Commerce (COQP08)

Syllabus
for
Commerce (COQP08)

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Note:
i. The Question Paper which will have 75 questions.
ii. All questions will be based on Subject-Specific Knowledge.
iii. All questions are compulsory.
iv. The Questions will be Bilingual (English/Hindi).

Commerce (COQP08)

Micro Economics
1. Definition Nature and Scope of Economics, Marshall & Robins Views. Utility of Economics, Micro
vs. Macromedia of Economics Study, Economic Theory and Business Decisions.
2. Utility Analysis, Consumer Behavior, Consumer’s Equilibrium. Traditional Approach and
Indifference Curve and Analysis: Price Income and Substitution Effects. Some Application of
Indifference Curve Techniques, Elasticity of Demand.
3. Production – Equal Product Curves, Scale of Production: Input-Output Relationship, Cost Curves;
Variable Cost Conditions and Law of Variable Proportions, Producers’ Equilibrium. Product Pricing
– Market Format, Perfect Competition, Monopoly and Imperfect Completion.
4. Pricing of Factors of Production, Concept of Marginal Productivity, Theories of Rent, Wages,
Theories of Interest and Profit.

Currency and Banking

1. Functions Significance of Money, Various Forms of Money, Causes, Remedies and Effects of
Inflation, Deflation and Reflation Indian Money Market, Principles Methods of Note Issues,
Monetary Standard – Gold Standard, Bi-metallize and Managed Currency Standard.
2. Meaning and Significance of Credit. Factors Influencing the Volume of Credit in Country, Credit
Creations of Bank, Credit Control by RBI.
3. Functions of Commercial Bank, Types of Banks, Unit and Branch Banking System, Concept of Mix
Banking, Central Bank and its Functions, Reserve Bank of India, State Bank of India, Regional Rural
Banks, Progress of Nationalized Banks in India
4. Concept of Foreign Exchange and Exchange Rate, Factors Causing Fluctuation in Exchange
Control Meaning, Objective and Methods.

Essential of Management
1. Nature, Scope and Functions of Management, Evolution of Management Thought, Various
Approaches to Management, Functions of a Manager, Introduction to Corporate Social
Responsibility.

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2. Planning: Objective, Nature and Process of Planning, SWOT Analysis, Formulation of Plans,
Decision Making Process. Organizing: Objectives, Nature and Process of Organizing Formal
and Informal Organization, Authority and Responsibility, Delegation and Empowerment,
Centralization and Decentralization, Concept of Departmentation, Organization Chart, Line,
Staff and Functional Relationships.

3. Staffing: Concept, Manpower Planning, Recruitment, Selection, Training and Development,

Performance Appraisal. Directing: Concept and Techniques of Motivation and Leadership.
Process and Barriers to Communication.

4. Controlling: Concept, Need and Techniques. Controlling: Concept, Process and Techniques and
Control, Management by Objectives (MBO) Management by Exception (MBE), Essentials of
Effective Control, Managerial Effectiveness.

Office Management
1. Office: Meaning, Importance, Activities, Emerging Trends, Concept of Paperless Office.
2. Office Management: Meaning, Functions. Office Organization: Definition, Characteristics, Types
of Organization, Office Systems and Procedures, Charts and Manuals. Office Location, Layout and
Environment, Flow of Work.
3. Computer Fundamentals: Concept, Components and Types of Computers. Operating System:
Concept, Functions, Types. Managing Files and Folders. Internet: Basics, Features, Methods of
Access. Applications and Benefits of Computerization and Internet in Office. Introduction to
Word Processing and Spreadsheets: Templates and Creation of Documents, Editing and
Formatting, Creating tables, Basic Applications.
4. Office Record Management: Importance, Filing Essentials, Modern Methods of Filing, Modern
Filing Devices, Indexing System. Office Forms: Meaning, Principles, Design and Control of Office
Forms.
5. Office Supplies: Management and Control of Office Supplies. Office Correspondence: Types,
Centralized and Decentralized Correspondence, Procedure of Handling Inward and Outward
Correspondence, Electronic Communication.
6. Office Information System: Concept, Basic Types and Business Applications. Planning and
Designing of Information System: System Development Life Cycle, Flow Charts. Office Reports:
Types of Reports, Report Writing and Precis Writing.
7. E-Commerce: Concepts, Types, Business Models, E-payment Systems.

