Interaction of cattle health/immunity and nutrition

M. L. Galyean, L. J. Perino and G. C. Duff

J Anim Sci 1999. 77:1120-1134.

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 Interaction of Cattle Health/Immunity and Nutrition 1,2

M. L. Galyean*, L. J. Perino*, and G. C. Duff †

*Division of Agriculture, West Texas A&M University, Canyon 79016 and †Clayton Livestock
Research Center, New Mexico State University, Clayton 88415

ABSTRACT: The usual means of assessing the mediated immune function coupled with indicators of
health of newly received beef cattle susceptible to health and performance is needed. Supplemental B
bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are subjective, vitamins are sometimes useful in receiving diets, but
typically involving visual evaluation aided by minimal the effects have been variable, presumably reflecting
clinical measurements. Recent evidence based on the differences in stress and associated feed intake
occurrence of pneumonic lung lesions at slaughter responses. Vitamin E added to receiving diets to
indicates a need for more accurate methods of supply ≥ 400 IU/animal daily seems beneficial for
diagnosing BRD. Inadequate passive immune transfer increasing gain and decreasing BRD morbidity;
at birth may be an important risk factor in susceptibil- however, further dose titration experiments are
ity to BRD, suggesting the need for management to needed. Supplemental Zn, Cu, Se, and Cr can alter
improve passive transfer success rates. Preweaning
immune function of newly received calves, and some
management and vaccination practices offer opportu-
field trials have shown decreases in BRD morbidity
nities for beef cattle producers to improve the immune
status of newly weaned calves and decrease postwean- rate with supplementation; however, several experi-
ing BRD. Feeding diets with higher levels of concen- ments have shown no performance or health/immune
trate typically improves performance by newly weaned benefits from supplementation of these trace minerals.
or received cattle, as does feeding diets supplemented Formulation of receiving diets should take into
with protein; however, limited data suggest that account decreased feed intake by highly stressed,
increasing concentrate and protein in receiving diets newly received beef cattle and known nutrient defi-
increases the rate and severity of subjectively deter- ciencies, but fortification of such diets with trace
mined BRD morbidity. Research with receiving diet minerals beyond the levels needed to compensate for
concentrate/protein level relative to humoral and cell- these effects is difficult to justify from present data.

Key Words: Beef Cattle, Immunity, Energy, Protein, Vitamins, Minerals

1999 American Society of Animal Science. All rights reserved. J. Anim. Sci. 1999. 77:1120–1134

Introduction Death loss is by no means the only economic cost of

BRD and is often not the most significant cost. Perino
Economic losses resulting from morbidity and (1992) noted that BRD also affects production eco-
mortality associated with bovine respiratory disease nomics through cost of treatment and cost of lost
( BRD) in newly weaned or received cattle continue to production and(or) salvage.
plague the beef cattle industry. A survey (USDA- Lightweight (e.g., < 200 kg), newly received cattle
APHIS, 1994) of small feedlots (100 to 1,000 animals typically face two primary problems that contribute to
marketed annually) throughout the United States a high incidence of BRD. First, stress associated with
indicated that death losses ranged from 1.5 to 2.7 per weaning and transportation has a negative effect on
100 animals marketed, and approximately 70% of the immune system (Blecha et al., 1984). Second, this
these deaths are attributed to respiratory disease. stress typically occurs when the animal is exposed to a
variety of infectious agents as a result of marketing/
transporting/management procedures. Nutrition can
interact with these two primary factors, most likely as
1Presented at a symposium titled “Nutrition and Health of a result of preweaning nutritional deficiencies or
Receiving Cattle“ at the ASAS 89th Annu. Mtg., Nashville, TN. through decreased feed intake associated with stress.
2To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Anim.
Feed intake by stressed calves is low (Cole, 1996),
Sci. and Food Tech., Box 42141, Texas Tech Univ., Lubbock, TX
79409-2141 (phone: 806/742-2453; fax: 806/742-2427).
averaging approximately 1.5% of BW during the first
Received October 24, 1997. 2 wk after arrival of lightweight feeder cattle
Accepted May 1, 1998. (Galyean and Hubbert, 1995). Low feed, and thereby

