ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At the outset, I express our gratitude to the Almighty Lord for the divine guidance and wisdom showered on me to undertake this project. 1 am immensely grateful to my beloved Principal for his involvement in this project by providing useful inputs and timely suggestions. I am also thankful to my Chemistry teacher for her guidance and help to make this project a success. My Parents also played a key role in shaping up this project nicely and I convey my special thanks to them as well.CERTIFICATE This is to certify that SOQUMYA..RANJADLNAIK. ee Reg. NO. cece of class XI of ODISHA ADARSHA VIDYALAYA -GOLAMUNDA tas successfully completed his / her project report in chemistry on the topic “ Study Of Oxalate Ion Content In Guava Fruit...” for the partial fulfillment of AISSCE as prescribed by the CBSE in the year 2023-2024 - Viva voce held on: Registration No: Signature of the Guide Signature of the principal Signature of the Internal Signature of the External Examiner ExaminerAIM The aim of this project is to create herbarium sheets of various medicinal plants of different species along with their taxonomical hierarchy, description and economic importance. These plants play a huge role in our medicines and medical sciences and have cured us from various diseases from ages. Materials Required 4 Samples of various medicinal leaves. * Old newspapers. & Herbarium sheet. * Gum.Introduction A herbarium (plural: herbaria) is a collection of preserved plant specimens and associated data used for scientific study. The term can also refer to the building or room where the specimens are housed, or to the scientific institute that not only stores but uses them for research. The specimens may be whole plants or plant Parts; these will usually be in dried form mounted ona sheet of paper but, depending upon the material, may also be stored in boxes or kept in alcohol or other preservative. The specimens in a herbarium are often used as reference material in describing plant taxa, A xylarium is a herbarium specialising in specimens of wood. The term hortorium (as in the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium) has occasionally been applied to a herbarium specialising in preserving material of horticultural origin. And in this project we will take a look on various plants in our surroundings which are so useful that they help our body systems in various ways. They are used ina lot of medicines and have a huge role in medical field. But surprisingly in India we have been using plants as medicine in our daily life for more than 5000 years, which we also know by the name of “Ayurveda”. Ayurveda, or ayurvedic medicine, is a healthy-lifestyle system that people in India have used for more than 5,000 years. Ayurveda emphasizes good health and Prevention and treatment of illness through lifestyle practices (such as massage, meditation, yoga, and dietary changes) and the use of herbal remedies, Ayurvedic medicine is holistic, which means viewing the body and mind as a whole. Ayurveda not only treats a person's physical complaints, but it also changes lifestyle practices to help maintain or improve health. Procedure To prepare a perfect herbarium sheet one needs to follow some specific processes to complete this successfully. > First, collection of the plant specimen.® Second, drying of the plant specimen. > Third, pressing of the dried plant specimen into the herbarium sheet. > Fourth, mounting of the dried plant specimen into the herbarium sheet. > Fifth, sticking of the dried specimen into the herbarium sheet. > Sixth, labeling of the plant part along with it’s classification. > Seventh, Ultimately the herbarium sheet is completed for deposition. USES OF A HERBARIUM SHEET Herbarium collections can have great significance and value to science and have a large number of uses. Herbaria are essential for the study of plant taxonomy, the study of geographic distributions, and the stabilizing of nomenclature. Specimens housed in herbaria may be used to catalogue or identify the flora of an area. A large collection from a single area is used in writing a field guide or manual to aid in the identification of plants that grow there. With more specimens available, the author of the guide will better understand the variability of form in the plants and the natural distribution over which the plants grow. In some cases plants become extinct in one area or may become extinct altogether. In such cases specimens preserved ina herbarium can represent the only record of the plants original distribution. Herbaria have often proven very useful as sources of plant DNA for use in taxonomy and molecular systematicsMarigold Collection Number: Date of Collection: ‘Common Name: Marigold, Gyanda Scientific Name: Tagetes erectus Family: Asteraceae Habitat: Terrestrial Nature: Dicotyledonous Flower colour: Yellow to Orange Locality: Collector: Identified By: Medicinal Properties: The whole herb is anthelmintic, aromatic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative and stomachic. It is used internally in the treatment of indigestion, colic, severe constipation, coughs and dysentery. Externally, it is used to treat sores, ulcers, eczema. Sore eyes and rheumatism, The leaves are harvested as required for immediate use during the growing season, whilst the flowering plant can be dried and stored for later use. A paste of the leaves is applied externally to treat boils, carbuncles and earaches. The flowers are carminative, diuretic and vermifuge. A decoction is used to treat colds, and mumps. It is applied externally to treat skin diseases, conjunctivitis and sore eyes. The root is laxative.Aloevera Collection Number. Date of Collection: Common Name: Aloe vera Scientific Name: Aloe barbadensis miller. Family: Aloaceae Habitat: Terrestial Nature: Monocotyledonous Flower colour: Yellow, Orange or Red Identified By: Remarks: Succulent and