Consultation with Megger

VLF SIN-45
VLF Sinus Test System
(with optional VLF CR-40-TB Test Boost)

USER GUIDE
Issue: 04 (01/2015) - EN
Article number: 82919

1
 Consultation with Megger

2
Consultation with Megger

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 Consultation with Megger

Consultation with Megger

The present system manual has been designed as an operating guide and for
reference. It is meant to answer your questions and solve your problems in as fast and
easy a way as possible. Please start with referring to this manual should any trouble
occur.

In doing so, make use of the table of contents and read the relevant paragraph with
great attention. Furthermore, check all terminals and connections of the instruments
involved.

Should any question remain unanswered or should you need the help of an authorized
service station, please contact:

Megger Limited Seba Dynatronic

Mess- und Ortungstechnik GmbH
Archcliffe Road Dr.-Herbert-Iann-Str. 6
Kent CT17 9EN D - 96148 Baunach
T: +44 1304 502100 T: +49 9544 68 – 0
F: +44 1304 207342 F: +49 9544 22 73
E: uksales@megger.com E: sales@sebakmt.com

Hagenuk KMT Megger USA

Kabelmesstechnik GmbH
Röderaue 41 Valley Forge Corporate Centre
D - 01471 Radeburg / Dresden 2621 Van Buren Avenue
Norristown, PA 19403 USA
T: +49 35208 84 – 0 T: +1 610 676 8500
F: +49 35208 84 249 F: +1 610 676 8610
E: sales@sebakmt.com

 Megger

All rights reserved. No part of this handbook may be copied by photographic or other means unless Megger
have before-hand declared their consent in writing. The content of this handbook is subject to change without
notice. Megger cannot be made liable for technical or printing errors or shortcomings of this handbook.
Megger also disclaims all responsibility for damage resulting directly or indirectly from the delivery, supply, or
use of this matter.

4
Terms of Warranty

Terms of Warranty

Megger accept responsibility for a claim under warranty brought forward by a customer
for a product sold by Megger under the terms stated below.

Megger warrant that at the time of delivery Megger products are free from manufacturing
or material defects which might considerably reduce their value or usability. This
warranty does not apply to faults in the software supplied. During the period of warranty,
Megger agree to repair faulty parts or replace them with new parts or parts as new (with
the same usability and life as new parts) according to their choice.

This warranty does not cover wear parts, lamps, fuses, batteries and accumulators.

Megger reject all further claims under warranty, in particular those from consequential
damage. Each component and product replaced in accordance with this warranty
becomes the property of Megger.

All warranty claims versus Megger are hereby limited to a period of 12 months from the
date of delivery. Each component supplied by Megger within the context of warranty will
also be covered by this warranty for the remaining period of time but for 90 days at
least.

Each measure to remedy a claim under warranty shall exclusively be carried out by
Megger or an authorized service station.

This warranty does not apply to any fault or damage caused by exposing a product to
conditions not in accordance with this specification, by storing, transporting, or using it
improperly, or having it serviced or installed by a workshop not authorized by Megger.
All responsibility is disclaimed for damage due to wear, will of God, or connection to
foreign components.

For damage resulting from a violation of their duty to repair or re-supply items, Megger
can be made liable only in case of severe negligence or intention. Any liability for slight
negligence is disclaimed.

Since some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of an implied warranty or of
consequential damage, the limitations of liability described above perhaps may not
apply to you.

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 Contents

Contents

Consultation with Megger ............................................................................................... 4

Terms of Warranty ........................................................................................................... 5

Contents ........................................................................................................................... 6

1 Safety Instructions ........................................................................................... 7

1.1 General Notes .................................................................................................... 7
1.2 General Safety Instructions and Warnings.........................................................8

2 Technical Description ....................................................................................10

2.1 System Description ..........................................................................................10
2.2 Technical Data .................................................................................................11
2.3 Load Diagram ...................................................................................................13
2.4 Scope of Delivery and Accessories ..................................................................14
2.5 Display and Controls ........................................................................................15
2.6 Connection Elements .......................................................................................16

3 Commissioning ..............................................................................................18
3.1 Electrical Connection........................................................................................18
3.1.1 Normal Connection ...........................................................................................19
3.1.2 Connection via VLF CR Test Boost (Optional).................................................21
3.1.3 Use of an External Safety Device (Optional)....................................................23
3.2 Switching On ....................................................................................................24

4 Operation ........................................................................................................25
4.1 Safety Circuit ....................................................................................................25
4.2 General Operation ............................................................................................27
4.3 System Menu ...................................................................................................30

5 Operating Modes ............................................................................................31

5.1 Cable Testing ...................................................................................................31
5.2 Sheath Test and Sheath Fault Pinpointing.......................................................35
5.2.1 Sheath Test ......................................................................................................37
5.2.2 Sheath Fault Pinpointing ..................................................................................38
5.3 VLF Tan Delta Loss Factor Measurement (Optional) ......................................39
5.3.1 Preparing for Measurement..............................................................................39
5.3.2 Course of the Measurement .............................................................................41
5.3.3 Evaluation of the Test Results .........................................................................43
5.3.3.1 Automatic Evaluation........................................................................................43
5.3.3.2 Manual Evaluation ............................................................................................44

6 Completing the Work .....................................................................................47

7 Combination with other test systems ..........................................................48

8 Maintenance and Repair ................................................................................49

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 Safety Instructions

1 Safety Instructions

1.1 General Notes

Safety precautions This manual contains basic instructions for the commissioning and operation of the
device / system. For this reason, it is important to ensure that the manual is always
available to the authorised and trained operator. He needs to read the manual
thoroughly. The manufacturer is not liable for damage to material or humans due to non-
observance of the instructions and safety advices provided by this manual.

Locally applying regulations have to be observed!

Labelling of safety The following symbols may be present on the packaging material, on the instrument and
instructions in the manual:
Symbol Description
Indicates a potential danger of an electric shock that may result in fatal
or serious injury.

WARNING

Caution (refer to accompanying manual for instructions)!

Indicates a potential danger that may lead to slight or moderate injury.

CAUTION

The notes contain important information and useful tips for using the
system. Failure to observe them can render the measurement results
useless.

Working with products It is important to observe the generally applicable electrical regulations of the country in
from Megger which the device will be installed and operated, as well as the current national accident
prevention regulations and internal company directives (work, operating and safety
regulations).

After working on the system, it must be voltage-free and secured against reconnection
as well as having been discharged, earthed and short-circuited.

Use genuine accessories to ensure system safety and reliable operation. The use of
other parts is not permitted and invalidates the warranty.

Operating staff The system may only be installed and operated by an authorised electrician. DIN VDE
0104 (EN 50191), DIN VDE 0105 (EN 50110) and the German accident prevention
regulations (UVV) define an electrician as someone whose knowledge, experience and
familiarity with the applicable regulations enables him to recognise potential hazards.

Anyone else must be kept away!

Declaration of The product meets the following security requirements of the European Council
Conformity (CE) Directives:
• EMC Directive (2004/108/EC)
• Low Voltage Directive (2006/95/EC)

Lifting and carrying The device must only be lifted and carried using the handles provided on the side. Other
parts of the device, such as the connecting cables, cannot withstand the forces caused
by lifting the device and could break or tear off as a result.

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 Safety Instructions

1.2 General Safety Instructions and Warnings

Intended application The operating safety is only guaranteed if the delivered system is used as intended (see
page 10). Incorrect use may result in danger to the operator, to the system and the
connected equipment.

The thresholds listed in the technical data may not be exceeded under any
circumstances.

Behaviour at The equipment may only be used when working properly. When irregularities or
malfunction of normal malfunctions appear that cannot be solved consulting this manual, the equipment must
operation immediately be put out of operation and marked as not functional. In this case inform the
person in charge who should inform the Megger service to resolve the problem. The
instrument may only be operated when the malfunction is resolved.

Five safety rules

The five safety rules must always be followed when working with HV (High Voltage):
1. De-energise
2. Protect against re-energising
3. Confirm absence of voltage
4. Earth and short-circuit
5. Cover up or bar-off neighbouring energised parts

Using cardiac pacemaker

Physical processes during operation of high voltage may endanger
persons wearing a cardiac pacemaker when near these high voltage
facilities.