1120

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 CATTLE NUTRITION AND HEALTH 1121
nutrient, intake makes correction of nutritional defi- BRD such tests are often substitution variables that
ciencies difficult, which could further compromise provide an indication of the potential effects of
immune function (Cole, 1996) and potentially in- nutritional treatments on immune function, but that
crease susceptibility to infection. For older (e.g., may not relate to the clinical occurrence of BRD.
yearling) cattle, feed intake is typically greater than Hence, caution should be exercised in attributing
that by lightweight cattle subjected to shipping stress, clinical significance to many of the commonly used
although outbreaks of BRD still occur, reflecting immune function tests, particularly those conducted
increased exposure to infectious agents and stress. independent of clinically defined disease states.
This review will focus on potential interactions of Limited evidence suggests that current methods of
nutrition with BRD morbidity and immune function of BRD diagnosis and treatment may be of questionable
newly weaned or received beef cattle. utility. Wittum et al. (1996) evaluated BRD mor-
bidity in 469 crossbred steers born in three consecu-
tive calving seasons at the USDA-MARC in Clay
Assessment of Health/Immunity Center, NE. Health records were maintained from
birth to weaning at approximately 6 mo of age. At
Health is a general term that describes the overall weaning, calves were moved to the feedlot and fed for
well-being and condition of an animal. In much the
an average of 273 d, observed daily for signs of BRD,
same way that “beauty is in the eye of the beholder,”
and treated as needed. Lungs were collected at
health of beef cattle is often a subjective matter,
slaughter and evaluated for gross lesions indicative of
typically determined by visual observation of the
active or resolved pneumonia. Thirty-five percent of
animal, often coupled with various clinical measure-
ments (e.g., rectal temperature or serum clinical the steers were treated for BRD (8% before weaning,
profiles) to aid in confirmation of disease states and 29% in the feedlot, and 2% treated both before
diagnosis. In the context of BRD, practical determina- weaning and in the feedlot), but 72% had pulmonary
tion of morbidity involves visual assessment of an lesions indicative of BRD evident at slaughter. Pulmo-
animal to evaluate signs that are frequently as- nary lesions were evident in 78% of treated steers and
sociated with BRD, including anorexia, depression, 68% of steers not treated for BRD. The authors
lethargy, nasal and(or) ocular discharge, and some- concluded that currently used methods of treating
times altered gait. Rectal temperatures exceeding cattle for BRD are not adequate to prevent production
39.7°C are usually considered to confirm a diagnosis of losses and that improved methods of diagnosis for
BRD when one or more of the visual signs are present. BRD are needed. Evaluation of lung lesions at
Because of a heavy reliance on visual signs for slaughter may be a useful tool for monitoring the
determination of BRD, the potential for an incorrect efficacy of BRD diagnosis and treatment.
diagnosis may be high.
Immunity refers to reactions by an animal’s body to
foreign substances such as microbes and various Preweaning Factors Related
macromolecules, independent of a physiological or to Health and Immunity
pathological result of the reaction (Abbas et al.,
1991). Immunity is generally classified as either “A good start in life” may be critical to the health
innate (natural) or acquired (specific). Innate immu- status of cattle throughout life. Passive transfer of
nity includes physical/chemical barriers, the comple- colostral immunoglobulins is vital to short-term
ment system, phagocytes such as macrophages, neu- health and survival of neonates, and limited data
trophils, and natural killer cells, and macrophage- suggest that inadequate transfer occurs in 10 to 25%
derived cytokines such as a and b interferons and of newborn beef calves (Perino, 1997). The success of
tumor necrosis factor (Abbas et al., 1991). Acquired passive colostral transfer, as measured by serum
immunity, which is induced by natural exposure or
immunoglobulin concentrations, also seems to have
vaccination, includes antibodies, lymphocytes, and
predictive value for long-term health outcomes, both
lymphocyte-derived cytokines such as interleukin-2,
before and after weaning. Perino (1997) reviewed
interleukin-4, and transforming growth factor-b (Ab-
bas et al., 1991). Acquired immunity is further factors that influence the success of passive transfer.
subdivided into either humoral or cell-mediated im- The effect of nutritional status of the dam before birth
munity. Humoral immunity is mediated by B-lympho- on the success of passive transfer is unclear (Perino,
cytes, which respond to antigens to become antibody- 1997) and needs further research. Wittum and Perino
producing cells and memory cells and provide defense (1995) used 263 crossbred calves from various beef
against extracellular microbial infections. In cell- and dairy breeds at the USDA-MARC to evaluate the
mediated immunity, the T-lymphocytes and associated role of passive transfer in short- and long-term health.
cytokines provide defense against intracellular patho- Blood samples were collected 24 h postpartum for
gens and tumor cells. A variety of in vitro immune measurement of plasma protein and serum im-
function tests have been developed, but it should be munoglobulin ( Ig) G concentrations. Health was
noted that in many beef cattle experiments related to monitored from birth to weaning and throughout a