evergreen perennial Medicinal Properties: Aloe vera, can help inhibit the growth of certain bacteria that can cause infections in humans. A review of 4 experimental studies found that Aloe vera could reduce the healing time of burns by around 9 days compared to conventional medication. The evidence for Aloe vera helping to heal other types of wounds is inconclusive. Aloe vera acts as a mouthwash by killing the plaque- producing bacterium Streptococcus mutans in the mouth, as well as the yeast Candida albicans. Studies have convincingly shown that Aloe vera treatment can accelerate the healing of mouth ulcers. Aloe vera has often be used to treat constipation.Periwinkle Collection Number; Date of Collection: Common Name: Periwinkle, Nayan-tara Scientific Name: Chatharanthus roseus Family: Apocynaceae Habitat: Terrestial Nature: Dicotyledonous Flower colour: White to Dark Pink Locality: Collector: Identified By: Remarks: Also Used as ornamental house or garden plant Medicinal Properties: It decreases blood pressure and reduces excitement. It is also proved anti-diabetic. Catharanthus roseus is used as an anticancer agent. It is most effective for the treatment of lung cancer. Itis used for the treatment of Leukemia. It has antibacterial and antiviral property. It is also anti-inflammatory in nature. The medicine prepared from the alkaloid of this Catharanthus roseus plant is used for the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma in children. The flower petals and seeds have antioxidant property. It cures various skin diseases such as acne, eczema and dermatitis. It is also useful for the treatment of nose bleeding, gum bleeding as well as treatment of bleeding hemorrhoids. Catharanthus roseus is also useful for the treatment of Asthma. It also stops bleeding from the wound directly.Collection Number: Date of Collection: Common Name: Tulsi, Holy Basil Scientific Name: Ocimum sanctum Family: Lamiaceae Habitat: Terrestial Nature: Dicotyledonous. Flower colour: Purple or Reddish Locality: Collector: Identified By: Remarks: Divine plant according to Hindu Mythology Medicinal Properties: Tulsi has anti inflammatory properties as it reduces vata. Tulsi helps in many skin disorders. It is effective in skin rashes, insect bites and itching. Leaves of this plant are effectively used in ring worm infections and lucoderma.Tulsi leaves act as nervine tonic and help to sharpen memory. Tulsi is beneficial in indigestion, intestinal parasites and constipation. Crushed leaves of tulsi are very effective in fever, cough, bronchitis and other diseases of lungs. It helps in expectoration of excess mucous secretion. Tulsi acts as a cardiac tonic and purifies bloodCollection Number: Date of Collection: (Common Name: Neem Scientific Name: Azadirachta indica Family: Meliaceae Habitat: Terrestial Nature: Monocotyledonous Flower colour: White Locality: Collector: Identified By: Remarks: Also known a “cure for all ailments” - Sarva Roga Nirvanmaanskrit) Medicinal Properties: Neem elaborates a vast array of biologically active compounds that are chemically diverse and structurally camplex. More than 140 compounds have been isolated from different parts of neem. All parts of the neem tree- leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark have been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, infections, fever, skin diseases and dental disorders. The medicinal utilities have been described especially for neem leaf. Neem leaf and its constituents have been demonstrated to exhibit immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory, antihyperglycaemic, antiulcer, antimalarial, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic PropertiesTurmeric Collection Number: Date of Collection: Common Name: Turmer Scientific Name: Curcuma longa Family: Zingiberaceae Habitat: Terrestial Nature: Monocotyledonous Flower colour: Yellow - White ‘Locality: Collector: Identified By: Medicinal Properties: Turmericis considered as a digestive bitter and a carminative. Itcan be added into foods including rice and bean dishes to improve digestion, reduce gas and bloating. Itis a cholagogue, stimulating bile production in the liver and encouraging excretion of bile via the gallbladder. This improves the body's ability to digest fats. For chronic digestive weakness and/or congestion turmeric is recommended. team be taken as a single extract or in the form of digestive bitters, which combine turmeric with other bitter and carminative herbs. Turmeric is beneficial for people who feel tired after consuming meals or who experience gas and bloating, Whatever way turmeric is consumed it is beneficial to both the digestive system and the liver, Turmeric shares similar liver protectant compaunds that milk thistle and artichoke leaves contain, Itis said to shrink engorged hepatic ducts, so it can be useful to treat liver conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and jaundice, Recent scientific research confirm that turmeric can cure host of diseases, also they found that turmeric restrains the growth of various types of cancer. Turmeric is used for the treatment of skin cancer or pre-cancerous. skin conditions. Both topical and internal uses are beneficial.CONCLUSION From this project, | have concluded everything about what a project originally means and what are the purpose for doing a project. A herbarium is prepared to show some specified plant specimens in future. But all of us did not know what some other uses of herbarium is. Besides that, after doing the project now | am able to know about the classifications, descriptions and uses of the plant specimens of which | have prepared my herbarium sheet. | will be very much happy, if our teacher would assign us such project in future also.BIBLIOGRAPHY ¢ Wikipedia. * www.shutterstockimages.com @ Calcutta University, Botany department. e www.alamy.com ° www.dreamtimes.com e www. itslife.com Encyclopedia of life. 7