GEOGRAPHY

6. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
1.What is an Industry?
Ans: An economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods,
extraction of minerals or provision of services is called an industry.

2.What is manufacturing?
Ans: Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw
materials into more valuable products is called manufacturing.

3.What is the importance of manufacturing industry?

Ans:1. Manufacturing industries are the backbone of a country’s economy.
2. It provides employment to the people in secondary and tertiary sector.
3. It brings down the regional disparities
4. It helps in modernizing agriculture
5. It promotes trade and commerce
6. It brings in much needed foreign exchange
7. It also helps in the development of country’s economy.

4.How do the manufacturing industries assist agriculturalist in

increasing their production?
Ans:Manufacturing industries depend on agriculture for raw materials and
sell their products such as irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides,
pesticides, plastic &PVC pipes, machines and tools etc. to the farmers to
help them.

5. “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other”. They

move hand in hand. Explain.
Ans: Contribution of agriculture to Industry:-
1. Agriculture provides raw materials to industry such as jute, cotton,
sugarcane etc.
2. It also acts as a source of capital formation which can be utilized by
industry.
3. It provides food to the industrial workers.
4. It provides good market to the industrial products.
5. It also decreases pressure on industry.
Contribution of Industry to Agriculture:-
1. Industry provides inputs to the agriculture such a fertilizers, pesticides,
tractors etc.
2. It provides infrastructural facilities
3. It can absorb surplus labourers or workers from agriculture and reduces
pressure on agriculture
 4. It also increases the market value of agricultural products.

6.Suggest ways through which Indian industries can easily face global
competition in the international market.
Ans: 1.Our manufactured goods needs to be more efficient and competitive.
2. Self-sufficiency alone is not enough.
3. Our manufactured goods must be at par in quality with those in the
international market.
4. Only then we will be able to compete in the international market.

7. Name any 3 physical factors that affect the location of industries.

Ans: 1. Availability of raw material
2. Availability of power resources
3. Suitable climate

8. Name any 3 human factors that affect the location of industries.

Ans:1. Availability of labour
2. Availability of market
3. Government policies

9. Industrialisation and urbanization go hand in hand”. Explain.

Ans: 1. After an industrial activity starts, Urbanisation follows.
2.Industries are located in or near cities
3.Cities provide market and other services such as consultants, banking,
insurance and financial advice etc. to the industries.
4. Workers need houses and other facilities. The provision of these facilities can
convert a small town into a big city.

10.Write a note on the classification of Industries:

I. On the basis of raw materials used industries are classified as:
1. Agro based Industries.
2. Mineral based Industries.

Agro based industries Mineral based industries

1. Agro based industries derive 1. Mineral based industries

raw materials from agriculture. derive raw materials from
2. They provide employment in minerals.
rural areas. 2. They provide employment in
3. They mostly produce consumer rural and urban areas.
goods. 3. They produce both consumer
 4. Ex: Sugar, jute, textile, edible and value based goods.
oil etc. 4. Ex: Iron and steel, ship
building,
Machine goods etc.

II. On the basis of their main role or the types of products produced
industries are classified as:

1.Basic or Key industries

2. Consumer industries

Basic or key industry Consumer industry

1. Basic industries supply their 1. Consumer industries produce

products as raw materials to goods for direct use by
manufacture other goods. consumers.
2. Ex: Iron and steel, copper 2. Ex: sugar, toothpaste, paper,
smelting, aluminum smelting sewing machines, fans etc.

III. On the basis of Capital Investment industries are classified as:

1. Small scale industry
2. Large scale industry

Small scale industries Large scale industries

1. Small scale industries manufacture 1. Large scale industries manufacture

small goods. large goods.
2. The quantity of raw materials 2. The quantity of raw materials and
used is not very large and the capital investment (more than Rs.1
maximum capital investment made crore) is very large.
is Rs. 1 crore 3. Women workers are not generally
3. Women workers are largely employed in large scale industries.
employed in small scale industries 4. Iron and steel, cotton textile etc.
4. Soap making, garment industry
etc.