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1122 GALYEAN ET AL.

subsequent feeding period. Preweaning mortality was (Lofgreen, 1983). Unstressed cattle typically consume
associated with lower ( P < .01) IgG at 24 h after feed in quantities sufficient to maintain adequate
birth, as was neonatal morbidity and preweaning energy intake, and dilution of the diet with lower-
morbidity. Feedlot respiratory morbidity was as- energy feeds or bulk would be expected to increase
sociated with lower serum plasma protein, but not feed intake until physical capacity becomes limiting.
serum IgG, at 24 h after birth. Calves with inadequate This response is reversed, however, in stressed calves
plasma proteins at 24 h after birth had a greater risk (Lofgreen, 1983); voluntary intake of low-energy
of morbidity and respiratory tract morbidity in the (high-roughage) diets is less than that of high-energy
feedlot (odds ratios of 3 and 3.1, respectively) ( ≥ 60% concentrate) diets. Given a choice among feed
compared with calves that had adequate plasma mixtures varying in concentrate level, stressed calves
protein. These results suggest that beef cattle selected diets with 72% concentrate during the 1st wk
producers must manage cows and calves to facilitate
after arrival (Lofgreen, 1983). As a result of this
effective passive transfer. Perino (1997) reviewed
altered eating pattern, performance by newly received
various management practices for calves at risk for
failure of passive transfer. calves is typically optimized with higher-concentrate
Preconditioning or similar preweaning management (in excess of 60%) diets. Fluharty and Loerch (1996)
efforts have been used to alter the health status of used 60 individually fed steers (212 kg) in a
calves (Hansen et al., 1992). In an extensive review of 28-d trial to compare diets with either 30, 40, 50, or
preconditioning studies with feeder calves, Cole 60% corn silage (85, 80, 75, or 70% concentrate).
(1985) concluded that preconditioning programs can Daily DMI increased linearly ( P < .02) with increas-
be subdivided into three categories: 1 ) vaccination; 2 ) ing concentrate level for the 28-d period, most notably
surgery (castration, dehorning); and 3 ) feeding. in the 3rd and 4th wk after arrival. Daily gain and
Feeding is often the greatest cost associated with such gain:feed increased with increasing concentrate during
programs. In the controlled experiments reviewed by wk 2 after arrival but did not differ among concentrate
Cole (1985), preconditioning decreased feedlot mor- levels for the 28-d period. In a second experiment with
bidity and mortality by approximately 6 and .7 77 individually fed steers, feeding 85 vs 70% concen-
percentage units, respectively. Although Cole (1985) trate (30 vs 60% corn silage) increased DMI ( P < .01)
concluded that extensive preconditioning programs for the first 2 wk after arrival, but not for the
are often difficult for cow-calf producers to justify 28-d trial. Pritchard and Mendez (1990) reported
economically, preweaning interventions need not be increased DMI during a 28-d receiving period by
costly and complex to provide potential benefits. For calves fed a high-energy (60% concentrate) receiving
example, vaccination of calves with a chemically
diet compared with a lower-energy, corn silage-based
altered vaccine against respiratory disease viruses 4
diet; however, feed:gain was superior for calves fed the
to 6 mo before weaning on western rangelands
increased the serum neutralization titer response to a lower-energy diet. Based on the results of these
modified-live respiratory vaccine administered upon experiments, receiving diets with 60% or more concen-
arrival at the feedlot (Parker et al., 1993). Krei- trates offer the potential to increase DMI, and possibly
kemeier et al. (1997) compared Kentucky ranch daily gain and gain:feed, by newly received, light-
calves (252 kg) assigned to three treatments: 1 ) weight beef cattle. Nonetheless, adequacy of feed
vaccination with a killed viral vaccine 2 to 4 wk before mixing and milling facilities should be evaluated
weaning and revaccination with a killed vaccine at the carefully in determining the optimum type of receiving
time of commingling at a sale barn; 2 ) vaccination diet for a given production setting. Feeding good-
with a modified-live viral vaccine at the sale barn, but quality hay plus protein supplement has worked well
before shipment to a feedlot in western Kansas; and in some cases (Cole, 1996), but weight gains are
3 ) vaccination with a modified-live vaccine on arrival typically low with such programs, and calves may not
at the feedlot. Calves in the two modified-live vaccine fully compensate for lower gains during the receiving
treatment groups were given a modified-live booster period (Lofgreen, 1988).
after 21 d in the feedlot. Morbidity rate and treat- One possible negative aspect of higher-concentrate
ments per morbid calf were decreased from 37% and
receiving diets is an increased morbidity rate (percen-
1.14, respectively, for those vaccinated on arrival and
tage of animals treated for BRD) and(or) severity of
33% and 1.36 for those vaccinated at the sale barn to
27% and 1 for those vaccinated before weaning. morbidity (days of medical treatment per calf) with
Additional research in this area would aid our increasing dietary concentrate level. Lofgreen et al.
understanding and potentially provide additional op- (1975) noted no effect of concentrate levels of 20, 55,
tions to beef cattle producers. and 72% (rolled barley base) on morbidity rate or
severity in one trial, but there was a trend for
increased rate and severity in a second trial with 55,
Dietary Energy Concentration/Concentrate Level 72, and 90% concentrate levels fed to newly received,
lightweight cattle. With steam-flaked milo-based diets
Stressed beef calves seem to have an altered eating fed to lightweight, stressed cattle, Lofgreen (1983)
pattern compared with their unstressed counterparts reported that morbidity rate was 47, 49, and 57% and

