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VARDHMAN ACADEMY,
RADHA GARDEN, MEERUT.
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Certificate of Excellence

This is to certify that, Abhinav singh, a student of

classXII A has successfully completed the research on
the project, Electric motor, under the guidance of
Mr. Vinod Kumar Mishra during the year 2023-2024 in
partial fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature Signature Signature

(Superintendent) (External Examiner) (Internal Examiner)
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TITlE

Title of the project : “DIY Electric Motor: A Hands-

On Approach to Understanding Motor Mechanisms.”

Name : Abhinav singh

School Name : Vardhman Academy
School Address : C-block Radha Garden,
Mawana road, Meerut
Academic Year : 2023-2024
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Table of contents :-

• Synopsis (page no.- 5)

• Introduction (page no.- 6)
• Objective (page no.- 7)
• Apparatus required (page no.- 8)
• Theory (page no.- 9)
• Procedure (page no.- 10)
• Conclusion (page no.- 13)
• Precautions (page no.- 14)
• Application and uses (page no.- 15)
• Bibliography (page no.- 17)
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Acknowledgement

I, Abhinav singh of class 12th, am glad to represent my Physics project

on the topic Electric motor.

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

Physics teacher Mr. Vinod Kumar Mishra for his able guidance and
support in completing this project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to our Principal

Mrs. Swati Munshi for providing me with all the required facilities.

I am also grateful to my parents and friends for their assistance in

completing this project in such a short period of time. I’d also like to
thank my classmate for their helpful instructions and suggestions.
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Synopsis

This Class 12 project involves the design and construction

of a simple electric motor, aiming to bridge theoretical
concepts with practical application. Focused on
investigating efficiency and performance, the project
explores electromagnetic principles, detailing materials,
methods, and experimental setups. Results are presented
through tables and graphs, with a subsequent discussion
comparing findings to theoretical expectations. The project
concludes with a summary of key points, acknowledging
contributions and suggesting potential enhancements.
Through a live demonstration, the project aims to provide
a hands-on understanding of electric motor technology.
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Introduction :-

The "Electric Motor Project" undertaken as part of

the Class 12 curriculum serves as a hands-on
exploration of the fundamental principles and
practical applications of electric motors. Electric
motors play a pivotal role in diverse technological
fields, from industrial machinery to household
appliances, making a comprehensive understanding
of their workings essential. This project aims to
bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and
real-world application by designing and constructing
a simple electric motor. The introduction provides an
overview of the project's objectives, emphasizing the
significance of electric motors and setting the stage
for the subsequent exploration of construction
methodologies, experimental setups, and analytical
discussions. As we delve into the intricacies of this
project, the goal is to not only gain theoretical
insights but also to witness the principles in action
through a live demonstration of the constructed
electric motor.
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Objective :-
The primary objective of an electric motor is to convert electrical energy
into mechanical energy. This conversion is based on the principles of
electromagnetism and the interaction between electric currents and
magnetic fields. The specific objectives of an electric motor include:
1. Generate Rotational Motion: The electric motor aims to produce
rotational motion in a shaft or rotor by utilizing the magnetic forces
induced by electric currents.
2. Efficient Energy Conversion: Achieve high efficiency in converting
electrical energy into mechanical work to minimize energy losses
during the process.
3. Controlled Operation: Enable precise control of the motor's speed
and torque to suit various applications and operational requirements.
4. Applications in Diverse Industries: Address the needs of various
industries by providing a reliable and versatile source of mechanical
power for applications such as manufacturing, transportation, and
household appliances.
5. Compact and Lightweight Design: Strive for a design that is
compact, lightweight, and efficient, making electric motors suitable for
a wide range of devices and systems.
6. Sustainability: Explore methods to enhance the environmental
sustainability of electric motors, considering factors such as energy
efficiency, materials used, and end-of-life disposal.
7. Innovation and Advancements: Contribute to ongoing research and
development efforts aimed at improving motor technology, exploring
new materials, designs, and control mechanisms.
8. Integration with Renewable Energy: Explore ways to integrate
electric motors with renewable energy sources, facilitating a shift
toward more sustainable and eco-friendly power systems.
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Apparatus required :-
The apparatus required for an electric motor project can vary based on the complexity
of the motor design and the specific objectives of your project. However, for a basic DIY
electric motor project, you would typically need the following apparatus:

Materials Needed:
1. Insulated copper wire
2. Small permanent magnet
3. D-size battery
4. Small strip of sandpaper
5. Paper clips
6. Adhesive or tape
7. Small pieces of cardboard or foam
8. Scissors
9. Pliers
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Theory :-
The theory of electric motors is grounded in the fundamental principles of
electromagnetism and the interaction between electric currents and magnetic fields.
Here is a simplified explanation of the theory behind electric motors:
1. Basic Principle:
• An electric motor operates on the principle that when a current-carrying
conductor (such as a wire) is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force. This
force causes the conductor to move, and if the conductor is part of a closed loop, it will
rotate.
2. Fleming's Left-Hand Rule:
• The direction of motion or force in an electric motor can be determined using
Fleming's Left-Hand Rule. This rule states that if you point your thumb in the direction of
the current, your index finger in the direction of the magnetic field, then your middle
finger will point in the direction of the force or motion.
3. Construction of a Simple Electric Motor:
• A basic electric motor consists of a coil of wire (armature) placed between the
poles of a magnet. The coil is connected to a power source, typically a battery. When
current flows through the coil, it generates a magnetic field. This magnetic field interacts
with the external magnetic field, creating a torque that causes the coil to rotate.
4. Commutator and Brushes:
• To ensure continuous rotation, electric motors often use a commutator—a rotary
switch that reverses the direction of the current in the coil as it rotates. Brushes are
used to maintain electrical contact with the moving coil.
5. Torque and Rotation:
• The interaction between the magnetic fields produces a torque on the coil,
causing it to rotate. The rotational motion of the coil can be used to perform mechanical
work.
6. Energy Conversion:
• Electric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The electrical
energy is provided by the flow of current through the coil, and the mechanical energy is
manifested in the rotational motion of the motor.
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Procedure :-
1. Starting in the center of the wire, wrap the wire tightly and neatly around the
marker 30 times.
2. Slide the coil you made off of the marker.
3. Wrap each loose end of the wire around the coil a few times to hold it together,
then point the wires away from the loop, as shown:

4. Ask an adult to use the hobby knife to help you remove the top-half of the wire
insulation on each free end of the coil. The exposed wire should be facing the
same direction on both sides. .
.
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5. Thread each loose end of the wire coil through the large eye of a needle. Try to
keep the coil as straight as possible without bending the wire ends.

6. Lay the D battery sideways on a flat surface.

7. Stick some modeling clay on either side of the battery so it does not roll away.
8. Take 2 small balls of modeling clay and cover the sharp ends of the needle.
9. Place the needles upright next to the terminals of each battery so that the side of
each needle touches one terminal of the battery.
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10. Use electrical tape to secure the needles to the ends of the battery. Your coil
should be hanging above the battery.
11. Tape the small magnet to the side of the battery so that it is centered underneath
the coil.

12. Give your coil a spin.

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Conclusion :-
In conclusion, the Electric Motor Project has provided a hands-on
exploration into the fascinating world of electromagnetism and
motor technology. The construction of a simple electric motor
allowed for a practical application of theoretical concepts learned
in the classroom, offering valuable insights into the fundamental
principles governing motor operation.
Through systematic experimentation, observations were made
regarding the motor's rotation direction, speed, and stability. The
critical role of the commutator and brushes in ensuring continuous
rotation was highlighted. Variations in the number of turns in the
coil and the position of the permanent magnet were examined to
understand their impact on motor performance.
The project underscored the essential relationship between the
electromagnetic field generated by the coil and the external
magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet, resulting in
the generation of torque and rotational motion.
Optimizations were made to enhance the motor's efficiency,
emphasizing the significance of factors such as the number of coil
turns and the strength of the magnetic field. These adjustments
demonstrated the practical considerations involved in designing
electric motors for specific applications.
Beyond its educational value, the project showcased the
widespread applications of electric motors in everyday devices
and industrial systems. The ability to convert electrical energy into
mechanical motion is a cornerstone of modern technology,
powering everything from household appliances to advanced
machinery.
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Precautions :-

1.Electrical Safety:

Ensure that all electrical connections are secure and insulated to

prevent short circuits.
Use appropriate voltage levels and avoid overloading the circuit.
Disconnect the power source when making adjustments or
modifications to the motor.
2. Insulation and Isolation:

Insulate exposed wires and connections to prevent accidental

contact.
Isolate the working area to minimize the risk of interference from
bystanders.
3. Battery Safety:

Use the correct type and size of batteries for the project.
Check for any signs of damage or leakage in the batteries.
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Application and uses :-

1.Industrial Machinery: Electric motors power a wide range

of industrial machinery, including conveyor systems,
pumps, compressors, and manufacturing equipment.
2.Transportation: Electric motors are widely used in
electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid vehicles, and electric trains
for propulsion. They provide a clean and efficient
alternative to traditional internal combustion engines.
3.Household Appliances :Many household appliances rely
on electric motors, including refrigerators, washing
machines, vacuum cleaners, blenders, and fans. These
motors enable the rotation of various components for
essential functions.
4.Power Tools: Electric motors power a wide variety of
power tools such as drills, saws, grinders, and sanders.
These motors provide reliable and efficient operation for
DIY enthusiasts and professionals.
5.Aerospace Industry: Electric motors are used in aircraft
for various applications, including moving control surfaces,
operating landing gear, and providing power for auxiliary
systems.
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6.Medical Devices: Many medical devices, such as MRI

machines, electric wheelchairs, and medical pumps,
incorporate electric motors for precise and controlled
movement.
7.Robotics: Electric motors play a crucial role in robotics
by providing motion to robotic limbs, wheels, and other
moving parts. They are essential for the automation of
various tasks.
8.Entertainment Devices: Electric motors are used in
audio equipment, cameras, and projectors for functions
such as tape transport, lens focusing, and film reel
movement.
9.Renewable Energy Systems: Electric motors are integral
components in renewable energy systems, including wind
turbines and solar tracking systems, where they are used
to convert natural energy sources into electrical power.
10.Water Pumping Systems: Electric motors are employed
in water pumps for agricultural irrigation, municipal water
supply, and industrial processes.
11.Electric Fans and Blowers: Fans and blowers in various
applications, from computer cooling systems to industrial
ventilation, are powered by electric motors.
12.Elevators and Escalators: Electric motors are used in
elevators and escalators for vertical transportation within
buildings.
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13.Cranes and Hoists: Electric motors provide the lifting

and lowering power for cranes and hoists used in
construction and material handling.
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Bibliography :-

NCERT textbook I & II

www.wikipedia.com
Google.com
Byju’s.com
Toppr.com