Management EK General
Pollution
With ref to static OWS, explain EACH of the following:
a) why the supply pump should be carefully selected and
matched to the separator. (2)
b) how the separator achieves effective separation. (4)
c) how the physical properties of each of the fluids to be
separated affects the rate and effectiveness of
separation. (4)
1967 Torrey Canyon 120,000t tanker
About 50 miles (80 km) of French and 120
miles (190 km) of Cornish coast were
contaminated. Around 15,000 sea birds
were killed
MARINE POLLUTION CONVENTIONS
MARPOL 73/78
1983
ANNEX I ANNEX II ANNEX III ANNEX IV ANNEX V ANNEX VI
Oil Noxious Harmful Sewage Garbage Air
Liquid Substances in
Substances Packaged Form
Chemicals Containers
IMO member states
= 173
Annex I
Re for the Prevention of pollution by Oil
CH 1
• Reg 1 Special areas (table p3)
• Reg 4 Exceptions-safety of life
CH 2
• Reg 6 Surveys-Initial, Renewal (5yrs), Intermediate,
Annual, Additional-accident/repair/modification
• Reg 9 + 10 Cert 5yrs (3 month), supplement (A for non
tankers and B for tankers)
• Reg 11 Port State Insp-crew knowledge
MARPOL SPECIAL AREAS AND (S)ECA’S
ANNEX 1
ANNEX 2
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 4
ANNEX 5
ANNEX 6
MARPOL
North Sea X X X
N.W.E.W. X
Mediterranean X X
Baltic Sea X X X X
Black Sea X X
Red Sea X X
Gulf X X
Gulf of Aden X
Antarctica X X X
Oman Sea X
Wider Caribbean X
Port Limits (Local
Regulations) X X X X X
South African Sea X
MARPOL SPECIAL AREAS AND (S)ECA’S
ANNEX 1
ANNEX 2
ANNEX 3
ANNEX 4
ANNEX 5
ANNEX 6
MARPOL
North Sea X X X
N.W.E.W. X
Mediterranean X X
Baltic Sea X X X X
Black Sea X X
Red Sea X X
Gulf X X
Gulf of Aden X
Antarctica X X X
Oman Sea X
Wider Caribbean X
Port Limits (Local
Regulations) X X X X X
South African Sea X
Annex I
IOPP Cert
– Ship particulars
Supplement (form A or B)
– Details of separating equipment
– Identification of bilge, sludge etc. tanks
– Standard discharge connection
– Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan
• Amendments to International Oil
Pollution Prevention Certificate
Amendments to update Form B of the
Supplement to the International Oil
Pollution Prevention Certificate, in relation
to segregated ballast tanks, also enter into
force on 1 March 2018.
Annex I
Reg for the Prevention of pollution by Oil
CH 3
• Reg 12 Adequate sludge tank capacity, dedicated pump,
no discharge to bilge system/OWS/direct Obd except
standard disch connx
• Reg 13 Standard disch conn (215mm OD, 183mm PCD,
x6 holes-22mm Dia etc)
• Reg 14 Oil filtering equipment
<400gt - retaining facilities,
400gt -10,000gt Oil filtering equipment complying 14.6
<15ppm,
>10,000gt Oil filtering equipment complying 14.7
<15ppm + auto alarm/stop
http://www.marpoltraining.com/MMSKOREAN/MARPOL/Annex_I/r14.ht
m
Annex I
Reg 15 Control of disch
>400gt Discharge from mc/y space bilges can be carried out inside
special areas provided that
– the ship is proceeding en-route
– The oily mixture is passed through oil filtering equipment
meeting the requirements of reg 14.7 (discharge auto stop +
alarm)
– the oil content without dilution, does not exceed 15 PPM
– the bilge water does not originate from cargo p/p room bilges
– the bilge water is not mixed with oil cargo residues
• En route means that the ship is under way at sea on a
course or courses, including deviation from the shortest
direct route, which as far as practicable for navigational
purposes, will cause any discharge to be spread over as
great an area of the sea as is reasonable and
practicable.
Left bottle 16.5 PPM of oil/water emulsion.
Pure H2O in the bottle to the right!