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 CATTLE NUTRITION AND HEALTH 1123
severity was 2.5, 2.7, and 3.3 treatment days per calf dried grain plus solubles:blood meal to shipping-
with concentrate levels of 25, 50, and 75%, respec- stressed steer, bull, and heifer calves (222 kg) for 28
tively. In contrast, Fluharty and Loerch (1996) did d. For calves that were never treated for BRD,
not report marked effects of concentrate level on performance was superior with supplemental soybean
morbidity of newly received steer calves fed corn meal. Among morbid calves, incidence of multiple
silage-based diets, with no differences in morbidity treatments (repulls) and number of sick days were
rate among 70, 75, 80, and 85% concentrate receiving less for calves fed diets that contained sorghum
diets (27, 40, 33, and 20% morbidity, respectively). distillers dried grains plus solubles. Mortality tended
Differences in source of cattle, time of year, nature of to be lower with supplemental blood meal. Van
diet, management, and other unknown factors likely Koevering et al. (1992) fed 72% concentrate diets to
confound the relationship between concentrate level 215-kg shipping-stressed calves. Daily gains were
and BRD morbidity. To date, however, no research has greatest with soybean meal, but as in the previous
been done to determine the possible effects of concen- study (Van Koevering et al., 1991), diets that
trate level in receiving diets on measurements of contained sorghum distillers dried grains plus solubles
humoral and cell-mediated immune function, nor have seemed to decrease repulls and sick days.
disease-challenge models been used to test different Fluharty and Loerch (1995) conducted three trials
concentrate levels. Such research might help define with newly arrived cattle to assess protein needs.
the degree to which changes in rate and severity of Diets in Trials 1 and 2 contained 55 to 60% corn
morbidity with altered concentrate level reported in silage, and the diet in Trial 3 contained 40% corn
the literature truly reflect an increased susceptibility silage (DM basis). In Trial 1, newly weaned Simmen-
to BRD or simply reflect our inability to accurately tal × Angus steers (243 kg) were used in a 2 × 4
diagnose BRD in field trials. factorial arrangement. Factors were diet CP concen-
tration (12, 14, 16, or 18%) and protein source
(soybean meal vs spray-dried blood meal). Daily gain
Dietary Protein Concentration and Source increased linearly with increasing CP during the 1st
wk after arrival. For the 42-d trial, blood meal diets
The NRC (1984) factorial equations and the NRC resulted in a 7.4% increase ( P < .13) in gain relative
(1996) metabolizable protein system can be used to to soybean meal diets. Gain:feed increased linearly ( P
calculate the quantity of protein required by beef < .01) with increasing CP for the 1st wk and for the
