Enclosure No. 7 to DepEd Memorandum No. 038, s.

2022

LIKHA – PROJECT PROPOSAL TEMPLATE

(1) PROJECT PROFILE
Project Title: Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and Sweet Orange (Citrus sinesis) peel as Mosquito
(Culicidae) repellent
Name of Project Proponent: Christine Devery Jean D. Baldoza, Francis Rave L. Espulgar, James Ziryl
Romadia,
Region: Region - VII Division: Bais City Division
School: Bais City National Science High School Grade level: Grade 10
Project Duration (number of months): 7 months
Email: devery0607@gmail.com Contact number: 09380568971
(2) CATEGORY OF RESEARCH (4) THEME
_____Physical Science ____Food Safety
_____Life Science ____ Water Conservation
____Robotics and Intelligent Machines ____ Renewable Energy
_____Mathematics and Computational Science ____ Cyber Security
____ Traffic/Road Congestion
____ Health
____ Disaster Mitigation
____Agriculture and Environment
(3) ____ Others (please specify)
____Individual
____Team

(5) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (not to exceed 200 words)

Despite decades of efforts in research, there is currently no effective prophylactic anti-malarial vaccine or

other preventive measures. Malaria, dengue, and other mosquito-borne diseases remain a global health

problem and one of the leading causes of sickness and death worldwide. Protection from mosquito bites

by using repellents is one of the best ways to reduce the disease incidence. There are numerous synthetic

mosquito repellents available on the market. However, because of a chemical in them, these repellents are

unsafe to humans, particularly young children. Hence in this study, the researchers will use Lemongrass

(Cymbopogon citratus) and Sweet Orange (Citrus sinesis) peels to formulate a plant-based mosquito

repellent that can par those commercialized in the market. The researchers will extract the essential oil in
 Enclosure No. 7 to DepEd Memorandum No. 038, s. 2022

Sweet Orange peels using a solvent for two weeks, and boil it together with the Lemongrass stalks. After

that, the researches will test the efficacy of the repellent and its difference compared to the

commercialized one by using dirty dark-colored clothes full of sweat to attract mosquitoes and taking

note of the number of a mosquito that came in each set-up after the formulated and commercialized

repellents were applied.

(6) INTRODUCTION

(6.1) RATIONALE/SIGNIFICANCE (not to exceed 300 words)

Mosquitoes transmit some of the most deadly illnesses known to man such as malaria, dengue, and

yellow fever (Becker at al. 2010). Health officials reported that there were 420,453 confirmed cases of

dengue fever in the Philippines in 2019, 90, 135 in the year 2020, and roughly 78, 208 cases were

reported in 2021. Despite decaded of efforts in research, there is currently no effective prophylactic anti-

malarial vaccine or other preventive measures (Soonwera, 2015). Protection from mosquito bites by using

repellents is one of the best way to reduce the disease incidence. Repellents are effective, practical, and

convenient products that lower and prevent mosquito vector disease transmission (Yang and Ma 2005)

because of the vapor layer it produces, that has an offensive odor/taste, makes a person undesirable for

feeding and thus repelling the mosquitoes (Brown and Hebert 1997; Fradin and Day 2002).There are

many synthetic repellent present in the market, however plant-based bio-compounds are generally safer

for humans and fish than commercialized and synthetic repellents due to their low toxicity level (Koul et

al. 2008; Maia and Moore, 2011). Using lemongrass and the oil extracted from the sweet orange peel, the

researchers are eager to formulate a plant-based mosquito repellent that is safer for humans and the

environment, and affordable to all. The ingredients that the researchers will use are organic, safe, and

environmentally friendly. The researchers can guarantee that their study is original and that no existing

study is similar to theirs

 Enclosure No. 7 to DepEd Memorandum No. 038, s. 2022

(6.2) SCIENTIFIC BASIS/THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK/MATHEMATICAL THEORY

INVOLVED

Feasibility of Lemongrass and Sweet Orange peel as Mosquito Repellent

Quality of the Mosquito Repellent Environmental Parameters

• Ability to repel mosquitoes • Time

• Duration of protection • Relative Humidity
• Climate
• Location

Efficacy of the Mosquito Repellent made from

Lemongrass and Sweet Orange peel

Formulated Commercialized

Analysis

• Effectiveness
• Biting Rate
• Odor/Scent
• Effect on Mosquito
Behavior
Figure 1. v

Figure 1 illustrates the whole process of evaluating the feasibility of lemongrass and sweet orange peel as

mosquito (Culicidae) repellent. As shown in the diagram, there are two factors that may affect the

efficiency of the formulated mosquito repellent – the quality of the formulated mosquito repellent and the

environmental parameters. The quality of the formulation is very important because it affects the ability to

repel mosquitoes and the duration of protection of the repellent. In addition, environmental parameters

which include the time, location, relative humidity, and the climate can also influence the efficiency of

the mosquito repellent.

 Enclosure No. 7 to DepEd Memorandum No. 038, s. 2022

The research design is a two-group design in which the efficacy of the formulated and the commercialized

mosquito repellent will be compared. The repellents' properties such as their effectiveness, biting rate,

odor or scent, and its effect on the behavior of the mosquitoes will be observed and recorded to determine

the efficiency of the mosquito repellent.

(6.3) OBJECTIVES
General:

• This study aims to create an alternative mosquito repellent using Lemongrass (Cymbopogon

citratus) and Sweet Orange (Citrus sinesis) peels

Specific:

• To make a mosquito repellent that is effective and safer to use;

• To formulate a mosquito repellent that is environmentally friendly;

• To create a mosquito repellent that is low-cost and affordable to all;

• To test the quality and effectiveness of the mosquito repellent maed with Lemongrass and Sweet

Orange peels; and

• To compare the quality and effectiveness of the formulated mosquito repellent and the

commercialized mosquito repellent.

(7) REVIEW OF LITERATURE

I. Mosquito Repellent

Mosquito bites are bothersome and irritating and may transmit vector diseases such as dengue or malaria

to humankind. Mosquito-transmitted diseases remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality (Alayo

et al., 2015). Despite decades of efforts invested in searching for malaria control, it continues to be a

global public health issue affecting 3.3 billion persons at risk in 106 countries and territories in tropical

and subtropical areas (Girmay et al., 2014). Mosquitoes transmit some of the most lethal diseases,

including malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, encephalitis, filariasis, and numerous other infections
 Enclosure No. 7 to DepEd Memorandum No. 038, s. 2022

(Becker et al. 2010). Mosquito-borne diseases currently represent a greater health problem in tropical and

subtropical climates, and no part of the world is immune to their risks (Prabhakar et al., 2013). The

Philippines has recorded almost 35,000 cases of dengue fever and 180 dengue-related deaths in the first

five months of 2022. In a report, the DOH said there were 34,938 dengue cases reported from January 1

to May 21, 2022, which is 23 percent higher compared to the reported cases during the same period in

2021, which was recorded at 28,336. Mosquitos are most active in the months of May to November due

to the damp and balmy weather.

Until this day, despite multiple studies conducted, no current effective prophylactic anti-malarial vaccine

and no suitable preventive measure other than vector control are available (Soonwera, 2015) and

mosquitoes remain a major global health problem. Thus, protection from mosquito bites is one of the best

approaches to reducing the disease incidence.

Repellents are practical and convenient products and an economical means to prevent the transmission of

mosquito vector disease (Yang and Ma 2005). Applying mosquito repellents on the skin, house, or even

on their clothing may help protect humans against mosquito bites. Repellents produce a vapor layer that

has an offensive smell or taste and makes a person unattractive for feeding and therefore repels the

mosquito (Brown and Hebert 1997; Fradin and Day 2002). Several studies showed that most repellents

were in the form of lotions, cream, essential oils, spray, or solutions that mostly require direct application

to the human skin (Amer and Mehlhorn 2006; Ariffin et al. 2012; Fei and Xin 2007; Fradin and Day

2002; Snodgrass 1992; Yates et al. 2005).

There are several synthetic mosquito control repellents available on the market. There are no doubts that

these are effective as repellents- but there are issues regarding their safety, particularly with young

children. Compared to commercialized and synthetic repellents, plant-based bio-compounds are generally

safer for humans and fish because of their low toxicity levels (Koul et al., 2008). Plant-based repellents

have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-
 Enclosure No. 7 to DepEd Memorandum No. 038, s. 2022

seeking mosquitoes. The repellency of plant material has been exploited for thousands of years by man,

most simply by hanging bruised plants in houses, a practice still widely used throughout developing

countries (Moore et al. 2006). Plant-based repellents are still extensively used in this traditional way

throughout rural communities in the tropics because, in many of the poorest communities, the only means

available for protection from mosquito bites are these types of repellents (Moore et al. 2006) because

some of these communities (Moore et al. 2007) prefer “natural” smelling repellents because plants are

perceived as safe and trusted means of mosquito bite prevention.

II. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus)

Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass) is a genus of Asian, African, Australian, and tropical island plants in

the grass family. Some species (particularly Cymbopogon citratus) are commonly cultivated as culinary

and medicinal herbs because of their scent, resembling that of lemons (Citrus limon). Its effectiveness as

an insect and mosquito repellence was established and documented in numerous studies (Salem et al.,

2013; Prabhakar et al., 2013). The ethnobotanical and medicinal usefulness of Lemongrass is widely

acknowledged and were documented in numerous studies. (Dalziel, 1937). It was also reported that oil

and extracts from lemongrass possess therapeutic properties (Akendengue, 1992). Lemongrass oil is the

essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf., Poaceae (Oyedele et al.

2002). Geranial (α-citral) and neral (β-citral) are the two main active components of lemongrass oil, but

other compounds, such as geraniol and citronellol, which are known repellents, are also present in small

amounts (Chisowa et al. 1998; Leal and Uchicada 1998; Nerio et al. 2010).

Citronella oil is an essential oil obtained from the leaves and stems of different species of Cymbopogon

citratus (Lemongrass). The oil is used extensively as a source of perfumery chemicals such as citronellal,

citronellol, and geraniol. It is also proven that it can be used as a plant-based insect repellent and has

shown a repellent effect, alone or in combination, against different species of disease-transmitting

mosquitoes (Kumar et al. 2011; Moore et al. 2007; Phasomkusolsil and Soonwera 2011; Sritabutra et al.
 Enclosure No. 7 to DepEd Memorandum No. 038, s. 2022

2011), and is already present in commercially available products. (Cilek et al. 2011; Revay at al. 2013)

III. Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis)

Citrus sinensis, also known as the sweet oranges, is a commonly cultivated family of oranges, such as

blood oranges and navel oranges. The essential oils extracted from sweet oranges’ peel were highly

effective in mosquitocidal activity on the larvae and adults. Volatile extract from the peel of oranges has

shown considerable levels of insecticidal activity in different studies (Shalaby et al., 1998; Karamaouna

et al., 2013; Palacios et al., 2009; Siskos et al., 2007; Mansour et al., 2004) and have lethal activity on

houseflies (Palacios et al., 2009), and cockroaches and mosquitoes (Ezeonu et al., 2001). Essential oil

from citrus, therefore, presents a safer option with promising insecticidal and insect repellent properties

(Kim et al., 2003).

A possible breakthrough with its insecticidal activity would be a huge public health and economic relief.

The abundance of the components of the volatile oil varies between plant species (Ahmad et al., 2006;

Azar et al., 2011). D-limonene (p-mentha-1, 8-diene) is a monocyclic monoterpenoid found in citrus oils

and is the most abundant component in citrus peel’s volatile extract constituting 51.97% -95.35% of the

total amount (Azar et al., 2011; Mansour et al., 2004). The volatile extract of a sweet orange peel was

reported to have a 61.08% d-limonene composition (Ahmad et al., 2006; Azar et al., 2011). D-limonene

has been reported to be the principal active principle in the citrus’ volatile oil responsible for the anti-

insect activity (Tripathi et al., 2003; Karr et al., 1988).

 Enclosure No. 7 to DepEd Memorandum No. 038, s. 2022

(8) METHODOLOGY
Flowchart of the Procedure

Gathering of Materials and Equipment

Preparation of Materials and Equipment

Slicing of Lemongrass stalks

Extraction of Essential oil in Sweet Orange peels

Mixing the crushed Lemongrass stalks and the essential oil

in Sweet Orange peels

Boiling of the mixture

Filtering and Transferring of Formulated Mosquito Repellent

Repellence Test

Risk Assessment and Disposal

Statistical Analysis Tool

Figure 2. v
 Enclosure No. 7 to DepEd Memorandum No. 038, s. 2022

(9) EXPECTED OUTPUTS AND POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The product of this study is a mosquito repellent made from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and

Sweet orange (Citrus sinesis) peels. It is expected that the mosquito repellent is effective in repelling

mosquitoes. The researchers expect that it is safe for both humans and the environment because it is a

plant-based repellent made from Lemongrass and the peels of Sweet oranges.

(10) WORK PLAN AND TARGET DELIVERABLES

ACTIVITIES January February March April May June July

Crafting of Research 5
Proposal
Presenting the Research 10, 12
Proposal
Checking the price of the 11
materials
Purchasing Sweet Oranges 12
Purchasing Acetone 12
Extraction of Essential oil 12-28
from Sweet Oranges
Preparation of Lemongrass 4
Formulating the Mosquito 4
Repellent
Testing the effectiveness of 5
the Mosquito Repellent
(First Trial)
Testing the effectiveness of 6
the Mosquito Repellent
(Second Trial)
Testing the effectiveness of 7
the Mosquito Repellent
(Third Trial)
Consulting a Statistician 10
Computing the data 6
gathered using Statistics
Analyzing and interpreting 13
the data
Finalization of the Research 3
paper
Printing and Binding the 10
Research
Making the Display Board 19
Preparing for the Research 20-28
Congress
Research Congress 29
Refinement of the Research 1-3
paper
Submission of the Refined 4
Research paper
 Enclosure No. 7 to DepEd Memorandum No. 038, s. 2022

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