Taxonomy By Distinguished Scholars

Academy(DSA)
How hard will life be in every sector without classification? Classification occurs to us in every aspect
of our life. From schools to companies. An institution of learning must be able to classify students into
different categories in order for them to easily recognize them and pass information across. How do
we do this? We take note of their current level, their common features and differences. With this, we
can classify them into various classes! How disarrayed will it be if there’s no classification in some
organizations!

TAXONOMY : THE BIOLOGY OF CLASSIFICATION

Before we go too far, Taxonomy is the technique of making classification, particularly in science.

We have something called Hierarchy of Classification.

The Hierarchy of Classification shows the ranking of groups of organisms.

We have the following taxa levels

• Kingdom
• Phylum/Division(for plants)
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
Inclusiveness decreases from Kingdom to species. The species contains organisms that arc closely
related and are free to interbreed.

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

Binomial nomenclature is what many of us call scientific names. This is a system put forth by Carl
Linnaeus in the year… Binomial nomenclature is used to easily identify living organisms with a name
that’s peculiar to them.

The system works like this; The first name is the genus name while the last name is the species name.
The genus name must start with a capital letter while others will be in a small letter form with all the
names italized.

For example, we have lion as Panthera leo

The name of the genus is Panthera its specie is what? Leo , yes Leo!

Also, Binomial Nomenclature is used to avoid ambiguity, such that each animal or plant will have a
distinct name.

BIOLOGICAL KINGDOMS
We have five major KINGDOMS which include;

• Kingdom Monera
• Kingdom Protista.
• Kingdom Fung
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

Let’s start with Kingdom Monera.

Kingdom Monera

This kingdom contains monerans.

Monerans do not have true nuclei. How? Their nuclear components are dispersed in the cytoplasm
because they have no nuclear membrane. You know, the nuclear membrane is to hold the components
of the nucleus together, to serve as a border.

Absence of the nuclear membrane disperses everything that makes up a true nucleus.

• Any living organism that lacks a true nuclei in its cell is called a PROCARYOTE

So a PROCARYOTE lacks nuclear membrane and as such, does not have a true nuclei.

The two common examples of monerans are bacteria and Blue green algae or cyanobacteria

Bacteria are microorganisms, most of which cause diseases. Bacteria occur in different shapes. We have
Vibrio cholerae which is curved, some others are bacillus, some are in circular chains too. They occur in
different forms. Some of them can move while some cannot. No fixed property for them as regards
movement. Some of them are also chemosynthetic. They secrete their food from breakdown of
inorganic compounds. Some are however saprophytic. They break down dead organisms. Some are also
Parasitic. They reproduce mainly by binary fission.

Another important Moneran is the Cyanobacteria, also called Blue-green algae. The blue-green alga is an
aquatic organism. It contains Chlorophyll, not inside the Chloroplast. One important thing here.

The Chloroplast is an organelle, the Chlorophyll is a pigment. The pigment lies inside the organelle.
Nostoc is an example. We have other examples too. The filamentous Oscillatoria is also another
example. In blue-green algae, Chlorophyll is dispersed in ther cytoplasm. Don’t forget that a model cell is
made of two main parts; the Nucleus and the Cytoplasm. Monerans lack true nuclei, so we expect their
important parts to be dispersed in the Cytoplasm, including the Chlorophyll.

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Simply put, Protists are _unicelluar eucaryotic_ organisms. In other words, they are single living cells that
have well defined nuclei.
Kingdom Protista is divided into two important Phyla. Phylum is singular; Phyla, plural. We have

• Phylum Protophyta.
• Phylum Protozoa.

Phylum Protophyta involves Protists that have chloroplasts and also possess Cellulose Cell Wall. Take
note, any organism that belongs to the Kingdom Protista is a Protista. Protophytes are plant-like so they
can make their own food.

Phylum Protozoa

These Protists are heterotrophic. They do not have cellulose cell wall and Chloroplasts. We can say that
they’re animal-like. They feed on ready-made food. Amoeba is a Protozoan, Paramecium is a Protozoan,
the malaria causing microorganism – Plasmodium – is a Protozoa

We have on exception!