cattle. Requirements calculated with both of these 42-d period, and blood meal diets improved gain:feed
approaches are largely a function of BW and feed (net by 11% ( P < .01) for the overall 42 d. Morbidity
increased linearly ( P < .02) with increasing CP (38,
energy) intake (energy intake drives BW gain and
50, 45, and 68% morbidity for 12, 14, 16, and 18% CP,
protein deposited in gain). Because newly weaned/
respectively), but protein source did not influence
received calves often have a low net energy intake,
morbidity. In Trial 2, (246-kg newly weaned Simmen-
they are likely to have a low capacity for protein
tal × Angus steers) dietary CP concentrations were
deposition. Conversely, calves that experience less
11, 14, 17, 20, 23, or 26%, with a mixture of spray-
severe depressions in feed intake would likely have
dried blood meal and soybean meal (equal CP basis)
greater protein needs. Thus, the quantity of protein
as the protein source. No differences in DMI were
required by newly received calves during the first few
noted, and maximum gain and optimum feed:gain was
days after arrival may depend heavily on feed intake.
observed with the 20% CP diet. Morbidity did not
Estimates of feed intake based on historical data for differ among CP levels (25, 15, 20, 35, 42, and 30%,
various types and sources of cattle should be useful in receptively). Treatments in Trial 3 (238-kg Simmen-
estimating protein requirements during receiving tal × Angus newly weaned steers) were as follows: 1 )
periods. 12.5% CP control diet based on soybean meal and 2 )
Several experiments have been conducted to evalu- phase-feeding of 23% CP in wk 1, 17% CP in wk 2, and
ate protein level and source for newly received cattle. 12.5% CP in wk 3 and 4, with sources of either corn
With lightweight, market-stressed calves (approxi- gluten meal, ring-dried blood meal, spray-dried blood
mately 184 kg) fed 50 to 60% concentrate diets that meal, fish mean, or soybean meal. Morbidity was low
contained either 12 or 16% CP, DMI and daily gain (13.9, 13.9, 8.3, 8.3, 8.3, and 19.4% morbidity for the
were increased with the 16% CP diet in one trial, but control, ring-dried blood meal, spray-dried blood meal,
not in another (Cole and Hutcheson, 1990). Morbidity fish meal, corn gluten meal, and soybean meal diets,
from BRD was high (> 50%) in both trials and not respectively). Based on the results of all three trials,
affected by protein level. Van Koevering et al. (1991) the authors concluded that increased CP concentra-
limit-fed 72% concentrate diets (14.5% CP) that tions are needed early in the receiving period when
contained various protein sources that differed in DMI is low.
ruminal degradation characteristics, including soy- Galyean et al. (1993; Table 1 ) used calves shipped
bean meal, soybean meal:blood meal, sorghum dis- from Tennessee to New Mexico (19.5 h in transit,
tillers dried grain plus solubles, or sorghum distillers 6.8% shrink from pay weight) to evaluate protein