IV. On the basis of Ownership industries are classified as:

1.Public Sector: The industries are owned and operated by government
agencies. Ex: BHEL, SAIL etc.
2.Private Sector: These industries are owned and operated by individuals or
group of individuals. Ex: TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd, Dabur industries
3.Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by the state and individuals or
group of individuals.
Ex: Oil India Limited (OIL)
4.Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned and operated by the
producers and suppliers of raw materials, workers or both.
Ex: Sugar industry in Maharashtra, the coir industry in Kerala, Anand dairy
farm in Gujarat etc.
5.Multinational Sector: Multinational sectors are set up in collaboration with
foreign investment. Ex: Coco-cola, Pepsi etc.

V. On the basis of bulk and weight of raw materials used and the finished
goods industries are classified as:
1.Heavy industries
2.Light industries

1.Heavy industries: These industries use heavy and bulky raw materials and
produces heavy and bulky products and the cost of production is high.
Ex: Iron and steel industry.

2.Light industries: These industries use light raw materials and produce light
products and in which women are also employed. Ex: Watch making electricals
etc. Cost of production is comparatively less.

11. Which industry occupies an unique position in the Indian Economy?

Why?
Ans:The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy as
it contributes significantly to industrial production, employment generation and
foreign exchange earning. It contributes 4% towards GDP. It is the only
industry in the country which is self reliant and complete in the value chain i.e.
from raw material to the highest value added products.

12.Represent Value addition in the textile industry with the help of a flow
chart.
Ans:

Fibre Spinning Weaving Dyeing and Garment

Production Knitting Finishing Manufacture
 Raw fibre Yarn Fabric Garment

13.How were cotton textile produced in ancient India?

Ans: Cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving
techniques.

14.Why the traditional industries of India suffered a set back during the
colonial period?
Ans: They couldn’t compete with the mill made cloth from England.

15.Discuss the growth of cotton textiles in India.

Ans: 1. The first textile mill was set up in Mumbai in 1854.
2. Today there are nearly 1946 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in
the country. About 80% of these are in the private sector and the rest (20%) are
in the public and cooperative sectors.
3.Apart from these there are several thousand small factories with four to ten
looms.
4. The industry provides source of livelihood to farmers, cotton ball pluckers
and workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing,
packaging, tailoring and sewing.
5. The states of Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu lead in textile industry
and the main centres are Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Madurai, Calcutta, Indore,
Coimbatore etc.

16.Why were the cotton textile industry concentrated in the cotton growing
belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat?
Ans: In the early years the cotton textile industry was concentrated in the cotton
growing belt of Maharashtra and Gujarat because of easy availability of raw
cotton, market, transport and port facilities, labour, moist climate.

17.The largest proportion of industrial workers in India are found in textile

industry. Give reasons.
Ans: Textile industry has spread both in rural and urban areas. Textile industry
is labour intensive. It requires large number of people in different stages of
production.
In rural areas it comprises of handloom sector and in urban sector it comprises
of textile mills. It has close links with agriculture and provides a living to
farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning,
weaving, dyeing, designing, packing, tailoring and sewing. The industry by
creating demands supports many other industries such as chemicals and dyes,
mill stores, packaging materials and engineering works.
18.Which is the largest industry of India. Name any 4 states where these
industries are located.
Ans: Cotton textile industry is the largest industry of India.
Maharashtra, Gujarat, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh .

19. Write a note on the development of cotton textile industry in India.

Ans: The textile industry occupies unique position in the Indian economy.
It contributes 4% towards GDP.
In ancient India, cotton textile were produced with hand spinning and
handloom weaving
The first successful textile was established in Mumbai in 1854.
Today there are nearly 1946 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in the
country. 80% in private sector and 20% in public sector.
Maharashtra and Gujarat are the hub of the cotton textile industry in India.
Indian cotton textile industry produces handloom, powerloom and machine
made cloth.
India exports cotton goods to USA, UK, Russia, France, East European
countries, Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lank and African countries.
India has the second largest installed capacity of spindles in the world next to
China.
The spinning sector has received a lot of attention since the mid eighties.
India has a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn accounting for
one- fourth of the total trade and our garment trade is only 4% of world trade.
We are able to compete at the global level in terms of spinning and in using all
types of fibre.

20. Why is weaving highly decentralized in India?

Ans: In India weaving is highly decentralized to provide scope for incorporating
traditional skills and designs of weaving in cotton, silk, zari, embroidery etc.
It is done by handloom, powerloom and in mills .
Most of the production in weaving segments are undertaken by some large and
modern factories in fragmented small units which cater to the local market.