Annex I
Reg 17 ORB-Part 1
Tankers >150gt, every ship >400gt
A. Ballasting/clean fuel tanks
B. Disch of above
C. Collect/dispose/trans of sludge
D. Non-Auto-Disch/trans of bilges
E. Auto-Disch/trans of bilges
F. Condition of oil filtering equip
G. Accidental disch of oil,
H. Bunk (fuel/lo)
I. Other e.g. maint, test,
Low Sulphur FO c/o
Entry without delay, Master sign each page, keep for 3 years after last
entry
Low Sulphur Fuel C/O record
ENTRY TO ECA – Upon completion of the fuel change-
over operation
1. Date and time of completion of the fuel change-over
(start time and calculation should be recorded)
2. Ship position – latitude and longitude, on completion of
fuel change-over
3. Volume of low sulphur fuel oil (not more than X %
sulphur content) in each tank on completion of fuel change-
over
(i) Tank identity
(ii) Tank quantity
(iii) Signature of responsible officer
Annex I
Reg 37 SOPEP tankers >150gt other >400gt
• Procedure for reporting
• Authorities/persons contact
• Description of action for reducing/containing
• Procedure for co-ordination with ashore
Ship fuel oil consumption data reporting requirements
The ship fuel oil consumption data reporting requirements are the latest mandatory
requirements aimed at enhancing the energy efficiency of international shipping.
The data collection will begin on 1 January 2019 with data reported at the end of each
calendar year to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the United Nations agency
with responsibility for regulating the safety, security and efficiency of shipping and preventing
marine and atmospheric pollution from ships.
The data collection system is intended to equip IMO with concrete data on fuel oil
consumption, which should assist Member States in making decisions about any further
measures needed to enhance energy efficiency and address greenhouse gas emissions from
international shipping.
The mandatory requirements were adopted by IMO’s Marine Environment Protection
Committee (MEPC) in 2016, through amendments to chapter 4 of annex VI of the
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).
Under the new Regulation 22A on Collection and reporting of ship fuel oil consumption data,
ships of 5,000 gross tonnage and above are required to collect consumption data for each
type of fuel oil they use, as well as other, additional, specified data including proxies for
transport work. These ships account for approximately 85% of CO2 emissions from
international shipping.
The aggregated data will be reported to the flag State after the end of each calendar year and
the flag State, having determined that the data has been reported in accordance with the
requirements, will issue a Statement of Compliance to the ship.
Types of oily water separator
• Gravity - Uses density difference oil/water (+ heat).
• Coalescing – ’coming together’ i.e formation of larger
droplets (oil attracted to oil).
• Coalescing (Oil attracted to oleophilic filter material (PTFE)
due to its surface charge) (req backflushing).
• Membrane – Porous material allows water but not oil to pass
• Coagulation/Flocculation – Chemicals added which attract the oil
and form flocs.
• Biological – Bacteria consume the oil.
• Centrifuging – Centrifugal force separates oil/water (purifier)
Separation (Stoke’s law)
• F = (ρw-ρo) g 4/3πr3
• Velocity = (ρw-ρo) g 2r2
9µ
• Density of oil drops faster
than the density of water
at increased temp
• Increased temp = lower
viscosity i.e. easier for oil
to move up in water
• Lamina/smooth/slow flow
Coalescing
oil combines with oil
or
oil attracted to oleophilic material
(PTFE)
= bigger droplets
https://youtu.be/HJOgXAG-iyk
OWS pump selection
• Capacity of pump <= capacity of OWS otherwise
backup + turbulence/churn = mixing,
slow flow rate = residence (time for separation),
stops oil carryover
• Churning before OWS ↓ efficiency = ↑ppm, so supply
pump type restricted if before ows
• Pump after OWS = unrestricted type (any +ve)
OWS Pump Types
100
90
80
Flexible Vane
70
Centrifugal
Disc + Shoe
Percentage Droplet < d
60 Diaphragm
Hypocycloidal
50 Reciprocating
Double Vane
Gear
40
Single Vane
Triple Screw
30
Double Vane
20
10
0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Oil Droplet Size
Heli-Sep Bilge Water Separator
Coalescing OWS
Control Panel Interface
Probe
To Sludge
Htr Tank
Test
Cocks Polishing pack
P
Separating (Polypropylene
media (Baffle beads)
plates) 15ppm
Monitor and
Alarm
FW
O/Bd
Flush
Inlet
Pump
Sludge
Sample
drain
Recirc
Backflush
METHODS OF DETECTING OIL
CONTENT
1. ULTRA VIOLET
FLUORESCENCE (old tech)
2. TURBITY MEASUREMENT
3. LIGHT ABSORPTION AND
GAS MEASUREMENT
4. INFRA – RED ABSORPTION
Oil in water-principles of measurement
Conductivity All poor with respect to sensitivity and
Capacitance would usually be used only to detect
Acoustic Attenuation oil-water interfaces (in an oil/water
Sonic Impedance separator)
Infra Red Absorption Absorption devices using any wavelength,
Ultra Violet Absorption on a system where the oil is present in the
Visible Light Absorption form of particles, suffers from the effects of
sand, rust etc. distorting the accuracy
Visible Light Scattering Devices using visible light are usually
cheaper, simpler and are non-specific with
respect to oil types. However, they also
detect, without distinguishing between, oil
and non-oil particles of similar diameter.