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1124 GALYEAN ET AL.

level in receiving diets. Calves were assigned ran- As with increasing concentrate level, increased
domly to one of three diets with CP concentrations of morbidity rates may occur as CP level in the receiving
12, 14, or 16% (supplemental CP from soybean meal) diet increases. Such increases are particularly evident
for a 42-d receiving period. Daily gain increased in the experiment of Galyean et al. (1993) and in one
linearly ( P < .05) with increasing CP concentration of the three trials reported by Fluharty and Loerch
for the overall 42-d period. Feed intake tended to (1995). Moreover, Nissen et al. (1989) fed 5.2, 6.4,
increase linearly as CP concentration increased during 7.4, or 9.5% metabolizable protein ( MP) to newly
both 21-d periods, with a linear increase ( P < .10) for received calves and reported a linear increase in gain
the overall 42-d period. Percentage of calves treated and improved feed:gain ( P < .05) with increasing MP
level; however, the percentage of untreated calves
for symptoms of BRD was 35.8% overall, and more ( P
decreased linearly ( P < .05) with increasing MP, as
< .03) calves required treatment on the 16% CP
did percentage of calves responding to infectious
(47.5%) than on the 14% CP diet (22.5%). Morbidity
bovine rhinotracheitis vaccine. Serum cortisol concen-
was intermediate for calves fed the 12% CP diet trations increased linearly ( P < .05) with increasing
(37.5%). After the 42-d receiving period, all calves MP, and the authors suggested that increased cortisol
were adapted to a common 14% CP, 85% concentrate with increasing MP might explain some of the changes
diet. Calves fed the 12% CP diet during the in health responses. In contrast, McCoy et al. (1996)
42-d receiving period compensated for decreased gain reported a negative correlation between the number of
during the subsequent 42-d period, such that dietary calves treated for BRD and MP supply in receiving
CP concentration fed during the receiving period did diets. To evaluate the relationship between BRD
not affect cumulative 84-d performance (Table 1). morbidity and receiving diet CP level, 15 trial means

Table 1. Influence of protein concentration on performance by calves during

a 42-d receiving period (Galyean et al., 1993)

Receiving diet CP concentration, %

Item 12 14 16 Contrasta SEb
Receiving period performance ( d 0 to 42)
No. of calves 40 40 40 — —
Initial BW, kg 187.1 185.7 183.0 — 1.2
42-d BW, kg 236.0 243.5 243.7 — 2.5
Daily gain, kg
d 0 to 21 .68 .84 .89 NS .15
d 21 to 42 1.60 1.92 2.00 L* .10
d 0 to 42 1.14 1.38 1.45 L* .05
Daily DMI, kg/steer
d 0 to 21
Hay .61 .62 .61 NS .02
Concentrate 2.65 2.89 3.03 NS .15
Hay + concentrate 3.25 3.50 3.63 NS .16
d 21 to 42 5.69 5.63 6.03 NS .18
d 0 to 42 4.47 4.56 4.83 L† .12
Feed:gain
d 0 to 21 5.64 4.72 4.35 NS .94
d 21 to 42 3.61 2.95 3.04 L* .17
d 0 to 42 3.95 3.32 3.35 Q* .08
Calves treated for BRD, %c 37.5 22.5 47.5 — —
Mortality, no. 2 1 0 — —
Post-receiving performance ( d 43 to 84)
Daily gain, kg 1.58 1.54 1.46 NS .08
Daily DMI, kg/steer 6.97 7.15 7.03 NS .21
Feed:gain 4.44 4.66 4.83 NS .16
Overall performance ( d 0 to 84)
Daily gain, kg 1.36 1.46 1.45 NS .05
Daily DMI, kg/steer 5.72 5.86 5.93 NS .15
Feed:gain 4.23 4.01 4.09 NS .09
aOrthogonal contrasts: L = linear, Q = quadratic effect of CP concentration. NS = not statistically significant.
bStandard error of means, n = four pens per treatment.
cDistribution differs; for 12 vs 14% CP, P < .15; for 14 vs 16% CP, P < .03.
*P < .05.
†P < .10.