Accounting
1. Accounting an Introduction: Accounting Standard – National and International, Partnership
Accounts – Admission, Retirement & Death and Dissolution of Partnership Firm.
2. Absorption, Amalgamation and Reconstruction of Companies, Liquidation of Companies and
Preparation of a Liquidator’s Final Statement of Account.
3. Hire Purchase and Instalment Accounts, Royalties Accounts, Insolvency Accounts.
4. Branch Account: Voyage Accounts, Accounts of Empties and Packages; Insurance Claim for Loss
of Stock and Loss of Profit.

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Business Organization
1. Definition, Nature and Scope of Business, Business and Society, Social Responsibility of Business,
Factors Determining the Size of Business Unit. Forms of Business Organization – A Comparative
Study.
2. Monopolistic Combination, Production Management, Rationalization & Methods of
Remunerating Labor.
3. Organization Process – Importance, Principles, Various Aspects of Organization, Organization
Structure, Departmentation, Line and Staff Relationships, Span of Control, Delegation of
Authority, Decentralization.
4. Produce and Stock Exchange: Its Organization and Economic Functions.

Statistical Methods
1. General – The Nature and Scope of Statistics: Definition of Statistics. Law of Statistical Regularity:
Law of Inertia of Large Numbers. Probability and Sampling. Limitations of Statistics.
2. Methods of Statistical Enquiry – Types and Characteristics of Units. Methods of Collection of
Data; Questionnaire and Schedule; Proximations and Accuracy, Errors and their Effects.
3. Classification and Tabulation – Objects, General- Rules for the Construction of Tables; Statistical
Series.
4. Measure of Central Tendency – Mean Mode, Median, Quartile Harmonic and Geometric Mean.
5. Measurement of Dispersion and Skewness – Range, Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation,
Standard Deviation and their Coefficients; Measures of Skewness.
6. Correlation Analysis – Graphic Method, Scatter Diagram, Karl Pearson’s Coefficient of
Correlation, Spearman’s Ranking Method, Lag and Lead, Probable and Standard Error.
7. Regression Analysis – Linear Regression, Regression Lines, Regression Equations.
8. Interpolation – Assumptions, Newtons’ Advancing Differences, LaGrange’s’ Formula; Parabolic
Curve Method; Binominal Expansion Method.

Public Finance
1. Public Finance – Definition and Scope; Public and Private Finance.
2. Public Revenue – Sources of Public Revenue; Nature and Principles of Taxation; Classification of
Taxes; Problems Principles of Equity in Taxation. Incidence of Taxation; Shifting of Taxes. Effects
of Taxation. Requirements of a Sound tax System. Canons of Taxation.
3. Principle of Maximum Social Advantage.

4. Public Expenditure – Classification, Effects and Canons of Public Expenditure, Public Debt,
External and Internal Debt. Methods of Debt Redemption. Capital Levy, Deficit Financing.
5. Administration, Budget- Its Preparation, Legislation and Execution.
6. Analysis of Trends in Central Government’s Revenue, Expenditure and Debt. Financing of Five
Year Plans, Deficit Financing in India.

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7. State and Local Finance, Heads of Revenue and Items of Expenditure and Related Issues.

Business Law
Main Principles of Indian Law Relating to:
1. Contract
2. Agency, Sale of Goods
3. Partnership, Negotiable Instruments and Hundis and Consumer Protection Act 1986
4. Common Carriers and Carriage of Goods of Land and Air. Foreign Exchange Management Act.
2000: Definitions & Main Provisions.

Cost Accounting
1. Definition, Nature, Scope and Significance, Cost Unit, Cost Centre, Elements of Costs, System of
Ascertainment of Cost, Control and Ascertainment of Materials, Labor and Overhead Costs,
Allocation, Apportionment and Absorption of Overheads.
2. Single Output or Unit Costing, Contract and Job Costing, Calculation of Tender, Quotation,
Estimated Price, Process and Operating Costing.
3. Marginal Costing – its use in Management Standard Costing, Variance Analysis.
4. Integrated Accounts.
5. Reconciliation of Cost and Financial Accounts, Cost Accounting/ Cost Control Accounts, Interfirm
Comparison.