21. What is the importance of textile industry for Indian economy?

Ans: 1. The textile industry has a close link to agriculture and provide living to
the farmers, cotton ball pluckers and workers engaged in ginning, spinning,
weaving, dyeing, designing, packing, tailoring and sewing.
2. The hand spun khadi provides a large scale employment to weavers in their
homes as cottage industry. That is why Mahatma Gandhi laid emphasis on
spinning yarn and weaving khadi.
3. It supports many other industries such as chemicals and dyes, mill stores,
packaging materials and engineering works.
4. It provides employment to a large number of skilled and unskilled workers.
5. It also helps in industrial decentralization.
6. The major share of India’s exports come from cotton textile industry.

22. Why is it important for our country to keep mill sector loomage lower
than powerloom and handloom?
Ans: Most of the weaving in our country are done by using handloom and
powerloom.
Handloom and powerloom provides largescale employment to the weavers.
Hence it is important for our country to keep mill sector loomage lower than
powerloom and handloom to protect the interest of weavers in the handloom
and powerloom sector.

23.Cotton and textile industries has largest concentration in and around

Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Ahmedabad (Gujarat). Give reasons.
Ans: Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port
facilities, labour, moist climate etc contributed to the largest concentration of
cotton textile industry in and around Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Ahmedabad
(Gujarat) .

24.“Many of our spinners export cotton yarn while garment manufacturers

have to import fabric”. Explain.
Ans: Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using
all the fibers we produce. The weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use
much of the high quality yarn that is produced in the country. There are large
and modern factories in the segments but most of the production is fragmented
in small units, which cater to the local market. This mismatch is a major draw
back for the industry. As a result many of our spinners export cotton yarn while
the garment manufactures have to import fabric.

25.Why is it important to improve our weaving sector instead of exporting

in large quantities?
Ans: Improvement in weaving sector would mean 1. Value added to yarn sector
2. More exports of finished goods 3. More earnings of foreign exchange and
4. More income.

26. What are the main problems faced by cotton textile industry?
Ans: 1.Outdated machinery
2. Erratic power supply
3. Low output of labour
4. Stiff competition from synthetic fibre industry.

27. Write a note on Jute industry in India.

Ans: India is the largest producer of raw jute and jute goods and stands second
place as an exporter after Bangladesh.
There are about 80 jute mills in India.
Most of these are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of Hugli
river.
The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1859 at Rishra.
After partition in 1947, the jute mills remained in India but three fourth of the
jute producing area went to Bangladesh(erstwhile Pakistan).
Contribution of Jute industry to employment:
The jute industry supports 3.7 lakh workers directly and another 40 lakhs small
and marginal farmers who are engaged in cultivation of jute and mesta. Many
more people are associated indirectly.

28.Why are most of the jute mills of India located in West Bengal (Hugli
basin)?
Ans: The main factors responsible for the location of most of the jute mills in
West Bengal (Hugli Basin) are:-
1.Proximity of the jute producing areas
2.Inexpensive water transport
3.Good network of railways, roadways and waterways to carry raw materials
to the mills.
4.Abundant water for processing raw jute
5.Cheap labour from neighbouring states
6.Good provisions for banking, insurance and port facilities.

29. State the challages faced by the jute industry.

Ans: 1. Stiff competition in international market from synthetic fibre.
2.High cost of production due to the use of old technology
3. Stiff international competition from Bangladesh, Brazil, Philipines, Egypt
and Thailand.

30. Why there is an increase in the internal demand for jute in our
country?
Ans: The government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging has led to the
increase in internal demand for jute in our country.

31. What steps have been taken by the government to boost the
production of jute goods?
Ans: In 2005, National Jute policy was formulated with the objective of
increasing productivity, improving quality, ensuring good prices for the jute
farmers and enhancing the yield per hectar.

32. Which countries are the main markets for Indian jute.
Ans: The main markets are U.S.A., Canada, Russia, United Arab Republic,
U.K. and Australia.

33. What has once again opened the opportunity for jute products?
Ans: The growing concern for environment friendly biodegradable materials
has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

34. Explain the development of sugar industry in India.

Ans: 1. India is the second largest producer of sugar and occupies first place
in the production of gur and khandasari.
2.There are more than 662 sugar mills in India mainly located in sugarcane
growing areas due to the reduction of sucrose content in haulage.
3. 60% mills are in U.P and Gujarat.
4. Most of the mills are in cooperative sector.