Euglena posses the characteristics of both. It has Chloroplasts which is plant like; cell membrane which is
animal like

Let’s not forget that Protists can also reproduce sexually by fusion of gametes to produce a zygote which
in turn forms a Spore.

Classes under Phylum Protozoa

Don’t forget, after Kingdom, we have Phylum, after which the Class follows.

• Class Rhizopoda
• Class Ciliophora
• Class Mastigophora
• Class Sporozoa.

Class Rhizopoda – Protozoas that move with the use of Pseudopodia (Amoeba.)

Class Ciliophora – Protozoas that move with the use of Cilia (Paramecium.)

Class Mastigophora – protozoas that move with the use of Flagella.(Trichomonas.)

Class Sporozoa – Protozoas has no organelle for movement. (Plasmodium.) Probably that’s why it’s
transmitted by mosquitoes. So, a Plasmodium cannot move by itself. It has to be moved by a Female
Anopheles Mosquito.
KINGDOM FUNGI.

Most Fungi are saprophytes. They are not photosynthetic as they have no Chloroplast.

Note: Saprophytes are organisms that feed on dead materials.

Most Fungi are also non-motile as well.

We say that Fungi are saprophytic and eucaryotic. They absorb their food. Their digestion is external.
They secrete enzymes to break the food down first, and then, they absorb the breakdown. Do note that
all Fungi lack Flagella. We said earlier that they are non-motile. Another important thing about them is

that they have Cell walls, made of Chitin. In Fungi, carbohydrates are stored in form of Glycogen just as
in human organisms but absorbed in form of Glucose.

Examples of Fungi includes Yeast, Mushrooms and Moulds. A typical Fungi consists of a mass of
multibranched threads called Hyphae (singular – Hypha.) The walls of the Hyphae are partially divided
into separate cells. The entire mass of a Fungus is called MYCELIUM.
KINGDOM PLANTAE

Plants are non motile and they have cellulose cell wall. They also possess chloroplast and as we all know
that the chlorophyl in chloroplast will enable them to make their own food by photosynthesis. The
kingdom plantae include

• Thallophyta
• Bryophyta
• Tracheophyta

Thallophyta and bryophyte do not have any system for conducting food and water from one part to
another. That actually has impact in their size. Tracheophyta have conducting tissues so they are much
larger.

THALLOPHYTA

Thallophytes or algae are simple green plants that are all aquatic.

They have thread like body or flat bodies that do not have the root, stem and leaves .Division
thallophyta is sub divided into three groupings.

1. Rhodophyta(red algae)
2. Chlorophyta(green algae)
3. Phaecophyta(brown algae)

NB: Red and brown algae also possess chlorophyl but additional colored pigment made them like that.

Algae are autotrophic. Their cells are not differentiated into tissues .They have no specialized
reproductive organs or cells but they can exhibit sexual and asexual means of reproduction. Algae
reproduces asexually by cell division or Fragmentation. Normally after the formation of zygote they will
undergo meiosis to produce spores which will later grow into individual adults . In spirogyra, the zygote
will first form a thick outer coat around it and then becomes a resting zygospore. When the condition is
favourable the zygospore undergoes meiosis to form an adult plant.

Now take note, In simple algae, the gamete producing plant or gametophyte is the dominant plant. In
complex tupe like ulva, bothgametophyte and spore producing (sporophyte) are independent*

Examples of Thallophyta include Chlamydomonas (single free living), Spirogyra and Volvox(colonies)

BRYOPHYTA

They are non vascular multicellular plant. They have chlorophyl as the only photosynthetic pigment.
They are terrestrial but live in moist environment. Their body is differentiated into stem like and leaf like
structure. They lack true root. Asexual reproduction is by spore. Sexual reproduction is by gametes.
Bryophyta are thought to be the first land plants and are referred to as Amphibians of plant kingdom.
The examples include the liverwort and mosses. Liverwort has a simple structure than a moss. It has a
ribbon like structure and it’s attached to the soil by rhizoids. Moss posses an erect stem with many
small leaves .
Bryophytes also exhibit alternation of generation. The gametophyte is the dominant phase, the
sporophyte is dependent on the Gametophyte. The gametophyte produces spermatozoa as male
gametes and non motile ova as female gamete. Water is essential for fertilization in bryophyta

