hazardous waste. With blockchain, waste management activities can be
requires specialized skills and resources that may not be readily avail­ recorded and verified, making it challenging for malicious actors to
able in all areas. Additionally, the success of smart collection systems manipulate the system. Moreover, blockchain technology can be utilized
depends on the participation of various stakeholders, including waste to incentivize positive waste management behaviors, such as recycling
collectors, residents, and businesses. Engaging these stakeholders and or reducing waste generation. For instance, blockchain-based reward
getting them to participate in the waste collection process can be chal­ systems can offer incentives to individuals or businesses that engage in
lenging, especially in areas where waste segregation and recycling are sustainable waste management practices. Blockchain technology has the
not widely practiced or where there is resistance to change. Further­ potential to revolutionize waste management practices, but its imple­
more, smart collection systems rely on advanced technologies that may mentation also presents challenges. One of the significant challenges is
be susceptible to technical issues or failures. Ensuring that these systems the technical complexity of blockchain-based waste management sys­
are reliable and function correctly at all times can pose a challenge. tems. This involves a considerable investment of specialized expertise
Despite these challenges, the benefits of smart collection systems, such and resources, making it costly and time-consuming. Additionally,
as increased efficiency, higher recycling rates, and reduced waste integrating blockchain-based waste management systems with existing