35. Why is sugar industry located in U.P?

Ans: Most of the sugar industries are located in U.P because it has:
1. Fertile soil
2. Tropical climate
3. Rainfall more than 100cm.
4. Bright sunshine
5. Irrigation facilities
6. Abundant electric power
7. Cheap labour

36. Why is sugar industry ideally suited to the cooperative sector?

Ans: Sugarcane growers are also the owners of the sugar industry.
During the growing season they work in the sugarcane fields performing
various cultivation activities.
During crushing season they work in the sugar industries.
They get work throughout the year.
So, sugar industry is best suited to be in the cooperative sector.

37. In recent years, the sugar industry is shifting from north to south
(southern and western states) Why?
Ans: 1. The cane produced here has higher sucrose content.
2.The cooler climate also ensures longer crushing season.
3. The cooperatives are more successful in these states.
38. What are the major challenges of sugar industry?
Ans: 1. The seasonal nature of the industry.
2.Old and inefficient methods of production.
3. High cost of production.
4. Transport delay in reaching cane to factories.
5. Low yield of sugarcane.

39. What are mineral based industries? Give examples.

Ans: Industries which use minerals and metals as raw materials are called
mineral based industries.
Eg. Iron and Steel Industry
Aluminium Smelting Industry etc.

40. Why iron and steel industry is called basic and heavy industry?
Ans: Iron and steel industry is called basic industry because all the other
industries – heavy, medium and light depend on it for their machinery.
Moreover steel is needed to manufacture variety of engineer goods,
construction material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and
a variety of consumer goods.
Iron and steel industry is a heavy industry because all raw materials and
finished goods are heavy and bulky entailing heavy transportation cost.
Note: Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of
approximately 4:2:1 in the manufacture of steel . Some quantity of
manganese is also required to harden the steel.
41. Write a note on Iron and steel production in India.
Ans: India ranks fourth among the world crude steel producers with 72.8
million tons of steel production. It is the largest producer of sponge iron.
Inspite of large quantity of steel production the per capita consumption per
annum is only 49 kg as against the world average of 182 kg.
42. Explain the process of steel manufacturing and mention the uses of
steel.

Blast furnace Pig iron

Iron ore is melted. Molten materials
Transport of raw
Limestone is fluxing poured into moulds
material to plant
material which is called pigs.
added. Slag is
removed, coke is
burnt to heat the ore.
Shaping metal steel making
Pig iron is further
Rolling,
purified by melting
Pressing,
and oxidizing the
Casting and forging.
impurities.
Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering goods, construction
Manganese nickel,
material, defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and a variety of
chromium are added
consumer goods.

43.Why is per capita consumption of steel so low in India?

Ans: Per capita consumption of steel in India is 49 kg per annum. It is very
low because of the following reasons:
1. High cost of production
2. Poor infrastructure
3. 72% of population live in villages which require very small quantities of
steel
4. Means of transport in remote areas are not developed to carry steel to
these area.
5. Very low development in tribal areas.

44.Distinguish between integrated steel plants and mini steel plants.

Ans.

Integrated steelpalnts Mini steel plants

1. These are the plants where all the 1. These are decentralized
process of manufacturing steel are secondary units which
carried out in one complex, from specialize in one or two
putting together raw material to processes.
steel making , rolling and shaping
of steel.
2. Comparatively these plants
2. These plants need large need less investment.
investment.
3.They fulfill local demand.
3. They fulfill local as well as
international demand.
4. There are more than 400 mini
4. There are 10 integrated steel steel plants in India
plants in India.

45. How is steel marketed in India?

Ans: All public sector undertakings market their steel through SAIL ( Steel
Authority of India Ltd.)
TISCO markets its produce through Tata Steel.

46. Give reasons why iron and steel industry in India is concentrated
around Chotanagapur plateau region.
Ans: Chotanagpur plateau region has the maximum concentration of iron and
steel industries because of the relative advantages this region has for the
development of this industry, which includes
1. low cost of iron ore
2. high grade raw materials in proximity
3. Cheap labour
4.Vast potential in the home market.