TRACHEOPHYTA

Tracheophyta are the vascular plant since they have conducting tissues. Tracheophyta is divided into
pteridophytes and spermatophytes. Tracheophyta is the largest group of plants

Pteridophytes

Pteridophytes are vascular green plant. They are non flowering plants. They have true root stems and
leaves. They are mainly terrestrial while fee are aquatic. They are non seed producing plant.

Ferns have horizontal stems that grow below the ground so it’s called Rhizome. The dominant phase of
ferns is sporophyte.

Spermatophyta

Spermatophytes are seed producing flowering plants. It’s divided into two : Gymnosperm and
angiosperm.

Gymnosperm

• They are plant with naked seed

• They do not bear flower
• They have true root , steam and leaves
• The seed are borne on cone.
• They are vascular green plant.
Examples are pine, cycads, gingkos, conifer etc. The conifer are however the most important as they
make up the world temperate forest. The conifer produces wood , resin and turpentine. Examples of
conifer include: Pine, fir, Spruce.

Angiosperm.

Angiosperms are flowering and seed-bearing plants. It contains most of the plants that we see around.
The division is further divided into two main classes which are the Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons

Monocotyledons
From the root word, Monocotyledons refers to plants with one seed leaf. They do not undergo
secondary growth since they lack Cambium. Their venation is parallel and the vascular bundles are
scattered. Monocots exhibit fibrous root systems. Example is Maize.

Dicotyledons
Dicotyledons are plants with two seed leaves. They have net venation and also exhibit tap root system.
The dicotyledons undergo secondary growth since they have Cambium. Example is Mango

Differences Between Monocots and Dicots

NB:Secondary growth is also known as secondary thickening and monocots do not exhibit it.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA

This is a very large kingdom and before we start we need to consider few things which are

• Body cavity
• Body symmetry
• Body layers

Body Cavity

A cavity is like an opening into the body cavity and this cavity can be referred to as coelom.

Acoelomates organisms are organisms with no body cavity. A common example are organisms that
belong to Porifera, Coelenterates and, Platylhelminthes.

Pseudocoelomates organisms are organisms with false body cavity. A common example are
organisms belong to the Phylum Nematoda. This gives them a little advancement over the
Platylhelminthes.

Coelomates organisms are organisms with true body cavity. This true body cavity is found among
higher animals.

Body symmetry

This tells us about the planes at which an organism can be cut into two equal halves. Animals that can be
cut into two equal halves at just one plane are said to be Bilaterally symmetrical while those that can be
cut into two equal halves at any plane are said to be Radially symmetrical
BODY LAYERS

The three germs layers in animals are the ectoderm(the outer layer), mesoderm(the middle layer) and
the endoderm(the inner layers). Animals may posses two or three of the said body layers. Animals with
two body layers are said to be Diploblastic while those with three body layers are Saud to be
Triploblastic

Note: Generally, organisms that are radially symmetrical are diploblastic

Let’s therefore look at the phyla under this great kingdom.

PHYLUM PORIFERA

These are pore-bearing animals. They are referred to as Primitive animals and they are mostly aquatic
and sessile. A common example is Sponges. Note that Porifera are at the Protoplasmic level of
organization
Characteristic Features of Phylum Porifera

• They are generally marine aquatic organisms, with a few freshwater species.
• Their bodies are asymmetrical.
• Body shape can be cylindrical, vase-like, rounded or sac-like.
• They are diploblastic animals with two layers, the outer dermal layer and the inner gastral layer.