8
Safety Instructions

Fire fighting in electrical installations

• According to regulations, carbon dioxide (CO2) is required to be
used as extinguishing agent for fighting fire in electrical
installations.
• Carbon dioxide is electrically non conductive and does not leave
residues. It is safe to be used in energized facilities as long as the
minimum distances are maintained. A CO2 fire extinguisher must be
always available within electrical installations.
• If, contrary to the regulations, any other extinguishing agent is used
for fire fighting, this may lead to damage at the electrical installation.
Megger disclaims any liability for consequential damage.
Furthermore, when using a powder extinguisher near high-voltage
installations, there is a danger that the operator of the fire
extinguisher will get an electrical shock from a voltage arc-over (due
to the powder dust created).
• It is essential to observe the safety instruction on the extinguishing
agent.
• Applicable is DIN VDE 0132.

Dangers when working with high voltage

Working on high voltage systems and equipment – especially in non-
stationary operation – requires particular care and safety-conscious action
WARNING on the part of test personnel. VDE regulations 0104 on setting up and
operating electrical test systems, as well as EN 50191 and national
standards and regulations must be strictly adhered to.
• The VLF SIN-45 test system generates a dangerous voltage of up
to 45 kVPEAK.
• The test system may not be operated without supervision.
• Never fail to use safety equipment or put it out of operation.
• Operation requires minimum two people whereas the second
person must be able to activate the emergency switch in case of
danger.
• To prevent dangerous charge accumulation, earth all metal parts in
the vicinity of the high voltage equipment.

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 Technical Description

2 Technical Description

2.1 System Description

Description The VLF SIN-45 test system enables the standard-compliant withstand testing of
medium voltage cables and other equipment with a genuine 0.1 Hz sine wave test
voltage of up to 45 kVPEAK or 32 kVRMS.

By means of this type of withstand test, operation-endangering faults, such as

workmanship related problems, as well as insulation faults (e.g. water tree damage in
PE/XLPE cables or local damage in PILC cables) can safely be brought to failure. The
integrated breakdown detection shuts down the test voltage in the event of an excessive
charge current and guarantees limited damage to the cable.

In addition, the optional internal Tan Delta measuring unit allows the operator, during a
step test with a sinusoidal test voltage, to determine the tanδ (Tan Delta) dielectric loss
factor and accordingly accordingly get an idea about the degree of ageing of the cable.

In addition, the system is also suitable for tests with…

• positive and negative DC voltages of up to 45 kV,
• 0.1 Hz VLF cosine rectangular voltage of up to 40 kV with the assistance of the
optional VLF CR Test Boost (VLF CR-40-TB),
• trapezoidal AC voltage (rectangular voltage) of up to 45 kVPEAK with a load-
dependent slew rate

Features The VLF SIN-45 test system combines the following features and functions in a single
system:
• AC voltage test with up to three different voltage waveforms
• DC voltage test with positive and negative polarities
• Full-fledged tanDelta step test with automatic evaluation of the results
• Meaningful Voltage Withstand Diagnosis (VLF test and Tan Delta diagnosis in
one step)
• Leakage current measurement in DC voltage, rectangular voltage and cosine
rectangular voltage test modes
• Sheath test and sheath fault pinpointing with up to 20 kV negative DC voltage
• Manual and automatic frequency adjustment
• Breakdown detection with automatic disconnection of test voltage and discharge
of the test object if the charging current is too high
• Switchable burning function for fault conversion after a voltage breakdown (one
minute maximum)
• Logging (Export in Easyprot logging software via USB interface)
• Firmware updates via USB interface
• Cable screen (earth loop) monitoring

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Technical Description

2.2 Technical Data

The VLF SIN-45 test system is defined by the following technical parameters:
Parameter Value
Output voltage, sine wave 2 … 32 kVRMS / 45 kVPEAK
Output voltage, DC wave 2 … 45 kV
Output voltage, rectangular wave ±2 … ±45 kV
Source output current 12 mARMS
Leakage current measurement (VLF-CR, DC and rectangular voltage)
• Display area 0 to 20 mA
• Resolution 10 μA
Frequency 0.01 Hz to 0.1 Hz
Testable load capacitance
• Sine wave voltage 0.6 μF at 45 kV / 0.1 Hz
• Rectangular voltage 0.6 μF at 45 kV / 0.1 Hz
• DC voltage 5 μF at 45 kV
• Maximum load capacitance 4010 μF at reduced voltages and
frequencies
Internal Tan Delta (optional)
-3 0
• Measuring range 10 to 10
-3
• Precision (requires load capacitance 1 x 10 or 1% resp.
to be >20 nF)
-4
• Resolution 1 x 10
Pulse rate in sheath pinpointing mode 0.5:1 / 1:2 / 1:3 / 1:4 / 1.5:0.5
(in seconds)
Power supply 110 V to 230 V, 50/60 Hz
Power consumption 600 VA
Display Transflective sunlight readable 5.7" colour
display with a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels
Memory At least 1000 records of test data
Interfaces USB 2.0, Ethernet, external safety device
Weight 50 kg
Dimensions (W x D x H) 544 x 416 x 520 mm
Operating temperature -20 °C to 55 °C
Storage temperature -20 °C to 70 °C
Relative humidity 93% at 30 °C (non-condensing)
Protection class (in accordance with I
IEC 61140 (DIN VDE 0140-1))
Ingress protection rating (in accordance IP21
with IEC 60529 (DIN VDE 0470-1))

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 Technical Description

The optional VLF CR Test Boost (VLF CR-40-TB) is defined by the following technical
parameters:
Parameter Value
Output voltage, 3 … 40 kV
cosine rectangular wave
Output current 12 mARMS
Frequency 0.1 Hz
Testable load capacitance 4545455 μF at 40 kV
Weight 42 kg
Dimensions (W x D x H) 544 x 416 x 400 mm
Operating temperature -20 °C to 55 °C
Storage temperature -40 °C to 70 °C
Relative humidity 93% at 30 °C (non-condensing)
Protection class (in accordance with I
IEC 61140 (DIN VDE 0140-1))
Ingress protection rating (in accordance IP21
with IEC 60529 (DIN VDE 0470-1))

12
Technical Description

2.3 Load Diagram

The following diagram applies to tests with sine wave voltage only and illustrates the
dependency of the test frequency on the capacity of the load connected and the test
voltage set. If a test frequency cannot be used due to the limits of the test system’s
capacity, the frequency is automatically adapted and the user is informed of this.

1
For tests with cosine rectangular voltage, the following load diagram applies :
Cload / µF

U / kV

1
Applies only for temperatures between -25 and 45 °C. In the temperature range from
45 °C to 55 °C, the output power is reduced to 80%.

13
 Technical Description

2.4 Scope of Delivery and Accessories

Scope of delivery The scope of delivery of the system includes the following:
• Basic device
• Cover
• HV connection cable, 5 m
• Mains power cable, 3 m
• Earthing lead, 5 m
• USB flash drive
• Accessory bag
• Operating manual

Check contents Check the contents of the package for completeness and visible damage right after
receipt. In the case of visible damage, the device must under no circumstances be taken
into operation. If something is missing or damaged, please contact your local sales
representative.