Of the two visible light techniques
scattering is the most sensitive
Ultra Violet Fluorescence Ultra Violet fluorescence suffers from a wide
variation in response to different types of oil
Monitoring Oil In Water
Turbidity measurement – Light Absorption
The absorption of infra-red light by oil can be measured. To do this,
the absorption of an oily water sample is compared with a sample
of oil free reference water which has been filtered. The oil free
water is frequently passed through the measuring cell to check or
zero the oil content meter. This system is relatively simple in
construction and operation. The only disadvantage is (common to
the other systems which employ optical measurement) the fouling
of the sensing unit glass tube/windows
Light absorption type
Turbidity measurement - Light Scatter
If an oil/water mix with a low oil content is heavily agitated so that the oil droplets
become very, small, the water will turn 'milky' to varying degrees, depending upon
the amount of oil present.
If a light beam is projected through a test cell containing sample water with well-
homogenised droplets, part of the light passing through the cell will be scattered
This principle can be used with in-line sensors, but dual sensors can provide
improved accuracy and automatic zeroing function.
A photo cell at the end of the straight path through the cell will have reduced light
striking it whereas a photocell mounted at an angle to the original path, will have
more light striking it.
Thus a clear water sample will allow all the light to strike the photocell in line, with
no light striking the out-of-line photocell. The diagram shows that as the sensors
become dirty, the reading of ppm should stay approximately constant, as the
measurement of light at both sensors should stay at similar levels proportionally.
The disadvantage of this unit is that the instrument measures the number of particles
in the water, thus they are sensitive to other such as rust or air bubbles, which will
register as increased oil ppm.
• Light Scatter
Detector
Detector
Light
Ultraviolet fluorescence
The principle is based on the phenomenon that molecules of unsaturated
hydrocarbons become excited when illuminated with ultraviolet light of a
certain wavelength, and will then radiate light in the visible spectrum. This
radiated light is then metered and this indicates the oil content of the oily
water mix.
The method is sensitive to the size of the droplets, but is rather insensitive to
other impurities in the oil. Its main advantage is the simplicity of design. Its
main disadvantage is that different oils contain different amounts of
unsaturated hydrocarbons. Thus the instrument must be calibrated each time
for the type of oil being monitored.
Although a considerable number exist on vessel's, models using this principle
are no longer produced.
ULTRA VIOLET FLUORESCENCE
RESOLUTION MEPC.107(49)
Adopted on 18 July 2003
Revised guidelines and Specifications for Pollution
Prevention Equipment for Machinery Space Bilges of Ships.
(ships > 1/1/2005)
OCM
4.2.5 The ppm display should not be affected by
emulsions and/or the type of oil. It should not be
necessary to calibrate the 15ppm bilge alarm on
board ship, but may be permitted.
4.2.6 The response time of the alarm should not exceed 5s.
4.2.7 The alarm should be pre-set by the manufacturer @
15ppm.
4.2.8 Simple means should be provided aboard ship to
check on instrument drift, repeatability, and
ability to zero.
4.2.9 The alarm should record date, time, alarm status, -
stored for 18 months.
4.2.10 To avoid wilful manipulation:
.1 Every access requires the breaking of a
seal.
.2 Alarm activated if cleaning water on.