Company law and Secretarial Practice

1. Company: Definition, Classification, Incorporation, Memorandum of Association, Articles of
Association. Doctrine of Constructive Notice, Doctrine of Indoor Management, Commencement of
Business. Company Management: Appointment, Rights and Obligations of Directors, Managers and
Secretary.

2. Steps before Issue of Prospects, Definition and Contents of Prospectus, Liability for Untrue
Statements. Shares: Definition, Share Vs Stock, Classes of Shares, Voting Rights, Issue of Shares
at Per, Premium and Discount, ESOP, Bonus, Rights, Buyback, Public Shares at Par, Premium and
Discount, ESOP, Bonus, Rights, Buyback, Public Issue, Calls, Forfeiture, Lean and Surrender,
Transfer and Transmission, Statutory Restriction on Transfer, Borrowing Power, Mortgages and
Changes, Debentures.
3. Secretarial Practice: Duties and Responsibilities of Company Secretary, Secretarial Duties Relating
to Issue and Allotment of Shares, Calls, For Feature Lien and Transfer of Shares. Majority Powers
and Minority Rights, Revelation of Oppression and Management. Specimen of Certificate of
Incorporation. Certificate of Commencement of Business, Share Certificates and Share Warrants,
Dematerialization of Shares.
4. Meeting and Proceedings: Provisions Relating to the Company and Board Meetings, Secretarial
Duties Relating to Meetings, Notice, Agenda, Proxy, Motion, Resolution, Minutes and Reports.

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Selling and Advertising

1. Selling: Concept, Nature and Role in Marketing. Personal Selling: Evolving Face of Personal
Selling, Nature and Importance of Personal Selling, Characteristics of a Successful Salesperson,
Sales as a Career Option, Sale Training, Consumer Psychology and Buying Motives, Selling of
Consumer and Industrial Products (Goods and Services)
2. Selling Process: Prospecting, Pre-approach, Approach, Sales Presentation and Demonstration,
Handling Objections, Closing the Sale, After Sale Service. Effective Selling Techniques, Role of
Relationship Marketing in Personal Selling, Tools of Selling, Motivating and Remunerating Sales
Persons.
3. Advertising: Concept, role, functions, scope and types, Economic, Social, Legal and Ethical
aspects of Advertising. Advertising Appeals: Meaning, types and methods, Advertising as a
persuasive communication process. Advertising Design: Characteristics and basic elements of
Advertising copy. Creation, Production and Planning of Advertisements.
4. Advertising Budget: Types, Components and Process of Preparing. Advertising Agency: Functions
and Selection of Agency.
5. Advertising as a Component of Integrated Marketing Communication, AIDA and DAGMAR
Model. Advertising Media: Types (Print, Outdoor, Electronic and Other), Characteristics, Merits
and Limitations of Each Media Type. Media Planning: Selection of Media Category; their Reach,
Frequency, Impact, Cost and Other Factors Influencing Media Choice. Problems in Reaching Rural
and Remote Audience. Evaluation of Advertising Effectiveness: Importance, Difficulties and
Methods of Measuring Advertising Effectiveness.

Business Mathematics
1. Calculus: (Problems and Theorems Involving Trigonometrically Ratios are not to be done)
Differentiation: Partial Derivatives up to Second Order; Total Differentials. Maxima and Minima
Cases of one Variable Involving Second or Higher Order; Cases of two Variables Involving not
more than One Constraint, Integration as Anti-derivative Process; Standard Forms; Methods of
Regrating –by Substitution, by parts, and by use of Partial Functions; Definite Regrating; Finding
Areas in Simple Cases.
2. Matrices and Determinants: Definition of a Matrix, Types of Matrices; Algebra of Matrices;
Properties of Determinants; Calculation of Values of Determinants upto Third Order, Adjoint a
Matrix; Elementary Row or Column Operations; Finding Inverse of Matrix through Adjoint and
Elementary Row and Column Operations; Solution of a System of Linear Equations having
Unique Solution and Involving not more than three Variables.
3. Linear Programming – Formulation of LPP: Graphical Method of Solution; Problems Relating to
two Variables Including the Case of Mixed Constraints; Simplex Method – Solution of Problems
up to three Variables, Duality, Transportation Problem.
4. Compound Interest and Annuities Certain, Different Types of Interest Rates; Concept of Present
Value and Amount of a Sum; Equation of Payments, Types of Annuities; Present Value and
Amount of an Annuity, Including the Case of Continuous Compounding; Analysis of Annuity;
Valuation of Simple Loans and Debentures; Problems Relating to Sinking Funds

Insurance Law and Accounts

1. Introduction to Insurance: Purpose and Need of Insurance, Insurance as a Social Security Tool;
Insurance and Economic Development, Fundamentals/ Principles of Insurance. Contract of
Insurance.