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waste management infrastructure can be challenging as it requires sig­ monitoring and analyzing data on landfill conditions such as tempera­
nificant changes to existing processes and systems, which may not be ture, moisture, and gas emissions. This can enable waste management
feasible or cost-effective. Another challenge is the accuracy and authorities to better manage landfills and reduce the environmental
completeness of data recorded on the blockchain. If data is inputted impact of waste disposal. Lastly, AI and deep learning technologies can
manually or by multiple stakeholders with varying levels of expertise, it be used to identify hazardous waste, such as chemicals and heavy
can affect the reliability of waste management data and the effectiveness metals, in waste streams. By doing so, these technologies can ensure that
of blockchain-based waste management systems. Besides, the imple­ hazardous waste is appropriately handled and disposed of, reducing the
mentation of blockchain-based waste management systems may raise risk of environmental contamination and harm to human health (Pirlone
regulatory and legal challenges, such as data privacy and security con­ & Spadaro, 2014; Shah et al., 2018; Thakur et al., 2022).
cerns, and compliance with waste management regulations. Lastly, the There exist several challenges in the implementation of AI in waste
success of blockchain-based waste management systems depends on the management. Data quality is a primary challenge. The accuracy and
adoption and engagement of stakeholders, including waste management completeness of data used to train AI models can be inconsistent and
companies, regulators, and citizens. Ensuring that all stakeholders are incomplete, making it challenging to develop accurate and reliable AI
willing and able to participate in blockchain-based waste management models. Waste management data is collected from various sources, and
systems can be a challenge. Therefore, while blockchain technology standardizing it can be difficult, leading to inaccuracies and incomplete
offers numerous benefits to waste management practices, it is crucial to data sets. Technical complexity is another challenge. Implementing AI
address these challenges for its effective implementation (Cheng et al., systems in waste management can be technically complex, requiring
2022; Fayomi et al., 2021; Ogutu et al., 2021). specialized expertise and resources. Developing and maintaining AI al­
Artificial intelligence and deep learning have the potential to revo­ gorithms and systems can be costly and time-consuming, and the lack of
lutionize waste management practices in a multitude of ways. One technical expertise in waste management can further complicate the
notable area of improvement is waste sorting. AI and deep learning al­ process. Integrating AI systems with existing waste management infra­
gorithms can be utilized to automatically sort waste into different cat­ structure is another challenge. This can require significant changes to
egories, such as recyclable and non-recyclable waste, which reduces the existing processes and systems, which may not be feasible or cost-
need for manual sorting and minimizes the risk of contamination. Pre­ effective. Moreover, waste management infrastructure varies widely
dictive analytics is another area where AI and deep learning can be across different regions, making it challenging to develop a standardized
applied. The scrutiny of data on waste generation and collection patterns approach for implementing AI systems. Regulatory and legal challenges
permits waste management systems to predict future waste generation also pose a significant hurdle for the implementation of AI systems in
and devise waste collection routes more competently. This can result in waste management. These challenges can include data privacy and se­
more accurate waste forecasting, reduced time and cost associated with curity concerns, compliance with waste management regulations, and
waste collection, and increased recycling rates. Furthermore, the liability issues associated with the use of AI systems. The success of AI
development of smart bins equipped with sensors and cameras that can systems in waste management depends on the adoption and engagement
detect and sort waste automatically is made possible by AI and deep of stakeholders, including waste management companies, regulators,
learning. These smart bins can accurately and efficiently sort waste into and citizens. Ensuring that all stakeholders are willing and able to
different categories, reducing contamination and increasing recycling participate in AI-based waste management systems can be a challenge.
rates. In addition, AI and deep learning algorithms can optimize waste Additionally, public perception of AI and concerns about job displace­
management processes such as waste collection, transportation, and ment may hinder the adoption of AI systems in waste management
recycling by analyzing data on waste generation, collection, and recy­ (Agarwal et al., 2020; Han et al., 2022; Rubab et al., 2022).
cling. This identification of inefficiencies can lead to suggestions for As previously mentioned, smart city technologies can exert both
improvements to waste management processes. Also, AI and deep favorable and unfavorable effects on urban natural resources and the
learning can be used to detect fraud and illegal activities in waste environment. These technologies can mitigate energy consumption and
management. By analyzing data on waste management activities, AI and greenhouse gas emissions by fine-tuning energy usage in buildings,
deep learning algorithms can identify anomalies or suspicious patterns transportation systems, and other infrastructure. This can lead to
and trigger alerts to waste management authorities. improved air quality. Water conservation can also be improved by
Artificial Intelligence and deep learning have the potential to monitoring water use, detecting leaks, and optimizing water distribution
significantly reduce the environmental impact of waste management systems, which can reduce water pollution and conserve scarce water
practices. One of the notable ways in which these technologies can resources. In addition, waste management practices can be enhanced
enhance waste management is through optimizing waste collection through the implementation of smart city technologies. This can include
routes. By analyzing waste generation and collection patterns, AI and waste collection, sorting, and recycling, which can lead to reduced waste
deep learning algorithms can identify the most efficient waste collection generation, increased recycling rates, and a decrease in the environ­
routes, reducing the distance traveled by waste collection vehicles and mental impact of waste disposal. Additionally, the use of smart city
minimizing fuel consumption. This can lead to a reduction in green­ technologies to establish green infrastructure, like urban gardens, green
house gas emissions and air pollution. Another way in which AI and roofs, and parks, can aid in augmenting urban biodiversity, lessening the
deep learning can assist waste management is by predicting waste urban heat island effect, and refining air quality. Smart city technologies
generation. By leveraging historical data and considering variables such also have the potential to optimize transportation systems, which can
as weather patterns and demographics, AI and deep learning algorithms reduce congestion, greenhouse gas emissions, and air pollution while
can forecast future waste generation. Accurate predictions can help promoting physical activity through the use of sustainable trans­
waste management authorities to plan for future waste management portation modes like public transport, cycling, and walking. However,
needs, reducing the likelihood of overcapacity or undercapacity in waste the implementation of smart city technologies can also have negative
management facilities. Furthermore, AI and deep learning algorithms impacts on the environment. For example, the production and disposal
can be utilized to reduce contamination by identifying and sorting of electronic devices used in smart city technologies can generate elec­
recyclable materials more accurately. This can help increase the quality tronic waste if not managed properly. Moreover, if powered by non-
of recycled materials while decreasing contamination, leading to a renewable sources, smart city technologies can contribute to green­
reduction in the environmental impact of waste management. Properly house gas emissions and air pollution. Additionally, the installation of
recycled materials can be reused instead of ending up in landfills, which smart city infrastructure, such as sensors, can require land and re­
can help mitigate the environmental impact of waste disposal. In addi­ sources, which can have negative environmental impacts if not managed
tion, AI and deep learning can improve landfill management by appropriately. To maximize the positive impacts of smart city

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

technologies on the environment, it is crucial to prioritize sustainable contribute significantly to these objectives. However, it is important to
and environmentally friendly solutions, such as renewable energy acknowledge that the construction and maintenance of smart city
sources, green infrastructure, and sustainable transportation modes. The infrastructure may also engender negative environmental consequences,
negative impacts of these technologies should also be carefully such as heightened energy consumption and increased greenhouse gas
managed, such as the proper disposal of electronic devices and the emissions. Furthermore, the production and disposal of electronic de­
appropriate use of land and resources during their installation. In vices and technological components used in smart cities may give rise to
conclusion, the impact of smart city technologies on urban natural re­ challenges related to electronic waste and other environmental con­
sources and the environment depends on various factors, and imple­ cerns. The overall impact of smart city implementation on the envi­
menting sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions is essential ronment and sustainable development in housing depends on various
to ensure their positive impact on the environment (Chu et al., 2021; factors, such as the specific technologies and practices utilized, the level
Guo et al., 2022). Therefore, smart city waste management technologies of public engagement and education, and the regulatory frameworks in
present both opportunities and challenges for promoting urban sus­ place to ensure environmental sustainability (Jonek-Kowalska, 2022;
tainability, as presented in Fig. 6. These technologies include smart Maalsen, 2019). In this section of the article, the impact of smart city
collection systems, separation and recycling technologies, artificial in­ implementation on enhancing sustainable development and managing
telligence, deep learning, and blockchain. Smart collection systems and natural resources in smart city houses is discussed.
separation recycling technologies can improve waste collection and
sorting, increasing recycling rates and waste reduction. Artificial intel­ 4.4.1. Smart city technologies for optimizing home electricity consumption
ligence and deep learning enable predictive analytics and the optimi­ Smart city technologies provide various ways to manage electricity
zation of waste management processes. Blockchain promotes resources in houses. One of these ways is through home energy man­
transparency and security in waste management through supply chain agement systems that optimize energy consumption by controlling and
tracking and can incentivize sustainable behaviors. However, the automating electricity use. Such systems adjust lighting, heating, and
implementation of these technologies faces challenges related to costs, cooling based on occupancy, time of day, and other factors. Smart ap­
technical complexity, integration with existing infrastructure, data pliances, including smart thermostats, lighting systems, and home ap­
quality, regulations, and stakeholder participation. Consequently, the pliances, can also be remotely controlled and adjusted based on energy
smart waste management solutions presented exhibit promising poten­ demand and user preferences. Moreover, smart city technologies enable
tial for diminishing waste volumes, enhancing recycling and circularity time-of-use pricing, which charges residents different rates for elec­
practices, reducing carbon emissions, and generating various sustain­ tricity use depending on the time of day. This approach incentivizes
ability benefits, as evidenced by previous implementations. However, residents to reduce their electricity consumption during peak demand
effectively surmounting the identified challenges is crucial for the suc­ periods when electricity prices are high. Additionally, smart city tech­
cessful widespread adoption of these solutions at the city scale. nologies support energy-efficient building design through features such
as insulation, efficient lighting and appliances, and energy-saving
building materials. Time-of-use pricing provides several benefits to
4.4. Smart cities and housing resource management
residents. Firstly, it encourages them to shift their electricity consump­
tion to off-peak hours when electricity prices are lower, leading to
The implementation of smart cities can yield both favorable and
reduced electricity bills. Furthermore, this approach reduces the overall
adverse environmental outcomes. On one hand, the incorporation of
demand for electricity during peak hours, thereby mitigating the risk of
advanced technologies and optimized resource management practices
power outages and reducing the need for expensive new power plants.
can result in a reduction in environmental pollution and promote sus­
Secondly, time-of-use pricing promotes energy-efficient practices among
tainable development in the housing sector. Notably, the utilization of
residents, such as using appliances during off-peak hours or reducing
energy-efficient appliances, monitoring systems for water consumption,
overall energy consumption during peak hours. By adopting such
and the integration of renewable energy sources within smart homes can

Fig. 6. Environmental effects and challenges of smart city waste management technologies.

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

practices, residents can reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a connection. For instance, a smart thermostat app allows users to adjust
more sustainable future. Finally, time-of-use pricing can lower overall their home’s temperature remotely, ensuring a comfortable environ­
electricity costs for the local community by decreasing the need for ment while saving energy. Similarly, a smart lighting app enables users
expensive peak capacity power plants. This can result in more stable and to turn lights on and off from anywhere, even when not at home.
predictable electricity prices for residents in the long term. By utilizing Moreover, a smart dishwasher app allows users to start and stop their
time-of-use pricing, communities can benefit from lower electricity bills, dishwasher remotely, allowing them to run it during off-peak electricity
reduced carbon emissions, and a more stable electricity supply. Smart hours and save money on their energy bill. To control smart appliances
city technologies also facilitate home energy audits, which can be con­ using a smartphone app, users typically have to connect their appliances
ducted remotely using smart sensors. These audits provide personalized to a Wi-Fi network and download the manufacturer’s app. Once the app
recommendations to residents for reducing energy consumption. By is installed, users can control their appliances using their smartphone,
using these various approaches, smart city technologies optimize elec­ tablet, or any other mobile device. This feature provides ease of access
tricity use in houses, reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas and control to users, making their lives more convenient. While the
emissions while lowering electricity bills (H. Kim et al., 2021; Curiale, ability to control smart appliances remotely using a smartphone app is a
2014; Humayun et al., 2022). significant advantage, there are also some limitations to consider. One of
Smart appliances are increasingly being used in homes to manage these limitations is that the app’s functionality and the range of tasks it
energy consumption effectively and improve overall efficiency. These can perform may be restricted compared to the physical controls on the
smart appliances include smart thermostats, smart lighting systems, appliance itself. For instance, a smart oven may provide more temper­
smart home appliances, smart plugs, and smart water heaters. Smart ature and cooking options on its physical control panel than on the app.
thermostats are programmed to adjust heating and cooling settings Another limitation is that controlling smart appliances remotely requires
automatically by taking into account factors such as occupancy, time of a stable and dependable internet connection. If the internet connection
day, and weather conditions. By learning the residents’ preferences and is weak or lost, users may face difficulty controlling their appliances
adjusting the settings accordingly, they help to reduce energy con­ remotely. Moreover, if the app or the manufacturer’s server experiences
sumption and lower electricity bills. Smart lighting systems are equip­ technical issues, users may also encounter difficulties controlling their
ped with sensors and automation technology that can adjust lighting appliances. Furthermore, some users may have concerns about the se­
levels based on occupancy and time of day. These systems can be curity of their personal data and the privacy of their homes when using a
conveniently controlled using a smartphone app from anywhere, smartphone app to control their smart appliances remotely. Hackers
enabling residents to turn lights on and off remotely and reduce energy could potentially access the app and gain control of the appliances,
consumption. Smart home appliances, such as refrigerators, washing leading to security concerns and privacy violations (Makhadmeh et al.,
machines, and dishwashers, can be connected to home automation 2019; Molla et al., 2019; Molla et al., 2018).
systems and controlled remotely. They can adjust their energy usage
based on demand and provide feedback on energy consumption, 4.4.2. Reducing water consumption with smart home appliances and
enabling residents to manage their usage effectively. Smart plugs can technologies
control the power supply to appliances and devices that are not smart- Smart home appliances are useful not only for reducing energy
enabled. They can be programmed to turn off automatically when not consumption but also for reducing water consumption. By utilizing these
in use, reducing energy consumption. Smart water heaters utilize sen­ appliances, homeowners can significantly reduce their water usage,
sors and automation technology to adjust the temperature of the water contributing to a sustainable future. Among these, smart irrigation
based on demand. They can be controlled remotely and provide feed­ systems can reduce water usage in gardens and green spaces. These
back on energy consumption and usage patterns, enabling residents to systems adopt soil moisture sensors to regulate watering schedules
manage their usage effectively (Alzoubi, 2022; Asare-Bediako et al., contingent on weather conditions and plant requirements. Similarly,
2012; Saad al-sumaiti et al., 2014). smart toilets equipped with advanced technologies such as automatic
There are various methods available for integrating smart appliances washing and drying systems can minimize water usage by using only the
into home automation systems, depending on the appliance and the necessary amount of water for cleaning. Smart washing machines are
automation system. These methods include Wi-Fi connectivity, Blue­ also equipped with water flow sensors that can precisely control the
tooth connectivity, Zigbee or Z-Wave protocols, IFTTT, and home amount of water used, reducing water consumption as a result. Smart
automation hubs (Al-Qaseemi et al., 2016). Smart appliances that are faucets can also help reduce water usage by using motion sensors to
equipped with built-in Wi-Fi connectivity can be connected to the home allow water flow only when needed and shutting off automatically when
Wi-Fi network, enabling them to be controlled using smartphone apps or not in use. Smart showerheads equipped with sensors that detect shower
voice assistants (Jabbar et al., 2019). Some smart appliances use Blue­ occupancy and limit the amount of water used per shower also help to
tooth connectivity to communicate with other devices like smartphones reduce water consumption. Additionally, smart leak detectors can pre­
or smart home hubs (ur Rehman & Gruhn, 2018). Zigbee or Z-Wave vent water waste by detecting leaks in pipes or appliances and alerting
protocols are wireless communication protocols that are commonly used homeowners before the damage becomes severe. Smart irrigation con­
in smart home automation systems, and smart appliances that are trollers can detect leaks, and prevent water waste. Smart water meters
compatible with these protocols can be connected to smart home hubs can help homeowners track their water consumption and identify areas
and controlled through the hub (Naidu & Kumar, 2019). IFTTT is a where water usage can be reduced. Smart pool systems also use sensors
web-based service that allows users to create custom automation rules and automation to optimize pool water chemistry and detect leaks,
between different devices and services. Smart appliances that are minimizing water waste (Ishak et al., 2017; Nilsson et al., 2018; Pas­
compatible with IFTTT can be integrated into home automation systems senberg et al., 2016; Veselinović et al., 2020; Waleed et al., 2018).
and controlled based on specific triggers and actions (Coronado & In KNX protocol-enabled smart buildings, a smart water meter is
Iglesias, 2015). Home automation hubs, such as Amazon Echo, Google installed after the main water pipe enters the subscriber’s premises. The
Home, or Apple HomeKit, offer a centralized interface for controlling smart water meter determines the required amount of water for each day
multiple smart appliances. Smart appliances that are compatible with and night based on water consumption patterns, considering the number
these hubs can be connected to the hub and controlled using voice of residents and other factors. If the building’s water consumption ex­
commands or smartphone apps (Kamdar et al., 2017). ceeds the predetermined amount, the smart water meter sends a mes­
Smart appliances offer great convenience and flexibility as they can sage to the controllers to cut off the water flow and sends an alert
be controlled remotely using a smartphone app. These apps enable users message to the residents’ control panels or mobile phones. Following
to manage and monitor their appliances from anywhere with an internet this alert, if the water flow is reconnected, the cost of water per liter

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

progressively increases. To configure the KNX protocol, several equip­ electricity prices are high, resulting in reduced electricity bills, stable
ment items are necessary, including a switch operator, two power sup­ electricity supply, and a smaller carbon footprint. The third category,
plies, an internet connection module, a central control display for smart water management systems, comprises smart toilets, washing
monitoring and entering initial information, an electric valve, two en­ machines, faucets, showerheads, leak detectors, irrigation controllers,
ergy meters, and eight network infrastructures. Improper reuse, drip­ water meters, and pool systems, which can significantly reduce water
ping, or leaks caused by corrosion and wear on washers in water valves usage. In general, the utilization of smart home appliances and tech­
lead to significant drinking water wastage in residential buildings. These nologies empowers homeowners to effectively manage their energy and
issues are often prevalent in areas of the building where people are not water usage, thereby making a valuable contribution towards a more
always present, such as bathrooms and toilets. In smart buildings sustainable future. Extensive research reveals that the implementation
designed with the KNX protocol, presence detection sensors are installed of smart home energy and water systems, as depicted, facilitates sub­
in these areas to turn the water on and off based on the person’s pres­ stantial resource savings and conservation while offering residents
ence. To implement a smart system that controls the water temperature flexibility and convenience. When combined with sustainable building
in residential homes using the KNX protocol, specific equipment is practices, these technologies assume a critical role in promoting sus­
required, including a switch operator, two power supplies, an internet tainable housing and achieving cities’ efficiency objectives.
connection module, a central control display for monitoring and
entering initial information, an electric valve, two human presence 5. Conclusion
detection sensors, and eight network infrastructures. Around 60 % of
household drinking water is used for washing purposes, resulting in This study employed a descriptive-analytical research methodology
wastage of a portion of water to achieve the desired temperature in each to investigate the integration of urban natural resources and smart city
wash (such as in bathrooms and kitchen sinks). Therefore, in a smart technologies for sustainable development. Through a systematic review
building, sensors can be installed at the outlet of water valves to and analysis of literature, the study aimed to explore the concept of
determine the desired water temperature. The embedded system then smart cities and identify key elements related to the integration of green
adjusts the water temperature inside the pipes until it reaches the spaces and smart technologies in cities. The findings of this study indi­
desired temperature and makes it available to the user. To implement a cate that green spaces play a significant role in promoting sustainability
smart system that controls the water temperature in residential homes in smart cities. The incorporation of green spaces, such as converting
using the KNX protocol, specific equipment is required, including a them into renewable energy sources, using them as natural filters to
switch operator, two power supplies, an internet connection module, a improve air and water quality, and designing them as public spaces, can
central control display for monitoring and entering initial information, facilitate environmental, social, and economic development in smart
an electric valve, two water temperature sensors, eight human presence cities. However, effectively utilizing green spaces requires the imple­
detection sensors, and one network infrastructure (Bajer, 2018; Bena­ mentation of smart technologies, such as sensors, to collect and analyze
vente-Peces, 2019; Koulamas et al., 2017). Fig. 7 shows the various data on factors like air pollution, temperature, and irrigation levels. This
smart home appliances and technologies that can optimize energy and data can provide insights to improve the planning and management of
water consumption in households. The figure is categorized into three green spaces in a sustainable manner. While the implementation of
sections: smart energy management systems, time-of-use pricing, and green space data analysis offers several benefits, such as improved air
smart water management systems. The smart energy management sys­ quality, water conservation, urban planning, and public health, it also
tems category includes examples such as smart thermostats, lighting faces challenges related to cost, data reliability, privacy, and expertise.
systems, and home appliances, which can be remotely controlled and Strategies, such as public-private partnerships, community engagement,
adjusted based on energy demand and user preferences. Time-of-use and allocating funding and resources, can help address these challenges.
pricing, demonstrated in the second category, incentivizes residents to Comparative analysis further revealed that cities in the West and East
reduce electricity consumption during peak demand periods when employ green space data analysis, but they differ in their approaches and