47. “India is an important iron and steel producing country in the

world yet we are not able to perform to our full potential”. Give reasons.
Ans: 1. High cost and limited availability of coking coal.
2.Lower productivity of labour.
3. Irregular supply of energy.
4. Poor infrastructure
5. Lower investment in research and development.

48. Mention the problems faced by iron and steel industry.

Ans: 1. High cost of production
2. Lack of availability of coking coal
3. Low efficiency of labour.
4 Erratic supply of energy resource
4. Poor infrastructure

49. What recent developments have led to a raise in the production of

the iron and steel?
Ans: In recent years the policy of liberalization and direct investment from
foreign countries and private entrepreneurs and more funds for the research
and development for updating technology has contributed to the raise in the
production capacity

50. Explain aluminum smelting industries with reference to the

following :
1. Major uses of aluminum
2. Annual production
3. Locational factors
4. Aluminium Smelting Plants
5. Raw materials used
6. Process of manufacturing in Aluminium Industry.
Ans: Aluminium smelting is the second important metallurgical industry of
India.
Uses of aluminium:-
1. Aluminium is light , resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat,
malleable and becomes strong when mixed with other metals.
2. It is used to manufacture aircraft, utensils and wires.
3. It is used as a substitute to steel, copper, zinc and lead in a number of
industries.
2.Annual production:- Around 15.29 lakh million tonnes per annum(2008-
09).
3.Locational factors:-
1. Regular supply of electricity
2. Assured source of raw materials at the minimum cost.
4. Aluminum smelting plants:-
There are eight Aluminium smelting plants in India.
West Bengal, Orissa (NALCO & BALCO), Kerala, Chattisgarh,
Maharashtra, U.P and Tamil Nadu.
5. Raw materials used:-
Bauxite is the raw material used in the smelters.

51. Explain the reasons for rapid growth of chemical industry in India.
Ans: The chemical industry in India is fast growing and diversifying. It
contributes approximately 3% to the GDP. It is the third largest in India and
occupies 12th place in the world in terms of size. It comprises of both large
scale and small scale manufacturing units. Rapid growth has been seen in
both organic and inorganic sectors. Inorganic chemical include sulphuric
acid (used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics, adhesives,
paints, dyes stuffs) nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used to make glass, soaps,
detergents, paper) and caustic soda. Organic chemicals include petro
chemicals which are used for manufacture of synthetic fibres, synthetic
rubber, plastic, dye stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. These industries are
widely spread allover the country.

52. Explain the contribution of chemical industry to the Indian

economy.
Ans: 1. Chemical industry is one of the major sources of employment for a
large number of skilled as well as unskilled workers.
2. Export of chemicals and chemical products brings foreign exchange to the
country.
3. It reduces pressure on land by providing employment
4. It supplies pesticides and insecticides which help in the development of
agriculture
 53. Mention any four facts regarding fertilizer industry
Ans: 1. There are 57 fertilizer units manufacturing nitrogenous and complex
nitrogenous fertilizers. 29 for urea and 9 for producing ammonium sulphate
as by product and 68 other small units produce single super phosphate.
2. At present there are 10 public sector undertaking and one in cooperative
sector at Hazira in Gujarat under fertilizer corporation of India
3. The fertilizer industry is centered around the production of nitrogenous
fertilizers (namely urea), phosphatic fertilizers and ammonium phosphate
(DAP) and complex fertilizers having a combination of nitrogen (N),
phosphorus (P) and potash (K). Potash is entirely imported as the country
does not have any reserve of commercially usable potash or potassium
compounds in any form. India is the third largest producer nitrogenous
fertilizers.
4. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, UP ,Punjab and Kerala are the leading producers.

54. What is the importance of cement industry?

Ans: 1. It is essential for construction activities such as dams, buildings,
bridges etc.
2. It provides employment to the people.
3. India earns foreign exchange by exporting cement.

55. Mention any 4 basic inputs of cement industry.

Ans: 1.Limestone
2. Silica
3. Gypsum
4. Alumina

56. Mention any 4 pre requirements of cement industry.

Ans: This industry requires bulky and heavy raw materials like silica,
limestone, gypsum and alumina.
2. It requires coal and electric power.
3. As the inputs are bulky and heavy, cheap transportation is required .
4. Export facilities.