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2. Life Insurance – Principles and Practice of Life Assurance. Life Assurance Contract, their Nature
and Characteristics, Parties to the Contract and their Rights and Duties. Conditions and terms of
Policy. Nominations and Assignment Practice in Connection with Collection of Premium, Revivals,
Loans, Surrenders, Claims, Bonuses and Annuity Payments, Mortality Table.
3. Fire Insurance - The Basic Principles of Fire Insurance Contracts. Fire Policy, Conditions,
Assignment of Policy, Claims. Marine Insurance – General Principles – Insurable Interest and Value
Disclosure Marine Policy and their Conditions, Premium Double Insurance: Assignment of Policy
Warranties the Voyage, Loss and Abandonment: Partial Losses and Particular Charges; Salvage;
Total Losses and measures of indemnity, Subrogation equation of payments, types of annuities;
Present Value and Amount of an Annuity, Including the Case of Continuous Compounding;
Analysis of Annuity; Valuation of Simple Loans and Debentures; Problems Relating to Sinking
Funds.

Insurance Law and Accounts

1. Introduction to Insurance: Purpose and Need of Insurance, Insurance as a social security tool;
Insurance and economic development, Fundamentals/ Principles of Insurance. Contract of
Insurance. Life Insurance – Principles and practice of life assurance. Life assurance contract, their
nature and characteristics, Parties to the contract and their rights and duties. Conditions and terms
of policy. Nominations and Assignment Practice in connection with collection of premium,
revivals, loans, surrenders, claims, bonuses and annuity payments, Mortality Table.
2. Fire Insurance - The basic principles of Fire Insurance contracts. Fire Policy, conditions,
Assignment of Policy, Claims. Marine Insurance – General Principles – Insurable interest and
value disclosure Marine Policy and their conditions, Premium double insurance: assignment of
policy warranties the voyage, Loss and abandonment: partial losses and particular charges;
salvage; total losses and measures of indemnity, Subrogation.
3. Insurance Intermediaries – Agents and Procedure for Becoming and Agent: Pre-Requisite for
Obtaining a License: Duration of License; Cancellation of License, Revocation of Suspension/
Termination of Agent Appointment; Code of Conduct; Unfair Practices, Insurance Accounts – Life
Insurance and General Insurance Company.

Income Tax Law and Accounts

1. Basic Concepts: Income, Agricultural Income, Casual Income, Assessment Year Previous Year,
Gross Total Income, Total Income Person. Tax Evasion, Avoidance and Tax Planning. Basic of
Charge; Scope of Total Income, Residence and Tax Liability, Income which does not form Part of
Total Income. Deduction from Gross Total Income.
2. Head of the Income: Salaries; Income from House Property; Profit and Gains to Business or
Profession. Capital Gains; Income from Other Sources.
3. Computations of Total Income of an Individual, H.U.F and Firm.
4. Deemed Income: Aggregation of Income, Set-off and Carry Forward of Losses; Tax Authorities;
Assessment Procedures.

Contemporary Audit
1. Introduction: Meaning and objectives of Auditing: Types of Audits; Internal Audit. Audit Process:
Audit Programmed; Audit and Books; Working Papers and Evidences; Consideration for

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Commencing an Audit; Routine Checking and Test Checking. Internal Check System: Internal
Control.
2. Audit Procedure: Vouching; Verification of Assets and Liabilities. Audit of Limited Companies:
Company Auditor- Appointment, Powers, Duties, and Liabilities.
3. Auditing Standards – Appointment, Power, Duties and Liability of Auditor. Broad Outlines of
Company Audit and Auditor’s Report. Special Audit – Banking Companies, Educational
Institutions, Insurance Companies. Investigation, Audit of Non-profit Organization, Divisible
Profit & Dividend.
4. Recent Trends in Auditing – Nature and Significance of Cost Audit; Tax Audit, Management
Audit, Computerized Audit.