PHYLUM COELENTRATA

Characteristic Features of Phylum Coelentrata(cnidaria)

• They are radially symmetrical

• They are diploblastic(meaning they have two germ layers separated by a jelly like mesoglea)
• They have a true body cavity called the enteron with only one opening which is the mouth(do
note that they egest undigested food through the mouth). no Anus
• They produce nematocysts which are used for defense and food capture
• The nervous system of cnidaria consist of a nerve net
• They possess whorls of Tentacles surrounding the mouth
• They lack excretory and respiratory systems
• They reproduce mainly by budding
• They move by muscular action(an example is the gliding of Hydra fusca)
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

They are referred to as Flatworms. The Flatworms are the most primitive Bilaterally symmetrical animals

Characteristic Features of Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES

• They possess excretory and respiratory organs.

• They are triploblastic
• The Mesoderm layer enables them to become larger in size and complex
• They are acoelomate
• No circulatory system
• Excretion and osmoregulation are by flame cells
• The mouth (if present) is the only opening to the gut. No Anus
• All Flatworms are Hermaphrodite
• Their body is not metamerically segmented!

Planaria, Fasciola, Tapeworm, Schitosoma all belong to the Phylum PLATYHELMINTHES.

NB:Radial Symmetry of the body stops at Phylum Coelenterata or Cnidaria

PHYLUM NEMATODA

Characteristic Features of Phylum Nematoda

• They are also called Round worms because they have cylindrical bodies.
• Some of them are parasitic while some are non-parasitic.
• They are bilaterally symmetrical and they are *Pseudocoelomates.
• A typical roundworm is more advanced compared to a Flatworm in that its gut has two
openings; the mouth and the anus. The mouth is for feeding and the anus is for eliminating
wastes.
 • Most roundworms reproduce sexually and haemophrodites are rare.

Examples include Hookworms, Guinea Worm, Threadworms etc

PHYLUM ANNELIDA

Characteristic Features of Phylum Annelida

• They are a metamerically segmented group of worms.

• A typical Annelid has a true body cavity and is a Coelom. It also has a bilateral body symmetry.
• Their body is divided into segments. You’ll remember we said that Annelids are segmented. The
segments parted by Septa and the segments have identical organs.
• It has a well developed nervous system and circulatory system as well. Each of those segment
contains Nephridia for excretion. Worthy of note is the fact that Annelids undergo gaseous
exchange via their moist skin.
• Some of them have separate sexes while some are haemophroditic.

Examples include the common Earthworm.

One thing about learning taxonomy as touching UTME is to study the major points..

Don’t waste much time. Know the evolutionary trend, know the important features of each kingdom,
phylum or any other group of living organisms. Know their mode of excretion and of respiration too.

We have three major classes under Phylum Annelida.

1. Class Polychaete.(the seaworm is here.)

2. Class Oligochaete. (where Earthworm belongs to.)
3. Class Hirudinean. (E.g Leech)

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA.

Characteristic Features of Phylum Mollusca

• Most Molluscs are aquatic animals

 • A Mollusc is soft and an unsegmented animal with a muscular foot adapted for crawling,
burrowing and swimming. The feet are made of soft muscles only, no bone. Also take note that
Mollusc, compared to Annelids, are not segmented.
• Their body is covered by the mantle first, then the shell. What we see as the shell is not the
mantle. The mantle is inside.
• Many Molluscs have outer Calcareous shells secreted by the mantle. The shells protect them
from predators, from drying and also prevent them from physical damage.
• Molluscs reproduce sexually.

Examples of molluscs include snails, octopuses, oysters, squids e.t.c

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA.

Before we highlight the characteristics of this Phylum, it’ll be needful for us to list out the classes here.

Under Phylum Arthropoda, we have

1. Class Myriapoda
2. Class Crustacea
3. Class Insecta
4. Class Arachnida

General characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda.

• They have jointed appendages.

• They have exoskeletons; outer skeletons made of Chitin. The outer cover is called Cuticle. Take
note.
• They have segmented bodies.
• They have compound eyes.
• Many of them also have antennae which can be used for feeling and smelling. Take note as well.
Antennae are not necessarily two pieces. They can be more than two, as in Crustaceans. Only
Arachnids are group of Arthropods that do not have Antennae.
• They grow by shedding off their skins. This process is called Moulting or Ecdysis.
• Their sexes are separate enabling sexual mode of reproduction.

CLASS INSECTA
Do we know that Insects are the most successful group of organisms on the earth? They can survive in

different environments actually, under different environmental conditions!

If you check the respiratory system of an insect, which we’ll still do, you’ll discover that Oxygen is
transported through air tubes and not the blood. So, even if you immerse them into water, they can still
survive. Do note that Insects have wings and they also have a pair of antennae.

CLASS CRUSTACEA

These are marine or aquatic Arthropods, commonly mistaken by many to be fishes, that uses Gills for

respiration. They have two pairs of antennae. The second pair is often used for obtaining food. That
second pair of antennae can only be used for defense. Examples include Crabs, Lobsters, Barnacles,
Shrimps, some oceanic planktons are also Crustaceans.
CLASS ARACHNIDA

These are Arthropods that do not have Antennae. Do not forget. There is this UTME question like that.

“Which of the following does not possess antennae?

A. Cockroach.
B. Tick.
C. Shrimp.
D. Centipede

The correct answer is B✓✓

A typical example of organisms belonging to this class is Spider.

CLASS MYRIAPODA.
This class is further divided into two groups; Diplopoda, which contains the Millipede, and Chilopoda,
which contains the Centipede..

In Diplopods, each segment has two pairs of legs while in Chilopods, each segment has one pair of legs.
Don’t also forget that a Millipede is harmless while a Centipede is poisionous. It stings.

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA.

Echinoderms are marine invertebrates that have circular bodies with a central head. From the central
head projects out five radiating arms. The arms contain Tube feet that are for locomotion. Also, a typical
Echinoderm have a closed water-vascular system which functions in excretion and respiration. In
Phylum Echinodermata, adults are radially symmetrical while the larva are bilaterally symmetrical.
Weird, right?

Vertebrates

The word vertebrate means animal with backbone. The Phylum is called Chordata

Chordates are Bilaterally symmetrical and metamerically segmented. A notochord is present at least in
some stages of the life history.

Now, what’s notochord? Notochord is a stiff but flexible rod situated to the gut and ventral to the nerve
chord. It has a skeletal function and was probably associated with muscle attachment. In higher
chordates, it becomes constricted and partially replaced by the vertebral column. All chordates possess
a dorsal hollow nerve chord situated in the mid-line above the notochord. In higher chordates, the nerve
chord becomes highly differentiated in its anterior portion to form the brain.

The main direction of blood flow in chordates are in sharp contrast with those found in non-chordates.
The blood flows forward towards the heart or other pumping mechanism that is ventrally below the
gut. The blood is collected and flows backward dorsal to the gut. This system is known as Closed blood
system. Chordates possess a true tail. The tail is a metamerically segmented structure. They possess
limbs which are formed from more than one segment. Limbs are outgrowths of the body. The purpose
of limb is locomotive. Each limb is derived from tissue belonging and one single segment

For the classes under Phylum Chordata, we can use a mnemonic called PARAM
PARAM

P=Pisces

A=Amphibians

R=Reptilia

A=Aves

M=Mammals

Class Pisces

Pisces or fishes are Poikilothermic animals in which the body is divided into three regions which are a
head, a trunk and a tail. The tail is mainly for propulsion. Fishes repsire by means of gills and they are
mainly aquatic. The excretory organ is the kidney and they have a two-chambered heart consisting of a
ventricle and auricle.

Now we have two main sub-classes here which are

1. Chondrichytes(Cartilaginous fish)
2. Osteichytes(Bony fish)

Sub-Class Chondrichytes

• The jaws are simple tooth-bearing bars of cartilage.

• The skeleton is entirely cartilaginous.
• The gill is not covered by an operculum.
• They are dorso-ventrally compressed.
• They have up to 5-7 pairs of gills.
• They do not possess swim bladder
Sub-Class Osteichytes

• The skin is covered with overlapping scale.

• The jaws are toothless
• The skeleton is entirely bony
• The gills are covered by operculum
• They possess a swim a bladder which allows turn to regulate density so that they can remain
still an any depth in water

Class Amphibians

Amphibians are animals with moist skin and they have the ability to live on both moist land and water.