Optional accessories If the following optional accessories do not form part of the scope of delivery, these can
be ordered from sales:
Accessory Description Item number
VLF CR Test Boost Expands the system to enable testing with 128311042
(VLF CR-40-TB) 0.1 Hz cosine rectangular voltage
External safety External box with signal lights, high voltage 108300322
device controls, EMERGENCY OFF switch and key
switch
Diagnostic Accessory set for a partial-discharge free 890017909
connection set connection to the test object
VLF CS-SF6-M12 Set of adapters for 3-phase cable testing; 128311799
suitable for M12 elbow connectors
VLF CS-SF6-M16 Set of adapters for 3-phase cable testing; 128311800
suitable for M16 elbow connectors
VLF CS-BB Set of adapters for 3-phase cable testing; 128311801
suitable for connection to busbar
Tan delta test Integral cable diagnosis system for very 820020283
attachment accurate Tan Delta measurement

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Technical Description

2.5 Display and Controls

The following control and display elements are on the front panel of the VLF SIN-45 test
system:

Element Description

EMERGENCY OFF switch

ON/OFF button

HV interlock key switch

“HV On” button

“HV Off” button

USB port

Display

Rotary encoder with function keys on the side

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 Technical Description

2.6 Connection Elements

The following connection components are located at the rear of the VLF SIN-45 test
system:

Element Description

Protective earthing connection

HV output

Power supply socket with fuses (2 x T6.3A)

Socket to connect the external safety device

Socket to connect the control cable to the VLF CR Test Boost

Network port

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Technical Description

The following connection components are located at the rear of the VLF CR Test Boost:

Element Description

HV connecting cable to connect to the VLF SIN-45 test system

HV output

Protective earthing connection

Control cable to connect to the VLF SIN-45 test system

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 Commissioning

3 Commissioning

General safety instructions for set-up and commissioning

• The safety guidelines for the operation of mobile testing systems often
differ from one network operator to another and are frequently subject
to national regulations (such as the German BGI 5191). Before the
WARNING
measurement session, find out what the applicable guidelines are and
follow the rules set out therein precisely, in respect of the organisation
of work and the commissioning of the mobile test system.
• Select a location that is sufficient for the weight and size of the system
and which ensures that it stands securely.
• When setting up or connecting the device, make sure that it does not
impair the functional capability of any other systems or components. If
other systems and components have to be modified, be sure to
reverse these measures once the work has been completed. Always
take the special requirements of these systems and components into
account and only carry out work on them after consulting and
obtaining approval from whoever is in charge of them.
• In the event of large differences in temperature between the storage
and installation locations (cold to warm) condensation may form on
components carrying high voltage (condensation effect). To avoid any
risk of damage to people and devices caused by voltage flash-overs,
the system must not be operated when in this condition. It should
rather be left in the new environment to acclimatise for approximately
one hour before putting it into operation.

3.1 Electrical Connection

Safety instructions for the electrical connection

• The system may only be connected to de-energized equipment. The
general safety instructions and, in particular, the five safety rules (see
page 8) must always be followed prior to connection to the test object.
WARNING
• Follow the specified connection sequence.
• All the cables at the measuring point that are out of operation and are
not to be tested must be shorted and earthed.
• Because the amount of voltage applied to the test object poses a
danger in the event of contact, the test station itself and the ends of
the cables must be shielded as per VDE 0104 to ensure that such
contact is not possible. When doing so, be sure to take all branches of
the cables into account.

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Commissioning

3.1.1 Normal Connection

Connection diagram The following figure shows a simplified connection diagram of the VLF SIN-45 test
system:

110 V to 230 V, Connection method for cable testing and loss

50/60 Hz factor measurement

Station earth or other suitable

foundation earth electrode
Connection method for sheath testing and
sheath fault pinpointing

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 Commissioning

Procedure Proceed as follows, to connect the VLF SIN-45 test system to the test object:
Step Action
1 Using the green/yellow earth cable make a connection between the protective
earth connection of the device and a suitable point on the protective earth
system (station earth).
Make sure that the connecting points of the earth cable are not polluted /
corroded and that they provide good metallic contact.
2 Insert the plug of the HV connecting cable, aligned as shown, into the HV
output of the system.
The connecting plug has a bayonet fitting. The plug must be pushed gently
against the HV output with some force, and noticeably slot into place. Then
tighten the plug by turning it in a clockwise direction.

3 If you want to carry out a cable test or a If you want to carry out a sheath test
loss factor measurement: or a sheath fault location:
Connect the screen of the HV Connect the screen of the HV
connecting cable to the earthed screen connecting cable to the earthing bar of
of the test object (system earth). the cable system (system earth).
4 Connect the internal conductor of the Connect the internal conductor of the
HV connecting cable to the phase HV connecting cable to the earth
conductor of the test object. screen of the test object.
The earth screens must be
disconnected at both cable ends.
5 Connect the power cord included in the scope of the delivery to the system’s
power socket and a power supply socket.

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Commissioning

3.1.2 Connection via VLF CR Test Boost (Optional)

Purpose If the VLF SIN-45 test system is connected to the test object via the optional VLF CR
Test Boost, tests with cosine rectangular voltage can be carried out (all other
operating modes are disabled).

By means of the VLF CR Test Boost the maximum testable load capacitance at 40 kV
and 0.1 Hz is increased to 5 µF. This way, standard-compliant tests of loads with higher
capacitance and cables with a rated voltage >20 kV can be performed.

Connection diagram The following figure shows a simplified connection diagram of the VLF SIN-45 test
system with the VLF CR Test Boost:

110 V to 230 V,
50/60 Hz

Station earth or other suitable

foundation earth electrode

Procedure Proceed as follows to connect the VLF SIN-45 test system to the test object:
Step Action
1 Place the VLF SIN-45 test system on top of the VLF CR Test Boost, as shown
in the figure.
2 Using the green/yellow earth cable, make a connection between the protective
earth connections ( und ) and a suitable point on the protective earth
system (station earth).
Make sure that the connecting points of the earth cable are not soiled and that
they provide good metallic contact.
3 Connect the control cable from the VLF CR Test Boost to the
corresponding socket of the VLF SIN-45 test system.

21
 Commissioning

Step Action
4 Connect the HV connection cable from the VLF CR Test Boost to the VLF SIN-
45 test system.
To do so, insert the plug of the HV connecting cable , aligned as shown,
into the HV output of the system.
The connecting plug has a bayonet fitting. The plug must be pushed flush
against the HV output with some force, and noticeably slot into place. Then
tighten the plug by turning it in a clockwise direction.

5 Fasten the plug of the supplied HV connecting cable to the HV output of

the VLF CR Test Boost in the same manner.
6 Connect the screen of the HV connecting cable to the earthed screen of the
test object (system earth).
7 Connect the internal conductor of the HV connecting cable to the phase
conductor of the test object.
8 Connect the power cord included in the scope of the delivery to the system’s
power socket and a power supply socket.

22
Commissioning

3.1.3 Use of an External Safety Device (Optional)

Purpose With the aid of an external safety device, the current status of the system can be made
clearly visible with coloured signal lamps and the generation of HV can be interrupted or
locked with an EMERGENCY OFF switch and key switch.

Connection The external safety device must be connected to the socket that has been provided
for this purpose.

In the event that no external safety device is used, the corresponding dummy plug must
be screwed on to the socket.

Description The following figure shows the optional external safety device:

Part Description
Green signal light
Lights up when the system is switched on but is not in high voltage operation.
Red signal light
Lights up as soon as high voltage can be generated. All discharge and
earthing devices are open and the test object must be treated as live.
“HV interlock” key switch

High voltage unlocked

High voltage locked

In the locked state, the key can be removed and the system can thus be
protected against unauthorised high-voltage operation.

EMERGENCY OFF switch

HV ON button (equal to button on the front panel)

HV OFF button (equal to button on the front panel)

23
 Commissioning

3.2 Switching On

The test system is switched on by pressing the ON/OFF button . The software starts
within a few seconds. If the test system was switched off whilst in an operating mode,
this operating mode is called up again immediately after restarting. Elsewise, the
software remains in the main menu shown below:

24
Operation

4 Operation

4.1 Safety Circuit

Signalling Immediately after an operarating mode has been selected, the VLF SIN-45 test system
continuously checks the requirements of the safety circuit. In the event that at least one
requirement of the safety circuit is not fulfilled, the system disables HV operational
readiness. The operator is informed in the header about the existing discrepancy:

To be able to generate high voltage, the cause of the fault must first be eliminated.

If the safety circuit trips during HV operation, the system will immediately interrupt the
HV test. Subsequently the test object will automatically be discharged.

Possible error The following causes can interrupt the safety circuit:
messages
Message Cause
Cable shield not properly Resistance between operating earth and protective
connected earth too high (>9 ±3 Ω). Check whether the earth
cable as well as the cable screen of the HV connection
cable are correctly connected and that the respective
connection points are making a good metallic contact.
HV cable not correctly The HV connection cable has not been properly locked
connected on to the HV output .
System disabled by The EMERGENCY OFF switch has been
EMERGENCY OFF activated.
HV unit disabled by external The EMERGENCY OFF switch on the external safety
EMERGENCY OFF device has been activated.
HV Unit disabled by Interlock High voltage has been locked by using the key
Key switch (see the next page).
Overtemperature in VLF The internal temperature monitor reports a raised
Sinus temperature of the HV components. The system can
only be started up again after a sufficiently long
cooling-down phase.
Make sure that the air inlets and outlets on the sides of
the housing are not covered.
VLF CR Test Boost is not The VLF CR Test Boost reports an error that is not
ready. defined with any greater precision or is not properly
connected.