Fig. 7. Smart home appliances and technologies for efficient energy and water resource management.

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C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

motivations. The focus in the West has been primarily on environmental promote the use of green infrastructure and sustainable transportation,
and social benefits, whereas in the East, the emphasis has been more on their production and disposal can also generate electronic waste that
urban planning and development. The study also demonstrates that requires careful management to avoid environmental harm. Addition­
smart cities can use various technologies and policies to address envi­ ally, the installation of smart infrastructure requires land and resources,
ronmental challenges, such as air pollution in low-income and disad­ which must be used responsibly. Despite these challenges, the benefits of
vantaged communities. Deploying air quality sensors, implementing smart cities can far outweigh their costs when proper safeguards and
green infrastructure, transit-oriented development, low-emission zones, policymaking are in place. This section highlights several key conclu­
clean energy incentives, and community outreach campaigns have been sions regarding the role of smart technologies in urban sustainability.
effective in improving air quality and public health in these commu­ Smart energy systems that utilize renewable sources and optimize usage
nities. However, the effectiveness of these interventions depends on can substantially decrease greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.
factors such as policy design, community engagement, available re­ Precision technologies for water distribution and irrigation can curb
sources, and infrastructure. excess water usage and loss, mitigating scarcity even as populations
Smart cities are utilizing advanced technologies and strategies to grow. Advanced waste collection and sorting techniques enabled by
effectively manage electricity resources and build more sustainable sensors and AI can minimize waste generation, increase recycling, and
energy systems. Smart grid systems allow cities to optimize the flow of reduce the impact of waste disposal on the environment. Blockchain
electricity in real-time, resulting in improved efficiency and reliability. technology, in particular, shows promise for transparent and efficient
Integrating renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power into waste management.
the grid promotes sustainability by reducing reliance on fossil fuels and Smart transportation and infrastructure can reduce vehicle usage,
emissions. Energy-efficient building designs and demand response pro­ promote walking and cycling, and foster the development of green
grams help to lower overall electricity demand and costs. Investing in spaces, with benefits for both the environment and public health. By
electric vehicle charging infrastructure and energy storage systems prioritizing minimal environmental impact through sustainable solu­
provides more options for balancing supply and demand. Microgrids tions and policies, smart cities can leverage technology to conserve
increase resilience by providing backup power. Furthermore, data ana­ natural resources rather than exploit them.
lytics tools enable targeted programs aimed at reducing waste and The integration of smart home technologies offers promising solu­
predicting infrastructure needs. Despite the numerous benefits, chal­ tions for optimizing resource management and reducing environmental
lenges such as high costs, interoperability, and data privacy must be impacts in housing. Through the use of smart appliances, home auto­
addressed to ensure the feasibility and success of these technologies. A mation systems, and sustainable building practices, residents can
comprehensive, collaborative approach that promotes public under­ significantly reduce their energy and water consumption. Smart ther­
standing and policy reform can further progress in this area. The future mostats, lighting systems, leak detectors, and time-of-use pricing sys­
of urban living depends on adaptable, renewable energy systems and tems enable convenient and efficient monitoring of resource usage,
efficient resource use. With global populations centralized in cities, their incentivizing more sustainable behaviors. Despite limitations related to
infrastructure and policies will shape sustainability on a broad scale. technology access and electronic waste, communities stand to benefit
Technological and social innovation must converge to develop prag­ both environmentally and economically by transitioning to smart and
matic solutions for managing electricity in cities. Transitioning from eco-friendly homes. Smart city systems can leverage data on resource
outdated systems requires long-term vision and investments that yield demands to develop targeted programs for residential efficiency and
returns through environmental and financial security. Though a com­ infrastructure improvements. Given the concentration of global pop­
plex undertaking, reimagining how we power our shared spaces paves ulations in cities, sustainable housing is a crucial component of the
the way for greater wellbeing, connectivity, and prosperity. With smart broader movement toward secure and livable urban spaces. However,
designs and stronger communities, cities can lead in fostering a cleaner, further research is needed to assess the long-term impacts, ensure
brighter future for generations to come. equitable access, and streamline the complex processes of upgrading
Several key conclusions can be drawn regarding smart city solutions conventional homes or developing new smart communities.
for sustainable urban water management. Smart irrigation systems that The main findings and contributions of this study encompass the
utilize soil moisture sensors and weather data can optimize water usage positive role of green spaces in promoting sustainability through their
for urban green spaces and reduce waste. By linking the sensors to a utilization as renewable energy sources, natural filtration systems, and
central control system, irrigation can be tailored to the specific needs of public gathering spaces. Additionally, the study underscores the
the plants and delayed during times when rain is forecast. This precision importance of incorporating smart technologies, such as sensors, to
approach can improve irrigation efficiency and reduce excess water effectively gather and analyze data for enhanced planning and man­
usage, which can range from 50 to 70 % to up to 95 %. Smart water agement of green spaces. While the utilization of data analysis in green
distribution systems equipped with meters, sensors, and variable pres­ space management offers numerous advantages, it is crucial to address
sure pumps can significantly curb water loss from leakage. Installing associated challenges through strategies like public-private partnerships
meters at network nodes and linking them to a control center allows for and community involvement. By conducting a comparative analysis of
the continuous monitoring of water flow, enabling the rapid detection of Western and Eastern cities, the research uncovers distinct motivations
anomalous losses. Reducing pressure during low-demand periods can behind green space data analysis, with a focus on environmental and
also mitigate leakage from worn infrastructure. Such systems have been social benefits in Western cities, and urban planning benefits in Eastern
shown to achieve water savings of up to 11 % when implemented at a cities. Furthermore, the study highlights the potential of technologies
city scale. Demand management initiatives, such as tiered pricing and and policies to address environmental justice concerns in disadvantaged
education programs, can encourage conservation among water users. communities. Notably, the research evaluates various technologies and
Dynamic pricing that increases rates for higher levels of consumption strategies for optimizing electricity resources, conserving water, and
has been demonstrated to motivate people to use less water. Education managing waste with the goal of promoting urban sustainability.
programs that provide information about water issues and offer tips for Therefore, the integration of smart technologies and sustainable
reducing usage can also help foster a culture of sustainability. practices in homes and cities demonstrates the potential for technology
Smart cities aim to utilize advanced technologies to enhance sus­ and social innovation to converge in pragmatic solutions that yield
tainability and improve the quality of life. However, it is important to wellbeing through efficiency, cost savings, and reduced environmental
consider the potential positive and negative impacts of these technolo­ harm. By embracing green designs and practices, communities can lead
gies on the environment. While smart technologies can optimize energy the way in building a cleaner and brighter future for generations to
usage, enhance water conservation, improve waste management, and come.

22
C.X. Hui et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 99 (2023) 104985

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