Characteristic Features of Class Amphibians

• They have pentadactyl paired fore and hind limbs

• The have gills in tadpole and lungs in adult
• They have a three-chambered heart
• Their fertilization is external
• They have middle ear but no external ear
• They are Poikilothermic
Class Reptilia

Characteristic Features of Class Reptilia

• Their skin is dry and bears horny scales

• Gaseous exchange is solely by lungs
• They have teeth of the same kind (Homodont dentition)
• Fertilization is internal, large heavily yolked eggs with calcareous shell are laid
• They have an incompletely developed four-chambered heart

Class Aves

Characteristic Features of Class Aves

 • The skin bears feathers except on the legs where there are horny scales which are relic of
reptilian ancestry
• Their limbs are modified to form wings
• Their mouth or jaw is extended to form toothless beak
• Their neck is long and flexible
• They have a four-chambered heart with a complete septum
• They are homoithermic
• Their pectoral girdle is modified for flight

Mnemonic for Poikilothermic animals

FAR

F=FISHES

A=AMPHIBIANS

R=REPTILES

Feathers And Their Functions

Covert feather == Covering of other feathers

Bristle feathers== Prevention of dirts from entering the eyes of the birds

Down feather== Insulation

Quill feather== Flight

Contour feather==Colour and flight

Filoplumes are also feathers but they have no real function.

Class Mammalia

Characteristic Features of Class Mammalia

• They have waterproof hair skin rich in glands

• Lungs is the main respiratory organs
• They are Heterrodont
• The young are Fed on milk produces in the mother’s mammary glands
• There is external and middle ear which bears the three auditory Ossicles
• Their red blood cells lack nuclei
• They posses brain with large cerebral hemisphere and large complicated cerebellum

Mammals can be divided into three more groups based on how their babies develop. These three
groups are monotremes, marsupials, and the largest group, placental mammals. Monotremes are
mammals that lay eggs. Marsupials are mammals that posses a kind of bag call pouch in which the
offspring is housed(e.g. Koala ).

COMMON QUESTIONS ON TAXONOMY

1. The Binomial system of nomenclature was introduced by? A. Robert Hooke B. Felix Dujardin C. Charles
Darwin D. Carolus Linnaeus

2. The basic unit of classification of living organisms is the? A. Division B. Kingdom C. Phyla D. Species

3. Members of the same species are those who are? A. Structurally different from one another B.
Functionally different from one another C. Free to interbreed D. Not similar to one another

4. In Binomial nomenclature, the first name of an organism is its? A Specie name B. Family name C.
Division name D. Generic name
5. Modern Biologists placed all living organisms into how many kingdoms? A. 2 B. 3 C. 5 D. 4

6. Virus is said to be living because? A. It doesn’t feed B. It doesn’t respire C. It reproduces when present
in a living cell D. It doesn’t excrete

7. Prokaryotic cells are found in? A. Protista B. All Algae C. Monerans D. Coelenterates

8. Which of the following doesn’t have a true or definite nucleus? A. Spirogyra B. Monerans C. Fungi D.
Tracheophytes

9. When places outside a living cell, a virus becomes? A. A crystal B. Living C. A plant D. A Nutrient

10. Which of the following is not a Protista? A. Paramecium B. Plasmodium C. Trypanosome D. Yeast

11. Which of the following organisms share both characteristics of plants and animals? A. Spirogyra B.
Euglena C. Amoeba D. Paramecium

12. One of these is not an animal-like feature of Euglena? A. Possession of pellicle B. Possession of
myonemes C. Possession of paramylum granules D. Presence of Contractile vacoule

13. Fungi store their food mainly as? A. Starch B. Glucose C. Amino acid D. Glucagon E. Glycogen

14. The cell wall of fungi is made up of? A. Cellulose B. Starch C. Peptidoglycan D. Chitin

15. Most fungi are? A. Holophytic B. Chemosynthetic C. Saprophytic D. Autotrophic

16. Liverworts and mosses belong to the group of plant called? A. Thallophyta B. Tracheophyta C.
Pteridophyta D. Bryophyta