25
 Operation

Message Cause
VLF CR Test Boost is not The VLF CR Test Boost reports that the resistance
ready. Cable shield not between operating earth and protective earth is too
properly connected. high (>9 ±3 Ω). Check whether the earth cable as well
as the cable screen of the HV connection cable are
correctly connected and that the respective connection
points are able to make good metallic contact.
VLF CR Test Boost is not The HV connection cable was not properly locked on
ready. HV cable not correctly to the HV output of the VLF CR Test Boost.
connected.

HV interlock The VLF SIN-45 test system has a key switch that can prevent high voltage being
switched on. The switch can be set to the following positions:

High voltage unlocked

High voltage locked

In the locked state, the key can be removed and the system can thus be protected
against unauthorised high-voltage operation.

26
Operation

4.2 General Operation

Operating concept Navigation within the menus is entirely controlled from the circular selection menu:

Currently selected
menu item

Description of the
currently selected
menu item System

Operating the system with the rotary encoder is as follows:

• Select the menu item
• Increase or decrease the value of a variable parameter
• Select an option from a selection list

• Call up the selected menu item

• Confirm the setting or the selection made

Each menu (with the exception of the main menu) has a menu item with which one
can return to the next higher menu level.

Quick selection By pressing the function button located on the side next to the rotary encoder, the
quick selection menu can be accessed (as well as closed) at any time irrespective of the
position in the menu structure. The menu provides direct access to all the available
operating modes.

27
 Operation

Phase selection Immediately after the activation of an operating mode (with the exception of the sheath
pinpointing mode), the phase selection menu opens automatically:

Phase selection is used to select the phases of the test object on which the
measurement is to be carried out. In this manner, the test logs and the records of the
history database (see the next page) can also be easily assigned later.

The desired phase can be marked for selection by turning the rotary encoder and
then selected or deselected by pressing it.

Phase is active

Phase is not active

The phase selection menu can only be closed once a valid selection has been made. By
closing the menu via the function button, the active selection is confirmed.

Until the actual start of the measurements, the selection menu can be called up again
and adjusted by pressing the function button once again.

The last phase selection made is separately saved for each operating mode (even after
a restart) and is preset when the operating mode is restarted.

28
Operation

History database By pressing the function button located below the rotary encoder, the history
database can be called up at any time irrespective of the position in the menu structure.

The data in respect of all measurements and tests carried out with the system are
contained in this database. The records are sorted by date and can furthermore also be
distinguished according to operating mode, voltage or optional comments.

Once the desired record has been selected by turning the rotary encoder, the selection
must be confirmed by pressing it briefly. Thereafter, the following functions are
available:
• Export the selected record or all records to the inserted USB flash drive (for
further processing in EasyProt)
• Delete the selected record or all records
• Add or edit a comment in respect of the selected record

Online help By pressing the function button located above the rotary encoder, a compact
online help function with basic operating instructions can be called up at any time
irrespective of the position in the menu structure.

29
 Operation

4.3 System Menu

Selecting the menu item takes you directly to the system menu, where the following
functions and submenus are available:
Menu
Description
item
Submenu with detailed system information
Information on the current versions of the various software
components
Hardware information (e.g. MAC address and serial number of the
system)

The current system log file can be viewed ( ) and exported ( ) by

selecting this submenu.
When exporting the system log file, it is saved on the inserted USB
flash drive (in the directory: vlf45/logfiles/).
System settings
Setting the interface language.
Select the desired language by turning the rotary encoder and activate
by pressing it. The language selection is immediately active.
In this submenu, the brightness and layout of the display can be
adjusted and the background lighting can be switched on or off.
Setting the date and time.
The value of each segment that has been marked for selection can be
adjusted by turning the rotary encoder. Pressing causes the mark to
move the next segment.
Once the input has been concluded, the changes can either be
accepted with OK or rejected by selecting Cancel.
Using this function resets all the saved test parameters (e.g. phase selection,
voltage, test duration) to the default values preset in the factory.

When this function is used, a search in respect of firmware and language files
is conducted in the directory vlf45/updates/ on the inserted USB flash drive.
The files found are then listed and, using the rotary encoder, these can be
selected and imported. A distinction is made between the following file types:
vlf45-Software-x.xx.tar Updating all software components (including kernel,
boot loader and database) to version x.xx
application-x.xx.img Updating solely the application to version x.xx
vlf45-xxx.tar Importing the language xxx
vlf45-Languages.tar Importing all the languages contained in the
language file
Access to the password-protected submenus that are reserved for service
technicians and developers.

30
 Operating Modes

5 Operating Modes

5.1 Cable Testing

Selecting the operating If the VLF SIN-45 is operated without the optional VLF CR Test Boost, the following
mode cable test operating modes have been combined in their own submenu, which can be
called up directly from the main menu by selecting the menu item .
Menu item Operating mode

>> Cable test with VLF sine wave voltage of up to 45 kVPEAK

>> Cable test with trapezoidal AC voltage (rectangular voltage) of up to 45 kV

Cable test with VLF sine wave voltage and simultaneous tanDelta
diagnosis (optional)
Cable test with positive and negative DC voltages of up to 45 kV

With the optional VLF CR Test Boost connected, tests can only be performed with
VLF cosine rectangular voltage of up to 40 kV. This operating mode can be access
directly through the menu item when in the main menu. Due to the high testable
cable capacitance, this operating mode is also suitable for norm-compliant testing of
very long cables.

Setting the test The phases and the test voltage are automatically queried when entering the operating
parameters mode, however − like all other settings − they can be adjusted until the actual start of the
test.

The following test parameters can be set:

Button /
Description
Menu item
The phase selection (see page 28) must be carried out in accordance with
the actual type of connection.
If to save time several phases are to be tested at the same time, the
phase selection menu also makes it possible to select several phases.
Thereafter, the phase selection menu must be closed using the function
button .
Entering test voltage.
The manner of the entry may also be specified (see the description in the
bottom part of the table). If the voltage is shown as a multiple of the cable
nominal voltage Uo, then Uo and the factor must be entered successively.
Suitable voltage values for a meaningful cable test are set out in the table
on the following page.
The test time is shown in minutes. After expiry of the test time, the high
voltage will be automatically switched off.
Suitable test times for a meaningful cable test are set out in the table on
the following page.
The setting activates the continuous operation mode.

31
 Operating Modes

Button /
Description
Menu item
Only adjustable for tests with sine wave or rectangular voltage
This menu item is used to change the frequency of the VLF test voltage
(0.01 Hz to 0.1 Hz). The HD 620 S1 und HD 621 S1 harmonisation
documents recommend the 0.1 Hz frequency for VLF tests.
As the maximum permitted test frequency depends on the determined
cable capacitance and the test voltage being applied (see page 13), it may
be necessary to adjust the test frequency set and about which the user
was informed at the start of the test.
In the Auto setting, the system automatically selects the highest possible
test frequency at the start of the test and starts the voltage conditioning
without further inquiry.
Only adjustable for DC voltage test
This menu item is used to specify the polarity of the DC test voltage.
In this submenu, the following additional parameters can be set:
The manner of entering the voltage. Depending on the voltage
form, the test voltage can be specified as peak value (PEAK), root
mean square value (RMS), absolute value (|U|) or as a multiple of
Uo (x⋅Uo).
Activates and deactivates the burning function. If the burn function
is activated and a voltage breakdown occurs, the test continues for
the purpose of fault conversion for a maximum one minute.

These settings are stored separately for each of the test modes and are
retained even if the unit is switched off.

Notes on selecting the The requirements for a meaningful cable test are found in the harmonisation documents
test voltage and test HD 620 S1:1996 and HD 621 S1:1996 and often in company-internal testing guidelines
time as well.

The following table provides a selection of proven test parameters for various
applications:
Application Test voltage Test duration in
minutes
VLF test (new cables) 3 Uo 15 to 60
VLF test (on aged cables) 1.7 to 3 Uo 60
DC test (on PILC cables) 4 to 8 Uo 15 to 30

32
Operating Modes

Starting the test Once all the relevant parameters for the test as well as the phase(s) have been set, the
actual test can be started using the menu item . After which 10 seconds remain to
enable high voltage with the “HV On” button .

At the start of a test with sine wave or rectangular voltage, load detection is performed.
If the load characteristics (capacitance and insulation resistance) do not permit a test
with the set parameters, this is indicated on the screen by a system message.

For tests with sine wave or rectangular voltage, testing using a lower frequency is
offered where required. The user can then either cancel the test or start it using a
different frequency. In the Auto frequency setting, the adjustment, if necessary, is
carried out without further inquiry.

Tests with DC voltage or cosine rectangular voltage must be stopped in any case and, if
possible, restarted using a lower test voltage.

Performing the test During the test, the voltage curve (blue) and, if applicable, the leakage current (red) are
logged in the display area in real time. The display area of the diagram can be increased
or be reduced by means of the menu item .

In the operating mode, the tanδ measured values (green dots) are shown in addition
to the voltage curve (blue curve) and it is possible to switch to numerical representation
of the measured values via the menu item.

Depending on the operating mode, a few relevant parameters and measured values are
displayed next to the diagram:
Symbol Description

/ Remaining test time / current test duration (in continuous operation mode)

Leakage current (VLF-CR, DC and rectangular voltage)

Actual test frequency

The load capacitance determined at the start of the test

The insulation resistance determined at the start of the test

δ Last measured tanδ value

Finishing the test If a test time was defined, the high voltage is automatically switched off at the end of this
time. In continuous operation mode, it must be switched off manually using the “HV Off”
button or the menu item .

If a voltage breakdown occurs in the test object during the test time, the test is also
interrupted. In which event, the test does not qualify as having been passed.

Irrespective of whether the high voltage is switched off automatically or manually, the
test object is discharged by means of an internal discharge-resistor.

The test data logged up to the switch-off are recorded in the history database (see page
29) and, if necessary, on the inserted USB flash drive as well.

33
 Operating Modes

Evaluation of the A dielectric strength test carried out to standard is generally deemed to have been
test results successfully passed if there were no breakdowns in the test object throughout the
duration of the test. In addition to this clear statement, further conclusions can be drawn
on the state of the test object using the trend over time of the leakage current or the
tanδ measured values.

E.g. a falling tanDelta can indicate wet cables / accessories, while a tanDelta increasing
over time can be a definite indication of an emerging cable fault.

34
 Operating Modes

5.2 Sheath Test and Sheath Fault Pinpointing

Introduction To detect sheath faults, the VLF SIN-45 test system operates in test mode with a DC
voltage of up to 20 kV (negative polarity), which also permits cables with a thicker outer
sheath (such as cables rated 230 kV) to be tested.

If a voltage breakdown occurs during the course of a sheath test or the measured
leakage current indicates that there is a sheath fault, fault pinpointing can be started
directly after the test.

During sheath fault pinpointing, DC pulses with an adjustable pulse rate are coupled into
the screen of the faulty cable.

With each coupled pulse, the current flowing into the earth forms a voltage gradient
around the point of escape (the fault position in the sheath), the centre of which can be
located precisely by means of an earth fault locator and earth spikes (step voltage
method).

Selecting the operating To start a test, the submenu of the test operating modes must be opened using the
mode menu item and from this, the menu item must be called up.

Sheath fault pinpointing can be started directly from the main menu using the menu
item .

Setting the test The phases (sheath testing only) and the voltage range are automatically queried when
parameters entering the operating mode, however − like all other settings − they can be adjusted
until the actual start of the test or pinpointing.

The following test parameters can be set:

Button /
Description
Menu item
Only adjustable for sheath tests
The phase selection (see page 28) must be carried out in accordance with
the actual type of connection.
If to save time several sheaths are to be tested at the same time, the
phase selection menu also makes it possible to select more than one
phase.
Thereafter, the phase selection menu must be closed using the function
button .
The set voltage range limits the maximum voltage that can be set during
the test or pinpointing.
In terms of the relevant standards (such as the VDE 0276), which may
however differ from the local regulations or standards, the following
guidelines are specified:
• PVC cable ≤3 kV
• PE medium voltage cable ≤5 kV
• PE high voltage cable ≤10 kV

35
 Operating Modes

Button /
Description
Menu item
Only adjustable for sheath fault pinpointing
Menu item to select the rate of the DC pulses in seconds.
Example: If a pulse rate of 1:3 produces is selected, every DC pulse with
a duration of 3 seconds is followed by a 3 second voltage dropout.

0 kV

1s 3s

The duration of the test can be specified within a range of 1 to 90 minutes.

In the relevant standards (e.g. VDE 0276), the test duration of a sheath
test is specified as being between 5 to 10 minutes depending on the cable
type.
The setting activates the continuous operation mode that should
particularly be used for the sheath fault pinpointing.
In this submenu, the following additional parameters can be set:
Switching between manual and automatic ramp voltage.
In automatic mode, as soon as high voltage is enabled, the test
system begins voltage conditioning and charges the test object
directly up to the upper limit that has been set.
In the manual mode, the voltage must be ramped up by using the
rotary encoder. This permits a gradual increase and therefore
makes it easier to assess sudden fluctuations in current, for
example.

Starting the test / Once all the settings have been made, the test or pinpointing can be started with the
pinpointing menu item . After which 10 seconds remain to enable high voltage with the “HV On”
button .

As soon as high voltage is enabled, the “HV Off” button lights up red signalling high
voltage at the HV output.

Depending on the setting (see above), the VLF SIN-45 test system either immediately
starts with voltage conditioning or waits for the manual adjustment of the voltage. During
sheath testing or sheath fault pinpointing the applied voltage can be manually adjusted
by means of the menu item .

36
Operating Modes

5.2.1 Sheath Test

Performing the test During the test, the voltage curve (blue) and the current curve (red) are logged in the
display area in real time. The display area of the diagram can be increased or be
reduced by means of the menu item .

Depending on the operating mode, a few relevant parameters and measured values are
displayed next to the diagram:
Symbol Description

/ Remaining test time / current test duration (in continuous operation mode)

Leakage current

Finishing the test If a test time was defined, the high voltage is automatically switched off at the end of this
time. In continuous operation mode, it must be switched off manually using the “HV Off”
button or the menu item .

Irrespective of whether the high voltage is switched off automatically or manually, the
high voltage output is earthed and the test object is discharged by means of an internal
discharge-resistor.

The test data logged up to the switch-off are recorded in the history database (see page
29) and, if necessary, on the inserted USB flash drive as well.

Evaluating the test If the leakage current values measured during the test are above the limits specified by
results the cable owner, the tested cable should be examined in more detail soon or at least a
shorter testing cycle should be introduced.

37
 Operating Modes

5.2.2 Sheath Fault Pinpointing

Pinpointing sheath After high voltage has been enabled and, if necessary, the desired voltage has been
faults set, the fault position can be accurately pinpointed by means of an earth fault locator
(e.g. ESG NT).

For more details about operating the earth fault locator, please read the
accompanying instructions.

Do not leave the system in operation unattended and accessible to the

third parties. Cordon off the location in a secure manner or instruct an
authorised person to monitor the system.
WARNING

Completing the If a test time was defined, the high voltage is automatically switched off at the end of this
measurement time. In continuous operation mode, it must be switched off manually using the “HV Off”
button or the menu item .

Irrespective of whether the high voltage is switched off automatically or manually, the
high voltage output is earthed and the test object is discharged by means of an internal
discharge-resistor.

The test data logged up to the switch-off are recorded in the history database (see page
29) and, if necessary, on the inserted USB flash drive as well.

38
 Operating Modes

5.3 VLF Tan Delta Loss Factor Measurement (Optional)

5.3.1 Preparing for Measurement

Introduction Underground medium and high voltage cables are continuously subject to thermal,
electrical and mechanical stresses over the course of their use.

This fact inevitably leads - despite the use of durable materials - to increasing damage
or ageing of the cable, which in turn leads to dielectric losses.

A measure of these dielectric losses is the so-called loss factor tanδ, which can be
determined within the scope of a tan delta step test.

On the basis of the measurement results, integral ageing effects, such as the degree of
humidity, can be diagnosed and cables with critical ageing identified.

Selecting the operating To start a tan delta step test, the submenu of the test operating modes must be opened
mode using the menu item and from this, the menu item must be called up.

Upon entering the operating mode, some parameters (phases, test standard, insulation
type and nominal voltage) are automatically queried, which however can still be
adjusted until the actual start of the measurement (see the following table).

Setting the test The following test parameters can be set (some of which are in the submenu ):
parameters
Button /
Description
Menu item
During phase selection (see page 28), all the phases must be selected on
which a tan delta step test is to be performed.
The test is carried out − starting with the lowest phase − successively on
all the selected phases.
The phase selection menu must be closed using the function button .
Nominal voltage Uo of the connected cable type as RMS value.
Once the value is confirmed, a calculation of the respective voltage values
of the individual levels is carried out and displayed on the screen.

The maximum nominal voltage that can be set depends on the

maximum output voltage of the test system as well as on the set
voltage levels (see the next page).
If the nominal voltage of the cable is above the maximum value
that can be set, the number of the voltage levels would have to be
reduced accordingly first.

39
 Operating Modes

Button /
Description
Menu item
Frequency of the VLF test voltage (0.01 Hz to 0.1 Hz).
A setting of 0.1 Hz is definitely recommended, since all the experience
documented in the relevant technical literature or in the corresponding
standards refer to this frequency as the diagnostic frequency.
By measuring at different frequencies, a tanδ spectrum can furthermore
be shown for the test object. This spectrum can provide further information
on the condition of the test object.

If the capacitance of the connected test object does not permit

(see page 13) a measurement using 0.1 Hz and an automatic
frequency adjustment is performed at the start of the
measurement, the evaluation criteria that are independent of
frequency should be looked more closely. These include,
amongst others, the deviation of the absolute tanδ values
between the phases of a cable system and the change of the tanδ
with increasing voltage (Δtanδ).

Number of the voltage levels (1 to 6) that the test voltage runs through in
the course of a test.
The first voltage level is 0.5Uo. The voltage is increased by 0.5Uo with
every additional voltage level. The sixth voltage level would accordingly be
3Uo.
One requirement for the automatic evaluation (see page 43) of the test
results is that the measurements were taken in respect of at least 3
voltage levels.
Once the value is confirmed, a calculation of the respective voltage values
of the individual levels is carried out while taking the nominal voltage into
account and displayed on the screen.

To avoid possible breakdowns, it is recommended that already

heavily aged cables are not be measured at voltage levels greater
than 2Uo (≤1.5Uo is even safer).

Number of tanδ measured values (5 to 20) per voltage level.

At least 8 measured values per voltage level should be recorded in order
to obtain a calculated tanδ mean value that is statistically meaningful. The
higher the number of values, the more reliable the calculated mean value.
However, the stress placed on the test object also increases accordingly.
As the goal is a non-destructive diagnosis, the number of measured
values, especially in the case of high test voltages, should be kept limited
(recommended are 8 to 10 values).
Insulation type of the cable under test.
The chosen insulation type determines the criteria used for the automatic
evaluation of the measurement results. In case of a mixed cable system
(Mixed option), evaluation is performed according to the criteria defined
for PILC cables.
Standard according to which the recorded measurement results are to be
automatically evaluated.

40
Operating Modes

5.3.2 Course of the Measurement

Test start Once all the settings have been made, the measurement can be started with the menu
item . An instruction is then given in respect of the first phase to be connected (the
smallest selected phase of the phase selection), which requires confirmation.

After which 10 seconds remain to enable high voltage with the “HV On” button . As
soon as high voltage is enabled, the “HV Off” button lights up red signalling high
voltage at the HV output.

At the start of the measurement, load detection is performed. If the capacitance of the
cable requires a reduction in the test frequency that has been set, this is indicated on
the screen by a system message. The user can then either cancel the test or start it
using a different frequency.

Alternatively, the number of voltage levels could be reduced, resulting in an automatic

drop in the maximum necessary test voltage. However, care should be taken here to
ensure that, if possible, the 3 voltage levels required for meaningful measurement
results are retained.

Performing the The test voltage runs through the selected number of voltage levels during the course of
measurement the measurement and remains at a voltage level for the selected number of measured
values.

The system requires a certain number of periods (approximately three) at the start of
each new voltage level in order to optimally adjust itself for the current and voltage
values. During this phase, no tanδ measured values are displayed.

Selecting the menu item allows you to switch between two different views. In the
curve representation, the measured individual tanδ values (green dots) together with the
corresponding RMS voltage values (blue dots) are displayed in a diagram.

The display area of the diagram can be increased or be reduced by means of the menu
item . In the tabular view, the last 4 individual tanδ values are numerically listed with
the corresponding voltage level.

41
 Operating Modes

Changing phases If more than one phase was selected before the start of the measurement, the test is
during the course of interrupted after the measurement of a phase is completed and the user is prompted to
the test connect the next phase.

The high voltage source is then automatically switched off and the HV output is
discharged.

Follow the five safety rules

To establish and ensure a voltage-free state when changing phases, the
five safety rules (see page 8) must be followed.
WARNING

After changing the phase, the message needs to be confirmed and the high voltage
must be enabled again with the “HV On” button . After doing so, the system
automatically continues with the measurement on the next phase.

If the test system is switched off (without leaving the operating mode) during the
request to change phases, the software automatically returns to this system
status after restarting. Due to this function, the phases can also be changed while
the system is switched off.

Completing the test After finishing a complete voltage run on all phases to be tested, the system
automatically switches off the high voltage and discharges the test object.

In respect of each phase involved in the test, a separate log file is created and saved in
the history database (see page 29).

In addition, an overall log is generated to facilitate a comparison of the individual

phases. This log, which also contains information in respect of the evaluation of the
individual phases (see page 43), is written to the history database as well as to the
inserted USB flash drive, if necessary.

42
Operating Modes

5.3.3 Evaluation of the Test Results

5.3.3.1 Automatic Evaluation

An automatic evaluation of the test results is only carried out if the following
requirements have been fulfilled:
• A standard for the evaluation of the test results has been selected.
• The selected standard contains criteria for the evaluation of the insulation type
of the connected cable.
• The test was conducted in respect of at least 3 voltage levels.
• The test was carried out on a test voltage with a frequency of 0.1 Hz.

The standard as well as the insulation type can be adjusted (see page 40) even
after completion of the test.

If an automatic evaluation can be performed, the results are shown in the centre of the
display:

43
 Operating Modes

5.3.3.2 Manual Evaluation

Introduction An automatic evaluation of the measurement results made by the software should be
understood as a valuable tool, however by no means should it be used as a sole
decision-making criterion.

Criteria such as deviating measurement results within a cable system, the influence of
leakage currents as well as outside influencing parameters can only be analysed to a
limited extent by software. The technician performing the test is therefore urged to
scrutinize the evaluation critically and, if necessary, to conduct own analyses to avoid
incorrect conclusions.

Evaluation criteria After completing a test, an overview of the following evaluation criteria derived from the
individual tanδ values can be called up by selecting the menu item :
Criterion Description
tanδ at xUo The mean of the measured tanδ values is calculated separately for
each voltage level.
It is not recommended to perform the evaluation by means of the
absolute values only, as they can be influenced by several factors:
• Number of joints in the cable stretch
• Type of joints
• Temperature of the cable
• Air humidity
• Leakage current along the terminations / isolators

Nevertheless, important information can be derived from the mean

value. For example, a comparison can be made of the values for all
three phases of a cable system under identical conditions. As a rule, all
three phases of a cable stretch are subjected to the same conditions.
They have the same number of accessories and are subject to the same
environmental influences. By taking the measurements within a short
time frame, an almost uniform cable temperature can also be ensured.
Consequently, the mean values of the three phases should be almost
identical. Substantial deviations upwards indicate that the condition of
the affected phase is poor. In this case, further study (e.g. a PD
measurement) is advised.
σ The standard deviation σ is specified separately for each voltage level
and is a measure of the distribution of the individual tanδ values around
the mean value of the respective level.
1.5Uo – 0.5Uo The most important criteria for a meaningful evaluation of the insulation
(Δtanδ) condition is the Δtanδ, which reflects the voltage dependency of the
tanδ.
The Δtanδ is calculated from the difference between the tanδ mean
value of voltage levels 0.5Uo and 1.5Uo.

Δtanδ = tanδ1.5Uo – tanδ0.5Uo

The Δtanδ can only be calculated for measurements with at least 3

voltage levels.

44
 Operating Modes

Evaluation of PE-based An insulation in good condition is indicated in PE-based cables (e.g. XLPE cables) by a
cables low Δtanδ, which corresponds to a nearly constant tanδ over increasing test voltages.
For an aged insulation, the tanδ value increases slightly with increasing voltage. For a
critically aged insulation, the tanδ value clearly increases with increasing voltage.

Using the relevant literature as an aid, the absolute tanδ values measured on a
PE-based cable can also be used to derive conclusions about the condition (with the
limitations described on the previous page).

Depending on the condition, different measures are recommended for PE-based cables
according to the following table (taken from IEEE 400.2):
Mean value σ at Uo Δtanδ Condition assessment
at Uo (1.5Uo – 0.5Uo)
[10-3] [10-3] [10-3]
<4 and <0.1 and <5 No action required
4 to 50 or 0.1 to 0.5 or 5 to 80 Further study advised
>50 or >0.5 or >80 Action required

In comparison, the following (lower) limits for PE-based cables have already been
specified in the older IEEE 400-2001 standard:
Mean value at 2Uo Δtanδ (2Uo – Uo) Condition assessment
[10-3] [10-3]
<1.2 <0.6 Good
1.2 bis 2.2 0.6 to 1.0 Aged
>2.2 >1.0 Highly degraded

Evaluation of PILC The interpretation of the loss factor in evaluating the condition of PILC cables has not
cables yet been thoroughly investigated. An exact, qualitative evaluation can therefore only be
derived to a limited extent from the measurement results received, as compared to PE-
based cables.

In principle, it can be said that the dielectric loss factor of a PILC cables is always
considerably greater than that of a PE-based cable. Even a vulnerable PE-based cable
will reflect lower tanδ absolute values compared to a fault-free PILC cable.

The condition of the paper insulation can at least be roughly evaluated with the aid of
the following limit values (taken from IEEE 400.2):
Mean value σ at Uo Δtanδ Condition assessment
at Uo (1.5Uo – 0.5Uo)
[10-3] [10-3] [10-3]
<85 and <0.1 and <5 No action required
85 to 200 or 0.1 to 0.5 or 5 to 80 Further study advised
>200 or >0.5 or >80 Action required

45
 Operating Modes

Evaluation of EPR EPR cables by their nature exhibit a higher dielectric loss factor as compared to
cables PE-based cables. However, this is still below the level of PILC cables.

The limits specified in the following table are to be regarded only as guide values only:
Mean value σ at Uo Δtanδ Condition assessment
at Uo (1.5Uo – 0.5Uo)
[10-3] [10-3] [10-3]
<35 and <0.1 and <5 No action required
35 to 120 or 0.1 to 1.3 or 5 to 100 Further study advised
>120 or >1.3 or >100 Action required

A more detailed breakdown of the different material compositions of EPR insulation, can
be found in the IEEE 400.2 standard.

46
 Completing the Work

6 Completing the Work

Exporting the If there is a USB flash drive plugged in the USB port on completion of the
measured data measurement / test, a log file (.csv) as well as a print-ready report (.pdf) are
automatically exported into the vlf45/measurements/ directory. If this was not the case,
the data records can also be exported from the history database (see page 29) at a later
stage.

The free EasyProt software is excellent for evaluating, printing and archiving the data
logs on a workstation PC and can be downloaded from the user area of
www.sebakmt.com.

Shutting down the test After the measurements on a cable have been completed, the VLF SIN-45 test system
system can be switched off by pressing the ON/OFF button .

When disconnecting the test system, proceed in reverse sequence to the manner in
which the connection (see page 19) was made. The following safety instructions must
be strictly adhered to.

• Follow the five safety rules (see page 8)

• Even if switched off properly and discharged using the discharge
device, the system components that were under voltage should only
WARNING be touched once they have been discharged using a suitable
discharge rod as well as having been earthed and shorted.
• Only undo the earthing and short circuiting measures when the test
object is to be operated again.

47
 Combination with other test systems

7 Combination with other test systems

Loss factor The test system can be used together with the external Tan Delta test attachment for a
measurement using an high-precision loss factor measurement. The test system and the data exchange with
external test the test attachment are controlled using a notebook on which the required software has
attachment been installed. Because this software also allows the native operating modes to be run,
a notebook like this is also suitable for complete remote control of the test system.

Detailed information on the electrical connection of the Tan Delta test

attachment can be found in the corresponding operating instructions.
Operation of the software is described in the “Software for Remote Control of
a VLF Sine Wave Test System” manual.

If you require more exact information about the characteristics and prices of the Tan
Delta test attachment or the notebook required, please do not hesitate to approach your
Megger sales partner.

Partial discharge A test system equipped with the VLF CR Test Boost can be used as test voltage source
diagnosis using the PD for the PDS 60 partial discharge measurement system. The notebook included in the
test system PDS 60 delivery scope is used to control the system and evaluate the test results.

Detailed information about the electrical connection, and about carrying out
the partial discharge diagnosis, can be found in the operating manual for the
PDS 60 PD measurement system.

If you require more exact information about the characteristics and prices of the PDS 60
partial discharge test system, please do not hesitate to approach your Megger sales
partner.

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Maintenance and Repair

8 Maintenance and Repair

Repair and Repair and maintenance work has to be carried out by Megger or authorised service
maintenance partners using original spare parts only. Megger recommends having the system tested
and maintained at a Megger service centre every two years.

Megger also offers its customers on-site service. Please contact your service centre if
needed.

The connections and connection leads of the system must be regularly tested to ensure
that they are free of defects and intact, in accordance with the applicable national and
company-specific arrangements.

Storage If the device is not used for a lengthy period, it should be stored in a dust-free and dry
environment. Continuous moisture (humidity) especially when combined with dust can
reduce critical insulating clearances that are essential for safe high-voltage operation.

Replacing fuses If the device cannot be switched on, even though it is connected to the mains power
supply, both fuses below the power supply socket must be checked. The fuse
holder must be pulled out to do so.

If the fuses are defective, they must be replaced with suitable microfuses (5 x 20 mm) of
the type T6.3A.

If the fuses continue to trip, please get in touch with the Megger service department in
order to have the problem resolved.

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 Maintenance and Repair

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Maintenance and Repair

Tento symbol indikuje, že výrobek nesoucí takovéto označení nelze likvidovat společně s běžným domovním odpadem. Jelikož se jedná o produkt obchodovaný mezi
podnikatelskými subjekty (B2B), nelze jej likvidovat ani ve veřejných sběrných dvorech. Pokud se potřebujete tohoto výrobku zbavit, obraťte se na organizaci specializující
se na likvidaci starých elektrických spotřebičů v blízkosti svého působiště.

Dit symbool duidt aan dat het product met dit symbool niet verwijderd mag worden als gewoon huishoudelijk afval. Dit is een product voor industrieel gebruik, wat betekent
dat het ook niet afgeleverd mag worden aan afvalcentra voor huishoudelijk afval. Als u dit product wilt verwijderen, gelieve dit op de juiste manier te doen en het naar een
nabij gelegen organisatie te brengen gespecialiseerd in de verwijdering van oud elektrisch materiaal.

This symbol indicates that the product which is marked in this way should not be disposed of as normal household waste. As it is a B2B product, it may also not be disposed
of at civic disposal centres. If you wish to dispose of this product, please do so properly by taking it to an organisation specialising in the disposal of old electrical equipment
near you.

Този знак означава, че продуктът, обозначен по този начин, не трябва да се изхвърля като битов отпадък. Тъй като е B2B продукт, не бива да се изхърля и в
градски пунктове за отпадъци. Ако желаете да извърлите продукта, го занесете в пункт, специализиран в изхвърлянето на старо електрическо оборудване.

Dette symbol viser, at det produkt, der er markeret på denne måde, ikke må kasseres som almindeligt husholdningsaffald. Eftersom det er et B2B produkt, må det heller ikke
bortskaffes på offentlige genbrugsstationer. Skal dette produkt kasseres, skal det gøres ordentligt ved at bringe det til en nærliggende organisation, der er specialiseret i at
bortskaffe gammelt el-udstyr.

Sellise sümboliga tähistatud toodet ei tohi käidelda tavalise olmejäätmena. Kuna tegemist on B2B-klassi kuuluva tootega, siis ei tohi seda viia kohalikku jäätmekäitluspunkti.
Kui soovite selle toote ära visata, siis viige see lähimasse vanade elektriseadmete käitlemisele spetsialiseerunud ettevõttesse.