4.2.11 Accuracy should be checked at IOPP survey ( by
manufacturer)
Control Box PPM Monitor Push Button, Rinse
Valve
Door
Switch
Recorder
Flow
Control,
PPM
Monitor
3-way valve
Water inlet Overboard Line
Flow
Return to Bilge Tank Meter
Lockable/
sealed cover
and video
surveyance
Tanker wash water discharge
Reg 34 – discharge of contaminated water
(cargo tank washings)
(a) Not within special area,
(b) more than 50 nmiles from land,
(c) en-route,
(d) maximum 30 litre per nmile,
(e) maximum 1/30,000th of cargo quantity.
(f) Oil discharge monitoring and
control system required.
a) Describe a vacuum sewage system. (5)
b) List the adv of the system described in part a). (4)
c) State why untreated sewage should not be allowed to
stagnate. (1)
a) Sketch a Bioreactor type sewage treatment plant (6)
b) State the regs regarding the allowable condition of the
effluent disch from this plant in part a). (4)
Annex IV - Sewage
Reg 1
Sewage means
1. Waste from toilets and urinals
2. Drainage from medical premises
3. Drainage from spaces containing animals
4. Other waste if mixed with above.
Reg 2
Applies to all ships >400gt or >15 persons
Annex IV
Reg 3 Exceptions
CH 2
Reg 4 Surveys
.1 Initial, .2 Renewal (5yrs). Additional survey after accident
or major repair.
(ISPP certificate issued which includes plant test results)
Reg 7 Form of cert
Reg 8 Duration 5yrs
Annex IV
CH 3 Equip + control of disch
Reg 9 Sewage systems
Every ship >400gt (or >15 persons) must comply
and be equipped with one of the following
sewage systems:-
• Holding tank or
• Comminuted + disinfected only or
• Approved treatment system
Reg 10 Standard disc conn
210mm OD, 170mm PCD, x4 holes,-18mmdia, 16mm
flange
Annex IV
Reg 11 Disch of sewage
Dish is prohibited except when:-
• If held in storage tanks (raw)
>12 nmiles off land @ moderate rate, ship en-route
>4 knts;
• If Comminuted + disinfected (approved system),
>3 nmiles off land;
• If treatment plant (approved + cert)
(test result in ISPP cert, No floating solids or
discolouration)
Annex IV
2012-MEPC 64
• 1 Jan 2013 Baltic Annex IV Special Area,
New passenger ships 1st June 2019
Existing passenger ships 1st June 2021
Existing passenger ships transiting special area
1st June 2023
(Nitrogen and Phosphorus limits)
Currently, the Baltic Sea area is the only Special Area under Annex IV. In
accordance with resolution MEPC.275(69), the discharge requirements for
Special Areas in regulation 11.3 of MARPOL Annex IV for the Baltic Sea Special
Area shall take effect:
.1 on 1 June 2019, for new passenger ships[1];
.2 on 1 June 2021, for existing passenger ships[1] other than those
specified in .3; and
.3 on 1 June 2023, for existing passenger ships en route directly to or from
a port located outside the special area and to or from a port located east of
longitude 28˚10' E within the special area that do not make any other port calls
within the special area.
The discharge of sewage from passenger ships within a Special Area is generally
be prohibited under the new regulations, except when the ship has in operation an
approved sewage treatment plant which has been certified by the Administration
(see resolution MEPC.227(64)). The sewage treatment plant installed on a
passenger ship intending to discharge sewage effluent in Special Areas should
additionally meet the nitrogen and phosphorus removal standard when tested for
its Certificate of Type Approval by the Administration (resolution MEPC.227(64),
section 4.2)
Biological Sewage Treatment
Biological Sewage Treatment
Aerobic bacteria require free oxygen to survive, and
break down the organic matter to:
H2O + CO2 + Inert Residue
Anaerobic bacteria produce toxic and flammable
gasses in a process known as putrefaction, the
products being:
H2O + CO2 + H2S + CH4 (Methane)
MGN 33-’Celtic Pride’ incident
• Sewage tanks without aeration – empty and flush every
24hrs (unless treated)
• Sewage tanks with aeration-manufacturers
recommendations (blowers, alarms, vents, seals etc)
should be followed + plant regularly (1 yr)
insp/maintained
Annex IV
BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND
(B.O.D.)