Indian Economic Structure

1. Nature of Indian Economy, Features of a Developing Economy. Characteristics and Problems of
Indian Economy. Objectives of Economics Planning in India. India’s Five-Year Plans –
Achievements and Failures. Indian Agriculture – Its Features and Problems. Agricultural
Development in Planned Era. Green Revaluation, Agricultural Marketing, Rural Poverty and
Indebtedness. Rural Industrialization. Rural Development Programmed, Cooperative Movement.
2. Population Growth and Population Explosion. Population Policy and Programmed. Problem of
Unemployment. Forms of Unemployment. Employment Programmed and Poverty Alleviation.
3. Large Scale, Small Scale and Cottage Industries. Industrial Development during Five Year Plans.
Public Sectors and Private Sector, Industrial Relations, Industrial Policy. Industrial Sickness,
Industrial Finance. Money Market and Capital Market Structure. Capital Formation, Indian Money
Market and Fiscal Policies, Deficit Financing and its Implications.

Marketing, Practice and Finance

1. Introduction: Nature and Scope of Marketing: Importance of Marketing as a Business Functionand
in the Economy; Marketing Concepts- Traditional and Modern; Selling Vs. Marketing; Marketing
mix; Marketing Environment.
2. Consumer Behavior and Market Segmentation; Nature, Scope and Significance of Consumer
Behavior; Market Segmentation Concept and Importance; Basis for Market Segmentation.
3. Promotion; Methods of promotion; Optimum promotion mix; Advertising Media – their Relative
Merits and Limitations; Characteristics of an Effective Advertisement; Personal Selling; Selling asa
Career; Classification of a Successful Sales Person; Functions of Salesman.
4. Product: Concept of Product, Consumer and Industrial Goods; Product Planning and
Development; Packaging – Role and Functions; Brand name and Trade Mark; after Sales Service;
Product Life Cycle Concept. Price: Importance of Price in the Marketing mix; Factors Affecting
Price of a Product / Service; Discounts and Rebates.
5. Distribution Channels – Concept and Role; Types of Distribution Channels; Factors Affecting
Choice of a Distribution Channel; Retailer and Wholesale; Physical Distribution of Goods;
Transportation; Warehousing; Inventory Control; Order Processing.

Macro- Economics
1. Concept – Definition and Scope of Macro-Economics, Statics and Dynamics, The Circular Flow of

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Income. The Analysis and Measurement of Economic Activity – National Income Accounting –
Concept and Definitions of National Income. Various Component of National Income, Methods of
Measurement of National Income and Welfare.

2. The consumption function – The Keynesian Consumption Function, Relative Income Hypothesis,
Permanent Income Hypothesis Multiplier and the Process of Income – Propagation. The Investment
Function – Autonomous and Induced Investment. Government and the Theory of Income
Determination – Government Purchases and Income, Taxes and Equilibrium Level of Income, Tax
Multiplier Determination of the Equilibrium Level of Income – The Simple Keynesian Model.
3. Marginal Efficiency of Capital, Relation between MEC and MEI. The Derivation and Shift in IS and
LM Curves, the Interaction between IS and LM Curves. The Acceleration Principle. Theories of
Employment – Say’s Law of Market and Classical Theory of Employment, Saving Investment
Analysis. An Outline of Keynesian Theory of Employment.
4. Theory of Inflation – Concepts of Inflation, Inflationary Gaps Demand Pull and Cost Push Inflation.
The Philips Curve, Effects of Inflation, Anti-Inflation Policies – Mentary and Fiscal Policies.
Fluctuation and Growth – Hawtrey, Hayek, Sehumpeter, Samuelson, Hicks. Theories of Population
– Malthusian Theory and Theory of Optimum Population.

Trade of India
1. Introduction – Trade its meaning and types. Difference between Internal and International Trade.
Theories of International Trade with Particular reference to the Theory of Comparative Cost.
Trade: Terminology and Abbreviations. India’s Internal Trade - Characteristics and Problems.
Coastal Trade and Trade of Uttar Pradesh.
2. Foreign Trade of India – Brief History before Independence Recent Trends in India’s Foreign
Trade. Composition of Imports and Exports – Changes during Planning Period. Important Items of
Imports and Exports.
3. Direction of India’s Foreign Trade – Changes in Directional Pattern during Planning Period.
India’s Major Trading Partners. State Trading Organizations, Financing of India’s Foreign Trade
Role of EXIM, Bank ECGC and other Institutions in Financing of Foreign Trade, STC, MMTC.
4. Trade Policy in India – General Developments during Planning Period. Import Substitution and
Export Promotion. Recent Changes in Trade Policy, Trade Agreements – Bilateral and
Multilateral Trade Agreements. GATT & UNCTAD. India’s Balance of Trade and Balance of
Payments – Trends during Planning Period. Problems of Bot, BOP and Corrective Measures.

Applied & Business Statistics

1. Statistical System in India- Indian Statistical Machinery – Organization at Central State Level,
National Sample Survey – Design and Technique. Agricultural Statistics in India – Nature of Crop
Estimates, Estimation of Area and Yield, Industrial Statistics, Annual Survey of Industries. Statistics
of Prices, Wage, Trade and Transport.
2. Population Statistics – Vital Statistics, Computation of Birth, Death and Survival Rates. Methods of
Population Projection. Population Census in India.
3. Analysis of Time Series – Trend Measurement Different Method of Computing Seasonal Indices.
Cyclical and Irregular-Fluctuations.

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4. National Income Statistics: Methods of Measuring National Income and Related Aggregates.
Statistical Quality Control Construction and uses of Control Charts.

Law and Practice of Banking

1. The Ordinary, Practice of Bankers with Regard to the Opening and Conduct of Banking Accounts,
Closing of Accounts. Banker and Customer – General and Special Relations.
2. Law Relating to Cheques, Bill of Exchange and other Negotiable Instruments. Discounting of Bill
of Exchange, the Practice relating to Cheques Bills of Exchange and Other Negotiable Instruments.
3. Banker’s Credit, Advance and Overdrafts Traveler Cheque, Letter of Credit, Confirmed Bankers
Credit, Unconfirmed Bankers Credit, Acceptance Credits and Documentary Credit.
4. Revolving Credit, Banker’s Advance against Marketable Securities, Goods & Produce, Debentures
and Life Insurance Policies. Unsecured Advances – Guarantees, Precautions/ Duties of Banker.

Development Banking
1. Meaning, Determinant and Obstacles of Economic Development, Sources and Problems of Rural
and Industrial Finance.
2. Meaning Objective, Characteristics and Functioning of Development Banks, Difference between
Commercial and Development Banks.
3. Role of Commercial Banks in Agricultural and Industrial Finance. Terms Lending Operations of
Land Development Banks.
4. National Bank for Agricultural and Rural Development (NABARD) – Objectives Organisation and
Functions.
5. Structure of Development Banks in India, Progress of these Banks (terms lending institutions)
and Deficiencies in their Working.
6. National Level Financial Corporation – IFCI, IDBI, ICICI & IRBI – their Objectives Functions
and Evaluations of Performance.
7. State level Financial Corporation – SFCs and SIDCs – their Objectives Organizations, Functions
and Evaluations of Performance.
8. Capital Market in India & Industrial Growth – Structure, Present Position, Problems and Stepstaken
by the Government to Active and Capital Market.

Quantitative Economics
1. Economics of a Fir – Applications of Differential Calculus, Cost Minimization, Profit
Maximization, Price – Quantity Determination, Elementary Partial Differentiation and Economic
Application, Partial Elasticities, Elementary Integral Calculus and Economics Applications.
2. Linear Programming – Meaning, Application, Limitation Simple Formulation, Graphic Method,
Simplex Method Duality.
3. Games theory – Classifying Pay off Matrix, Principle of Dominance, Strategy – Pure Strategy and
mixed Strategies – 2x2mx2, 2xn Games.
4. Decision Theory Decision Making Under Risk, Decision Making Under Inconstantly- Maximum

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Criterion, Maximax Criterion, Hurvics, Criterion Savage Criterion, Laplace Criterion Inventory
Economics – Inventory Costs, Various Inventory Models – EOQ with Uniform Demand,
Production Inventory Model, Back-order Inventory Model Inventory Model with Quantity
Discount, Price Break Approach, Re-order point Safety Stock and Stock-outs, Determining
Optimum Safety Stock Levels, ABC Analysis.
5. Input- Output Analysis – Meaning Assumption Viability of System, Technological Co-efficient
Closed & Open Economy, Determination of Out-put Labor Requirement Price Equibrium and
Value Added.
6. Query Problems – Query Discipline Formulae for Solving Single-channel Quiring Problems.

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