17. Ferns belong to the group of plant called? A. Bryophyta B. Thallophyta C. Rhodophyta D.
Pteridophyta

18. In which group of plants are seeds borne on a cone instead of ovary? A. Bryophyta B. Pteridophyta C.
Angiosperm D. Gymnosperms

19. Arrange the following in increasing order of complexity. I. Angiosperms II. Bryophytes III.
Pteridophytes IV. Gymnosperms A. IV, III, II, I B. I, II, III, IV C. II, III, IV, I D. II, IV, III, I

20. Which of the following plants undergoes secondary growth? A. Maize B. Mango C. Rice D. Guinea
grass

21. I. Seeds are borne on cones II. Does not bear flowers III. Seeds are naked. The above characteristics
are possessed by a plant which belong to? A. Angiosperms B. Thallophyta C. Bryophyta D. Gymnosperm

22. Which of the following groups of plants exhibits alternation of generation? A. Algae B. Mosses C.
Ferns D. Liverworts E All of the above

23. Dicotyledonous plants have which type of venation? A. Parallel B. Scattered C. Net D. None of the
above

24. Which of the following undergoes secondary growth? A. Maize B. Guinea grass C. Cowpea D. Rice
25. Porifera are group of invertebrates that are? A Bilaterally symmetrical B. Radially symmetrical C.
Asymmetrical D. None of the above

26. Which of the following are commonly referred to as primitive multicellular animals? A. Coelenterates
B. Annelids C. Porifera D. Nematodes

27. Animals with no backbone are called? A. Chordates B. Vertebrates C. Invertebrates D. Holozoic

28. Hydra and sea anemones belong to the group of animal called? A. Platyhelminthes B. Porifera C.
Annelida C. Coelentrata

29. Cnidarians are? A Radially symmetrical B. Asymmetrical C. Bilaterally symmetrical D. Triploblastic

30. Flatworms are also known as? A. Annelida B. Nematoda C. Platyhelminthes D. Coelenterates

31. The part of a snail which house the lung or gill is called? A. Shell B. Tentacles C. Mantle cavity D.
Muscular foot

32. The cocoon of earthworm which contains eggs is secreted by the? A Proglottides B. Chaetae C. Body
segments D. Clitellum

33. The largest Phylum in the animal kingdom is the? A. Annelida B. Molluscs C. Nematoda D.
Arthropoda

35. Arthropods possess which type of skeleton? A Exoskeleton B. Hydrostatic skeleton C. Endoskeleton
D. None of the above

36. Which of the following is not a class of Arthropoda? A. Insecta B. Myriapoda C. Arachnida D.
Gastropoda E. Crustacean

37. The only class of Arthropoda that possesses wings is the? A. Myriapoda B. Insecta C. Crustacean D.
Arachnida

39. Which class of Arthropoda is devoid of antennae? A. Insecta B. Crustaceans C. Arachnida D. None of
the above

40. Lung books are the respiratory organs of? A. Housefly B. Tadpoles C. Centipede D. Spider

41. Insects have many pairs of antenna? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

42. Echinoderms exhibit which type of symmetry? A Radial B Bilateral C. Asymmetry D. A and B

43. Which of these is not cold-blooded? A. Tilapia B. Toads C. Newts D. Birds

44. Which of the following has a two-chambered heart? A Fishes B. Amphibians C. Reptiles D. Mammals

45. The tadpoles of Amphibians are? A Carnivorous B. Herbivorous C. Omnivorous D. Holophytic

46. Incomplete septum is found in? A Fishes B. Reptiles C. Mammals D. Amphibians

47. Pouched animals like kangaroo and koala are also known as? A. Placental B. Monotremes C.
Marsupials D. None of the above
48. The thoracic cavity of mammals is separated from the abdominal cavity by the? A. Pleural membrane
B. Diaphragm C. Intercostal muscle D. Synovial membrane

49. The main similarity between birds and reptiles is the possession of? A. Feathers B. Beak C. Wings D.
Scales

50. Which of the following has Homodont dentition? A. Bird B. Rabbit C. Tilapia D. Lizard

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