• Measure of strength of sewage/effectiveness of plant
• Depends on activities of bacteria in the presence of
oxygen - feed on and consume organic matter
• TEST is (change) in amount of dissolved oxygen taken
by a 1 ltr sample incubated at 20C for 5 days
• The B.O.D. of raw sewage is 300-600 mg/ltr
• IMO limit 50mg/ltr (or 25mg/ltr Baltic) after treatment
Annex IV
COLIFORM COUNT
• Harmless coliform bacteria present in human intestine,
easy to cultivate, their presence is an indicator of the
level of pollution. Measures the effectiveness of
disinfection. 48hr incubation at 35°C.
• They indicate the presence of ‘pathogens’ (anything
causes disease-virus, bacteria, fungus, parasite etc),
which may cause typhoid, dysentery, hepatitis etc
• Each person contributes 125 to 400 billion bacteria per
day
• IMO limit a count of 250/100ml (or 100/100ml Baltic)
Annex IV
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
• Solids physically suspended in solution
• Removed by filtration through an asbestos mat which is
then dried and weighed
• Level in Raw Sewage is 300-400 mg/litre
• IMO limit of 50mg/ltr (or 35mg/ltr Baltic)
Annex IV
RESIDUAL DISINFECTANT
• IMO limit 0.5 mg/ltr
• IMO prefer Ultra-Violet exposure to chlorination
pH
• 6 - 8.5
Vacuum Collection (10l/pers/day=1.2ltrs/flush)
Adv:
• Less water (not using gravity),
• Small size pipework (less water),
• Position with greater flexibility (wc’s can be below tk),
• Foul gases cannot enter accommodation ( –ve press,
+ve isolation).
Vacuum Collection
Vacuum From Toilets
Control
Vent
Eductor Effluent
Non-Return Flap
Drawn In
Valve
From Circ Pump
Nozzle
O/B or to treatment
Holding Tank at
Atmospheric Pressure
Circ. / Discharge Pump
‘Membrane’ BioReactor (MBR)
‘Membrane’ ‘BioReactor’ (MBR)
Vent
Return
Filter
Transfer p/p
1st 2nd stage
stage
Black
water
Filter press
Grey water <1mm Membrane
mesh
Permeate Blower
HP p/p
p/p
0.01µm holes
Turbidity
Permeate
meter
membrane tubes
tank
Solids-
bagged Clean
water O/bd
A membrane is a selective barrier; it allows some things to pass through but
stops others. Such things may be molecules, ions, or other small particles.
Hamworthy Membrane Bioreactor
Membrane BioReactor
Annex V
Amendments to MARPOL Annex V (MEPC 70)
• 1st March 2018 - Placards, GMP, GRB – new rules + format,
GRB + receipts keep 2 yrs
A. Plastics
B. Food waste
C. Domestic wastes (paper, rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery)
D. Cooking oil
E. Incinerator ashes
F. Operational waste
G. Animal carcasses
H. Fishing gear
I. E-waste (oral?)
J. Cargo residues (non-HME)
K. Cargo residues (HME)
Ballast Water Management
• Problem = transfer of non native lifeforms/organisms
• Ecological, economic, public health risks
• All ships >400gt carrying/disch ballast
• 2004 IMO BWM convention adopted
• 8th Sept 2017 IBWMC (comply by next IOPP), BWM
plan + BW record book
• Organisms max quantity limits
• 1. Exchange or 2. Treatment
• Treatment systems =
1. Separation (centrifuge) or
2. Disinfection (biocide, UV, de oxygenation)
Under Regulation B-4 Ballast Water Exchange, all ships
using ballast water exchange should:
• whenever possible, conduct ballast water exchange at
least 200 nautical miles from the nearest land and in
water at least 200 metres in depth, taking into account
Guidelines developed by IMO;
•
in cases where the ship is unable to conduct ballast
water exchange as above, this should be as far from
the nearest land as possible, and in all cases at least
50 nautical miles from the nearest land and in water at
least 200 metres in depth.
• Regulation D-1 Ballast Water Exchange Standard -
Ships performing Ballast Water exchange shall do so
with an efficiency of 95 per cent volumetric exchange
of Ballast Water. For ships exchanging ballast water by
the pumping-through method, pumping through three
times the volume of each ballast water tank shall be
considered to meet the standard described. Pumping
through less than three times the volume may be
accepted provided the ship can demonstrate that at least
95 percent volumetric exchange is met.