Tällä merkinnällä ilmoitetaan, että kyseisellä merkinnällä varustettua tuotetta ei saa hävittää tavallisen kotitalousjätteen seassa. Koska kyseessä on yritysten välisen kaupan
tuote, sitä ei saa myöskään viedä kuluttajien käyttöön tarkoitettuihin keräyspisteisiin. Jos haluatte hävittää tämän tuotteen, ottakaa yhteys lähimpään vanhojen
sähkölaitteiden hävittämiseen erikoistuneeseen organisaatioon.

Ce symbole indique que le produit sur lequel il figure ne peut pas être éliminé comme un déchet ménager ordinaire. Comme il s’agit d’un produit B2B, il ne peut pas non plus
être déposé dans une déchetterie municipale. Pour éliminer ce produit, amenez-le à l’organisation spécialisée dans l’élimination d’anciens équipements électriques la plus
proche de chez vous.

Cuireann an siombail seo in iúl nár cheart an táirgeadh atá marcáilte sa tslí seo a dhiúscairt sa chóras fuíoll teaghlaigh. Os rud é gur táirgeadh ghnó le gnó (B2B) é, ní féidir
é a dhiúscairt ach oiread in ionaid dhiúscartha phobail. Más mian leat an táirgeadh seo a dhiúscairt, déan é a thógáil ag eagraíocht gar duit a sainfheidhmíonn i ndiúscairt
sean-fhearas leictrigh.

Dieses Symbol zeigt an, dass das damit gekennzeichnete Produkt nicht als normaler Haushaltsabfall entsorgt werden soll. Da es sich um ein B2B-Gerät handelt, darf es
auch nicht bei kommunalen Wertstoffhöfen abgegeben werden. Wenn Sie dieses Gerät entsorgen möchten, bringen Sie es bitte sachgemäß zu einem Entsorger für
Elektroaltgeräte in Ihrer Nähe.

Αυτό το σύμβολο υποδεικνύει ότι το προϊόν που φέρει τη σήμανση αυτή δεν πρέπει να απορρίπτεται μαζί με τα οικιακά απορρίματα. Καθώς πρόκειται για προϊόν B2B, δεν
πρέπει να απορρίπτεται σε δημοτικά σημεία απόρριψης. Εάν θέλετε να απορρίψετε το προϊόν αυτό, παρακαλούμε όπως να το παραδώσετε σε μία υπηρεσία συλλογής
ηλεκτρικού εξοπλισμού της περιοχής σας.

Ez a jelzés azt jelenti, hogy az ilyen jelzéssel ellátott terméket tilos a háztartási hulladékokkal együtt kidobni. Mivel ez vállalati felhasználású termék, tilos a lakosság
számára fenntartott hulladékgyűjtőkbe dobni.Ha a terméket ki szeretné dobni, akkor vigye azt el a lakóhelyéhez közel működő, elhasznált elektromos berendezések
begyűjtésével foglalkozó hulladékkezelő központhoz.

Questo simbolo indica che il prodotto non deve essere smaltito come un normale rifiuto domestico. In quanto prodotto B2B, può anche non essere smaltito in centri di
smaltimento cittadino. Se si desidera smaltire il prodotto, consegnarlo a un organismo specializzato in smaltimento di apparecchiature elettriche vecchie.

Šī zīme norāda, ka iztrādājumu, uz kura tā atrodas, nedrīkst izmest kopā ar parastiem mājsaimniecības atkritumiem. Tā kā tas ir izstrādājums, ko cits citam pārdod un lieto
tikai uzņēmumi, tad to nedrīkst arī izmest atkritumos tādās izgāztuvēs un atkritumu savāktuvēs, kas paredzētas vietējiem iedzīvotājiem. Ja būs vajadzīgs šo izstrādājumu
izmest atkritumos, tad rīkojieties pēc noteikumiem un nogādājiet to tuvākajā vietā, kur īpaši nodarbojas ar vecu elektrisku ierīču savākšanu.

Šis simbolis rodo, kad juo paženklinto gaminio negalima išmesti kaip paprastų buitinių atliekų. Kadangi tai B2B (verslas verslui) produktas, jo negalima atiduoti ir buitinių
atliekų tvarkymo įmonėms. Jei norite išmesti šį gaminį, atlikite tai tinkamai, atiduodami jį arti jūsų esančiai specializuotai senos elektrinės įrangos utilizavimo organizacijai.

Dan is-simbolu jindika li l-prodott li huwa mmarkat b’dan il-mod m’għandux jintrema bħal skart normali tad-djar. Minħabba li huwa prodott B2B , ma jistax jintrema wkoll
f’ċentri ċiviċi għar-rimi ta’ l-iskart. Jekk tkun tixtieq tarmi dan il-prodott, jekk jogħġbok għamel dan kif suppost billi tieħdu għand organizzazzjoni fil-qrib li tispeċjalizza fir-rimi ta’
tagħmir qadim ta’ l-elettriku.

Dette symbolet indikerer at produktet som er merket på denne måten ikke skal kastes som vanlig husholdningsavfall. Siden dette er et bedriftsprodukt, kan det heller ikke
kastes ved en vanlig miljøstasjon. Hvis du ønsker å kaste dette produktet, er den riktige måten å gi det til en organisasjon i nærheten som spesialiserer seg på kassering av
gammelt elektrisk utstyr.

Ten symbol oznacza, że produktu nim opatrzonego nie należy usuwać z typowymi odpadami z gospodarstwa domowego. Jest to produkt typu B2B, nie należy go więc
przekazywać na komunalne składowiska odpadów. Aby we właściwy sposób usunąć ten produkt, należy przekazać go do najbliższej placówki specjalizującej się w
usuwaniu starych urządzeń elektrycznych.

Este símbolo indica que o produto com esta marcação não deve ser deitado fora juntamente com o lixo doméstico normal. Como se trata de um produto B2B, também não
pode ser deitado fora em centros cívicos de recolha de lixo. Se quiser desfazer-se deste produto, faça-o correctamente entregando-o a uma organização especializada na
eliminação de equipamento eléctrico antigo, próxima de si.

Acest simbol indică faptul că produsul marcat în acest fel nu trebuie aruncat ca şi un gunoi menajer obişnuit. Deoarece acesta este un produs B2B, el nu trebuie aruncat nici
la centrele de colectare urbane. Dacă vreţi să aruncaţi acest produs, vă rugăm s-o faceţi într-un mod adecvat, ducând-ul la cea mai apropiată firmă specializată în colectarea
echipamentelor electrice uzate.

Tento symbol znamená, že takto označený výrobok sa nesmie likvidovať ako bežný komunálny odpad.Keďže sa jedná o výrobok triedy B2B, nesmie sa likvidovať ani na
mestských skládkach odpadu. Ak chcete tento výrobok likvidovať, odneste ho do najbližšej organizácie, ktorá sa špecializuje na likvidáciu starých elektrických zariadení.

Ta simbol pomeni, da izdelka, ki je z njim označen, ne smete zavreči kot običajne gospodinjske odpadke. Ker je to izdelek, namenjen za druge proizvajalce, ga ni dovoljeno
odlagati v centrih za civilno odlaganje odpadkov. Če želite izdelek zavreči, prosimo, da to storite v skladu s predpisi, tako da ga odpeljete v bližnjo organizacijo, ki je
specializirana za odlaganje stare električne opreme.

Este símbolo indica que el producto así señalizado no debe desecharse como los residuos domésticos normales. Dado que es un producto de consumo profesional,
tampoco debe llevarse a centros de recogida selectiva municipales. Si desea desechar este producto, hágalo debidamente acudiendo a una organización de su zona que
esté especializada en el tratamiento de residuos de aparatos eléctricos usados.

Den här symbolen indikerar att produkten inte får blandas med normalt hushållsavfall då den är förbrukad. Eftersom produkten är en så kallad B2B-produkt är den inte
avsedd för privata konsumenter, den får således inte avfallshanteras på allmänna miljö- eller återvinningsstationer då den är förbrukad. Om ni vill avfallshantera den här
produkten på rätt sätt, ska ni lämna den till myndighet eller företag, specialiserad på avfallshantering av förbrukad elektrisk utrustning i ert närområde.

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