57. “Cement industry is expanding at a fast rate”. Give any four

reasons.
Ans: 1. De-control of price
2. De-control of distribution
3. High demand due to governments stress on infrastructure
4. Increase in exports especially to Middle East, South Africa and South
Asian
countries.
Note: The first Cement Plant was set up in Chennai in 1904. The industry
has strategically located plants in Gujarat which has suitable access to the
market in the Gulf countries.
There are 128 large Cement plants and 332 mini cement plants.

58. Write a note on Automobile industry in India.

Ans: Automobiles Industry provides us various types of vehicles for quick
transport of goods, services and passengers.
The vehicles include trucks, buses, cars, two-wheelers and three-wheeler
scooters, motorcycles and multi-utility vehicles.
This industry has developed in the last 15 years.
Liberalisation of trade , Foreign Direct Investment brought in new
technology and aligned the industry with global developments.
At present there are 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and multi-utility
vehicles, 9 of commercial vehicles, 14 of the two and three-wheeler vehicles.
The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai,
Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bangalore.

59. Which city is known as electronic capital of India? Name any 4 other
electronic centres of India.
Ans: Bangalore has emerged as the electronic capital of India. Other
important centres for electronic goods are Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune,
Coimbatore,
Chennai and Kolkata.

60. What are Software Technology parks?

Ans: They are centres which provide single window service and high, data
communication facility to the software export.

61. What is the importance of IT sector for the Indian economy?

Ans: 1. IT has provided employment to over a million people.
2. It is a major foreign exchange earner.
3. It has helped in the growth of service sector.
4. 30 percent of the people employed in this sector are women.

62. What is the key to the success of IT industry in India?

Ans: The continuing growth in the hardware and software is the key to the
success of IT industry in India.

63. How do industries pollute the environment?

Ans: Industries are responsible for four types of pollution.
1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Thermal pollution
4. Noise pollution
1. Air pollution:- 1. Air pollution is caused by presence of high amount of
undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide etc.
2. Air borne particulate materials contains both solid and liquid particles
like dust, spray mist and smoke.
3. Air pollution is also caused by toxic gas leaks and hazardous chemicals.

2. Water pollution:- 1. The discharge of industrial effluents into rivers and

water bodies cause water pollution.
2. Industries like paper, chemical, textile and dyeing tanneries, petroleum
refining etc let out chemical and solid wastes that pollute both land and
water.

3.Thermal pollution:- 1. It occurs when hot water from factories and

thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling and affects the
aquatic life. Wastes from nuclear power plants cause cancers, birth defects
and miscarriages. Land, soil and water pollution are closely related.
2. Rain water percolates through the soil carrying the pollutants to the
ground and pollutes the ground water.

4. Noise pollution:- Undesirable noise produced from industries like

industrial and construction activities, electric drills, generators, saws, etc
cause impairment of hearing, blood pressure and other health problems.

64. How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced?

Ans: 1. Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in
two or more successive stages.
2. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirement.
3.Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds.

65. Treatment of industrial liquids can be done in three stages. Discuss.

Ans: Primary treatment- by mechanical process.
Secondary treatment- by biological process.
Tertiary treatment- by chemical, biological and physical process.

66. Discuss the steps to be taken to minimize environmental degradation

by industry.
Ans:
1. Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling it in
two or more successive stages.
2. Harvesting of rain water to meet water requirements.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them into rivers and
ponds.
Treatment of industrial wastes can be done in 3 phases.
a. Primary treatment by mechanical means which involve grinding,
screening,
flocculation and sedimentation.
b. Secondary treatment by biological process.
c. Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical process including
recycling of waste products.
4. Legal regulations on over drawing of ground water reserves.
5. Fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric
filters, rubbers and inertial separate to reduce the particulate matter in air
6. Using oil or gas instead of coal in factories to reduce the smoke.
7. Redesigning all the machinery to increase the energy efficiency and to
reduce noise.
8. Generators should be fitted with silencers.
9. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs
and earphones.

67. Explain the steps taken by NTPC for preserving the natural
environment.
Ans.
1. Optimum utilization of equipment adopting latest techniques and
upgrading existing equipment.
2. Minimising waste generation by maximizing ash utilization.
3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the
question of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash
water
recycling system and liquid waste management.
5. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all
its
power stations.
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