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 CATTLE NUTRITION AND HEALTH 1125
from Galyean et al. (1993) and Fluharty and Loerch
(1995) were pooled for regression analysis. Dietary
CP level ranged from 11 to 26% in these trials, and
morbidity rate ranged from 15 to 68%. Morbidity rate
within trial was indexed by dividing the morbidity
rate for each CP level by the trial mean for morbidity
rate. Trial-indexed morbidity was then analyzed as
the dependent variable by stepwise regression analy-
sis (SAS, 1995), with linear, quadratic, and cubic
effects of CP level, duration of trial, DMI, and initial
BW as possible independent selections. Indexing
morbidity rate eliminated all variables except CP;
hence, regression analysis was conducted with trial-
indexed morbidity as the dependent variable and
linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of CP level as the Figure 1. Relationship between CP level in receiving
independent variables. Results of the analysis are diets and trial-indexed morbidity rate. Data were trial
shown in Figure 1. The model accounted for approxi- means from Galyean et al. (1993) and Fluharty and
mately 52% of the variation in trial-indexed morbidity Loerch (1995).
and indicated that BRD morbidity rates tended to
increase with increasing CP level. The paradox
presented by this analysis is that although morbidity
rate seemed to increase with CP level, performance by mo of age; 153 kg) for 17 d after weaning at below
calves fed higher CP levels was equal to or superior to maintenance, after which calves were deprived of feed
performance of those fed lower CP levels. As discussed for 3 d and given an intranasal inoculation of
previously with regard to concentrate level, this attenuated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus
paradox could reflect inaccurate diagnosis. Alterna- ( IBRV) . Injections of either saline or a B-vitamin
tively, it may reflect increased performance by morbid mixture (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, pan-
calves with higher CP levels or superior performance tothenic acid, B6, B12, and vitamin C ) were given
by healthy calves within higher-CP diets that compen- every 48 h for 14 d before and 14 d after inoculation
sated for increased morbidity. Further evaluation of with IBRV. Infection with IBRV decreased ( P = .001)
the relationship between BRD morbidity and dietary B6, B12, pantothenate, and vitamin C, but not folic
CP level seems warranted, as do measurements of acid, concentrations. Vitamin injections did not affect
immune function with varying CP levels. virus or interferon titers in nasal secretions, but 14 ( P
= .115) and 28 d ( P = .37) after infection, vitamin
injections tended to increase serum IgG titers to
Vitamins IBRV, suggesting enhanced humoral immune
response with B-vitamin injections (Dubeski et al.,
Experiments with B-vitamin supplementation to 1996a). The authors suggested that B-vitamin status
newly weaned or received cattle have resulted in at the time of vaccination or infection may affect the
variable responses; decreased morbidity and increased success of the immune response. In a review of several
performance have been noted in some studies and experiments, Cole (1996) noted a 3% decrease in BRD
little or no response in others (Cole, 1993, 1996). Cole morbidity, a 4.2% increase in gain, and a 5.1%
et al. (1979) supplemented thiamin, riboflavin, increase in gain:feed with supplemental B vitamins.
pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, niacin, choline, and B12 Variable responses to the feeding of B vitamins could,
in receiving diets for stressed feeder steers. Adding B in part, be a result of differences in feed intake among
vitamins decreased morbidity ( P < .05) in calves that experiments. Presumably, ruminal production of B
were weaned on the day of sale and fed hay in an vitamins would be greater in calves with high than in
order buyer barn but increased morbidity ( P < .05) in those with low feed intakes, potentially influencing
calves that were preweaned. Feeding two different results of supplementation.
levels of these same B vitamins did not affect Supplemental vitamin E in receiving diets seems to
morbidity in a subsequent experiment (Cole et al., be beneficial for decreasing morbidity and improving
1982). Zinn et al. (1987) supplemented the diets of performance. These benefits are likely to be mediated
stressed calves (116 kg) with various B vitamins and through effects of vitamin E on the immune system
vitamin C at levels up to 10 times those required by (Coelho, 1996). Secrist et al. (1997) pooled the
growing pigs. Supplementation failed to alter gain and results of five studies in which supplemental vitamin
feed efficiency but decreased morbidity approximately E was evaluated a levels of 450 to 1,600 IU/animal
33% compared with unsupplemented controls. Dubeski daily. