| ONT 1 lw ‘ Basic Compuiter or ‘osgani sation and clesign } ompales regalo # Peficer qs a tem) wich tS present ro oe te Registers axe O& One yh faitest | Compal memdy used ‘to quickly ae pail and tionsfes data instructions that diately by the CPUs aon, bein used ‘rome ae preessoy ie the Cpu vegisters ave address pogtstevs: vk GE holds on gastiicton a store st any data» a needs process ves schers $6" rani pub- on data and O ng £5" holding a |" rey - aanldres oe The memory unit ‘hab au Get gf 409 words each word has 16 bit Me The, Corn pT Segislts are Classified maiiily B : a gi of, the eh | i ansouctton * x open atten + “eae) onal GTProg Counler (Pc)?- os \" acme occupies. the | bits ,eohich holds the address of the next . fnstucton +t be gead fmm memily ago Cersvent inst suction fs execitid a ro pee Regt eye ok occusies the 12 bits, colfich holds the address. #5 the memnbhy’ bo ation. [declan ice @ir “a 9b oe tte (6 Sit, which stores ‘the fnstudion yead fiom memtly. ony + Teenporary Regttor Ere) - 4 occuples 16 bit, which olds the en si “at ae the (6 bit, ses Hv ithe operands veo dou fara, the, ren | Location » i ad Actumalaby(Ae):- a if. Lt octupies the 16 bis whith holds the yesult* Of the opesation Ft fs a Genesal Pustpose PoDwess Register. > Dogut RgtdeGrley St , Octupies thie 8 bits, which holds the put Chana cle given by the user.output Rag ote 7 (OUTR):~ . P the & bits, cahich holds St occup! Fes the ~cutput Character o-ttes psocessing the [me chta- : Competes Trebuchfn - / clim ts an didey | x» ft Computes fnshu processes by Compute given 10 O Computes [program At $Retfocoest» level, each, inatruction fre la. Sequence Yok ‘'5\ g 1's) that describes Nee oe the Compiikei i to perform. “Snsbuction | Comprises of groups Aalled ats “These Fields axe. wy Sg ew Rk the ne mov Gi) of Hep mand x16) ] epode | eed jae 3 O operand) Ry 4 bbs spect, the operand & Mo nh 2 Gpedfies the address d- H operand /cldies of. opesand »- ate The address hich toe the [locaton of “the opénandl Contains LS -Regislen B), Meniory locations. — eeKD DP cade operation Cock) i: “the operation code’ Fed urkch PeGey the opesatim. tobe perform that 1S ast, dic and Logical operation Lai Add, Sub Met, Shift, Zomglernmt --~- ve Mo de (2) s- The mode flard wtch species: the. haw ' the operand wit be , located. Eas Fas-Diteeted:, addressine mode, nce addi Yo Mode ett-r. 5 # The bolic. ales, fos tYpvee rst | Gde feat which axe | wy Memiuy fo. Dratuction. | " ] > Ragisto' Pods > Tatlin Srstetin. [> Mecnwrsy Reference Dab buction in ‘A momaty vefeyeng. instruction ase “tapreserted be a bits Speatty an operand ‘and the’ opcode ‘(000 fio) cotta So’ at Y’ the. left most ‘bi Grade) ae fnataction. we u Frepae ord E tions sone Oplode = e00-110 , go" oft dlivect’ ass Se (f6 Gndivect addressing Moda. > __y Fe cotta Referene Pnstrction 1% the Regtates reference ‘in reptesented by 12 bit Specity operant cand the opcode [000 - -- -llo i wy frrd ujth a othe blefe (rode bit gf the fnsbuction » . ty dat : io [ Mode Vrepeade: | operat | Acliess of eprand fep@de = 1H, 920$ ) ois 3) Input / output, TaSbuction a | Qnput /output Sn struction OSU. aepreseriled by the Ja bit Specify an Opesand ond the ofptode a . i Ww my" dt : a © [Mode |] oRode. | opevand /paldress oN operand “ “pp ade el, Pet) ~ [Tithing and * Contralling ;- (the Fxeute the ‘nsbuctim the prolessoy | Must have Some means ' of; genesurtovary | Contool Sanat needs fn the propes Se gmerts (ev Sequend.... duction one | dts fe Classified “nto two mot Gtagenies. |) Hard uiive Conte) , 4 2) Mico Pmpamme'd: Couto:VHard wire ise Coen tyol 8° pte erly fi “Hoxd wie. Conbol 35 avmecharisny RE: Producing Cental Signals using Anite Sate machines ° Rot 75 clesfaned k-the final Chuit 79 Constructed by physical, Component 1D Connecting. Br Gates, F lip- Flop, dlefeck§ 2, digital gequeritial logic al Cy ut ae > 16 Bh se gy ehuction register (Q % syn |W Bre I fen Sant Gpevement Cin) gs +5). ny i Lose. | |Cinctementedya v4 Conte! Timin Se nali- 3 glortiol Tsing Sanat so yeqenm MTT Tye T f mT FT K | oe py EA ER LE LI" hs oy ant | | Tha i + | + |p n—— J gap ft ts ~ ; Yr oe 2 | a — — — —}—__ - ~ y / [Ge cleat 1? ay — sn Ge —T Ha 25 achve {Aico Conte) p m Sem b) {Dn Pico tnt! prope Sf tte 7 Tt Stores Pen “Sequuente ord -format. Sn OL ynicwD programniin at Cento me = Binary Gontn|., values ‘ase aawed Gs, BOTAS,. In, “mem bly Gute riifdm prdgram med , .Contool unit ye -5 A Conbolley, resulta the’ ‘instruction tobe “nctnert Bip Construct jin & cefirite Collection of S*ghat that each “System Clock, pulse. D Prograrnring appa, Sequuen @ of yieer “inStrec liens ‘n a mira Programing fener ’ 3) % 8s an “wierface ‘between hondware € Soffiware - "db ate get 3) Generala & Set of Gonhol Ségnals:Cenbo! Signals nl. (Ereoup of bits) Conbo! vasdables L (coyection of 05 9 15) | (es) db | Ekin 4 binary Snfotrcat or 15 & 13) Cento! memony oO (toyes ree rey oman am — ee se | conto [centio}s )- Yorba’) Regier] Menor! pate | eee Se | : - | | | Next AAS Talbaration ? Conta! memity address. veqiste , adders of the rife “instruction: 2 Cento) memity is assumed b be rom( “AU Contiol nghuctions Rs Feomrtarently > shoe > Contos data register > the weds the. nfo Sushuctns — fetthed hom the. memdly: while executing lew finsbuctinu the net address $s Computed in the next addyéas ae 4 Geen ag O ey indtnuction Ggeling ta nition (? A Programm preceding ‘in. the memory Used - Of Compas Consists of a Seqsuene 4A proqvam tS exeacted ‘in the Compuiten by ‘ ging, thong O Cycle ft each Cems inskuctin hc in Team 5 Sub divided Ink a Seen ¢ sub Cycling a Pages she base, tompile each Insbuction eyeling types of following ‘fete & getting “instouctron }) decode the. anstuction 3) Read the» effective address From memo of tthe Tnstuction fas an Sadtrect addsess: £) Execute the Snotuc tion “ tapon ‘the Compleion of dep 1 the Cont! goes diect to Sap 4 tb: fetch, ckeode “and execute the next Sinstaction. Tho — Process \ Centmunws indefinite unltss & halt anshucten- 8 encounted - , i Wig Meno wr y 4 Pa Feo Praect Addves> Fetch Lp 7 Mode Fal Bndtiec Ayes Decode ward’ Execult is ty B hp Io 5 as “Mode decode —ppesiand ovenan oPcode, nesKatt ovo je To prep |». | Fetch . Tale 1 Teele), Pee PCT! + 7 : [pai LS sr ceil ade In 2R pee tet rcs apse gs | wrekelenice ys - 0 (remot I true ‘Freaacted. Momo peterente Sein stn Fide chart PB Qrotueton ole eo —=——Tht Hal st) et _y the Seqquence cout Ge) ts Chased . fo zeto means 5C <0. —y Dattatly the POgrIM Couiker GC): t5 aeA < ee ke tote aa te cnstmction in the Program f5 place'd in Ag (Address Pegtater”) , prov ning, wing Signok te lo | | “sy the ‘nstuiction Yea! foom memory fs - DR (instruction registe), At. the Same time Pc ercwemented by At Prepare tt fot the address of the. vext instruction in the Pro grarn » Pibvidting timing gmat Ti: Seema, Peeper) 9. Detode Phase :- hi Dp -~- Dy Pecode_2R Cat) AKL BR(o-D; 2 <—TRUSD loaded the “the gpration Code in 2R 9 sadtect | bit tS) ronsfes . to Plip flop (D> & the addess Pat of the frstactin % ttavbfes to AR. 5, pectslon phase sts During the time Signal Ts y Unit determine, “the dime of. ‘nistuctions that memory 0 PC +l the Contr} ius just ad Dy —> Decision making’ Qf Dyx0. then snemnony ~ Re-fevence Fnstaructions DE p, =) then Register (8) Slo Referance Tnsouctin ee |ty 5p fh na 600 1 Rough 00 | a o(o | + 3 Ov) Bahl Mode eee Oevand ae 4 Ot Dy 20 then optode have any value from 900-llo- => SH d4y=9 and 3-0( Diet addressing mode ~ meméy reference Snsbuc tn): | Ob % mot necessary to do anything Since eftedte, adduss: 75 alveady in “AR. => OF p,r0 And 221 Andiect addiess ing mode — memory reference yebucttn). ; Dr ts necessary to yead “the effective addyess Prom memory: ARG—M GD) - > BP Dy) then opcode have ane value or. ra caeny) fay OF Dy=! and 2-0 (Register Qnsbuction . 74 Yt Dye! and 4-1 (Alo yeferne ‘insbuction), = reference ad Phase: 4, Bet Phase 0 . ° D2 Ts ' Notting Execute f D'D Tr LAR membly — reference alee pecoder | cesfination, Select" GELB): oll - TO place the vesult audilable an outrrt Bees in £3: . Conta! word’ SSE gn ey x» Combined value of Binany election ine! | o dhe Gorttol) Coord | x The -Conto| word or all mic operation ase Sve in Goto! memory . ogx oF Consists of our ffelds. SEL A, SELB, * G stLD Gmtains > bits each ond Ofevation (on) Certains 9 bits. the -totat bitS , Conte! word 75 HM. R, +Ry —7 Ra, i. k , BBS 9 bts 3bis obi [seca | seve [sein |ore 5 3 bits of Sera banca. peqiater of A Empat > ats of seb Mince reatster OF Binet > 3, Bi of SELD Select clestination register using the decodes. 5 5 Bits of ope” Select oth Perfor the ALU [Siow sex fsa. [ 108 ¢ Q00. n e operation weErieding ot AD ati ae L TORR delet | ovevation | a 4. __., : €0000 +tinster A TSF A 0000! FreiementA |’ INCA poole add wtb Le polo! gibt eB |, 5° motto. | Bettrmae a | “DEA 0000 add AGB’. dlolo ORALS oll0e YORAGB prio | Complement A {0000 edt ¥ ile tlooo | Atet tet [tecin | AME tert A | “the Binaxy — Condnl, coord or additen Tce infer operation |1 vo! old ‘ol) odo!” and tS rebtatned os ‘pleaspsioek: cagart zations: Push — finsext an stem and toP of the stack. +7 PoP - delete@ an Stem: four top of Stack. Crcremert the Sp register) | "hea he5 Therementatton of stack! = —_ = on clita Cemnputes Stack Gn ba ‘in tuo types: DRE gates COLK: 2) mem or Sack Register Stank A. Storr Con be aygarised as Gilectiona of iit ramber Be eafokt that ax *s foxaton , Sting tue tp Gore temporary i trond Qa Pv am: | the rece a io . Padiess | | se ao, ~ xe e oat on goth &y ogy a ORL of & Loew. , | a { bit 4 2 regles regiske : Blok Diagram of 64 word Sark - => Sang sontey vegistey ounce the addresses pt element at the top of the Stack 3 elorveitb- ABie axe, swotated th the Stacks Ly he elements ~¢ at the top oF the tack § Nap’ Holds Addres® otc that 75 4. pce top elements 15 oped tom Slack +0 thmugh Yeading merery tod and addresses yy ‘ond deciementing op by 4.Ly Then B jo top of Hack SP holds hy A oat of B that io 3. an “mn Sevting & néw coord the sea ied dy meoeras, the Stack pomter b grt a vod tn fhe increment cation he ox stacks operation'- us > she push operation > execited as tows “ them and on top of @ Stack. Snsere an \qprre Data Re fsterd | SpZSPH | Bt Can Mp] DR| St Can covite element on toP | of the stock: | ae Check af Stack fo full. ll Jewry | Mark the tack not empty —? PoR..0 ration \- execited as “follows: - Fike PoP” operation , %S Sten. top of a stack: ‘implement tack pointer Deldte an || DR—[oPy |, St Can yoad an element -frern top th “Stack: \fsp2-gp- [Ot Can clecsement the Sfack pointes. 4 Gp-orthen | chece te stack 4s empty, enety <1) | Full operation etd Copcodé)s TH Specifies ‘the operatinr ett be perform. fie, Addttion, dubbraction, ClZs- 8) Mode Pod 13 Yecfies the hew.. operand ts | “tp 62 founded 2 | An Snshuction % of Vasdable length okpertig| the number of addresses it Gntaing generally. 4» CPU ovgarigation. 75 of ‘three ‘tyres based on the number of addvess Feld _ | DSiagle accumulated cagantzation LA operation. 49 Wok involving o Special segiskey Crthd | accumulate. . | ALD none | 2) Cartan Register engpriotion 1A muutlipe yedoters are used fox Computation purpose ADD RR Rs Re RetRs,aitatk orgartdecion'- A woork en Stack loagte creator, due to which tt dees not “tentain any addves field. c PusH Xx | pop x Anstuction formats, Gow Clascified into 4 types We address fastumertction tao gddess ‘nsturrett ction dnt addy §nstyuraet ctitin dQ 70°80 addtess anstuctien Datver address 4nshuction'= be * Computer with WEP actress instuction TD 55 ta \ formet Gn use each adders” fro td. (Specify ethey OO Process register ER Ber momauy operatib. (x, A,B, C-—- > er x= Qie)e € +b) HDD RAB Re pale rs \ ADD Ra, A BD 1 R, <— Mocd +p] MUL X RyRy MPT GS RRL noo addsess “estnutin:- she two addras, Spshuction asa the st Gmmen tr ced lin rEommenciak Computer. Here it again each acldvessing Can Specify Cee Poe ites (Rik CY memaly | Ce ABicnee Bj X = P46) eC 40). tsMov 2A R,<—nlAs Awd fp ge k+l) AMov &,¢ ed, ADD 2 )P Ro <— Rg +n[ 0) _ rovk Ry ; me Bone address ‘instuctin ~ one addyess Snstanchan used an Smplied | actumutat® Che) veqistes 48 aut cata. , mayiperlation eestor. “tbe 7S), OW neod 5 dent va | | And for mnuttiplication , La second. neghteri an Operations wee bhobe heb actumentats gtr (acy and q memécy p . " DD 7 | opevandi 0%) PBS 5" de dg gr KMDRED. - & Load A Ace [Ad ABD BL > Ace Ae +B] SrORET OT Moe : Lemme pce Mth ee ACK Act mlb) . CSAC AM TS Srogt X tap ee AC t)) Ze addres “nstuctfon: - , fr Wotk organised Com prrcttr heart tured on addvess fetd the Anstuetion Addition multi plication .ane qustl & Pop “instuctions - hovever revert Need an p.dduess Feld 0 Sectty the operator thet erate sith the Stack Tt 75 necessasey the. expression Ambo teverse + polish 4p (onvet potter And ToS’ Stands fa Top of the Mack: AY Ke -AtB)* EHD. ust A mS< 4 pustt B mS <8 APD <_At8). | poor ¢ a9 ¢ PIsH P Se D ig F0s<{C1D) pop x eae TS1C+D) *A+B) she Gy Gren Mp fem ‘using "nak sco 00" Re a ¢ mabe” igh norance yp Sgt ies need d Speciging the Location an. fand 1 Ns an ‘nstuction 75 \ @uted st . aie. ; ofevand San § good "ee ‘thee a.clolieacing modk i Gimediale Ad dies sing yee, la Register addressing ro de, 3. Direct addvessing move: a ts Dndtiect addnsety mode :S. gased addressing meade + 6 Indexed addtessing mode + Byued - ~Sndeved addiersng mode: 19. pigase'd - Sndeved. wrth “febeemint acklesng mode - iB Dmmediale Akhessing | Mode he oi ot mock nN which “the | data. operand is” yd to the, “stout ‘eo artlatn pb nee 2 pace ae) fe | (rom reals Valur/paotto 2 Register Addressing... rtod Moda!" St) means that the ates the &ource an ofeyan and fs an bstu dion» the operand 1% obtained In & register ‘ox Set "lo efevence meméy.” ene to ie the. operand: pen | ERY Tmov cx AX) Hee 5, Direct patchy oi Mode} + Deck addiesstne ; wede in cohich the tte addres of mtmBty locafin 75 ‘etdred directly’ to! the Instuction, It only | ene veference mernbly fo, reyetred FO “fetch the operand: ; a Beg Tobey setnytt Addiesing _mode'- the. addressing mode Lcadtessed at any memd' a allocas data to be (cation “thevugh Ter ony of ry ie oPfective address held ‘in Horlowk AR, ER, CRW, BP, SP DP) | Te pas two menor vefersence Qe ced to, fetch the operand - 7 obit data 4 Addiess Bor AiT 8) | | : 18S er Ep OF | ise \ 1é 484> yes H8qe Suppose the ee ‘ax-embaits ade addiess ther tte ent % 4595 moved to a 7 Based otidressing mode! The addyessing mode dn tohich the effective addressin of the opesand is given adding the Condent of based vegistes worth the ackhassing port ot the instucton and 4 ‘be (818 bit &) 16 bit | disph@ mont « 5ky zy Base. register BY BP (Base Pointer) 1. Mov vx [ex 04] pote! Wo sot! -————__1 COL O| Fouller too rendl eRrand “i pesplacement toy St ill AIEE | address tb 4 Places peo Or 6 Sndered addressing “mode'- me mony —— > — The oddessing mock ‘in wohich the —g effective addessing operand io given by addline) | ° 2 °. the C ‘the Content oh minder sagisiet eorth th , ; ladies st & the fnduclon and Hort OR bret Bt ie de G it ‘ * | C2 BUG bt, Os wrarl Eqir mov ox [St + nC or = | opkacement: 108 Pt as wilt SRE addesto | Soot 000 _ ee Cos 00 Ceeoe—UR Galeyt fh, Based indexed addtessin No | “the addressing, mode “in uchich the | effective addressing Ofevand | 7. Compitecl by yx § J adding the Content’ of the base seqotes avid the Content ob finder reqs be, Base seqien( 8 Chae £9)- es = Vv x +5L =i” Mo eK, B 2 ona regio5 2 ort pase ie qoter Finder regis : Pres Abies) Effective add ¥ess ofevand (valie)oat<}) based - Tn dexedl with displacement addsessing Mode \- — | Fhe addressing mode %n which the eHedive addtess of the opevand 75 Cemnpaited by adding the Content of the bose regider ‘to the Content of the Snder ve etey andl abit & 8 bt & 1 pit despliacernent « Pt APabe reqistes @) BP gnstuclOre MoV 452 +08 ‘ ° cx piel Teaistoo \ a effe TVe Add esd" ferard(value pata nom 4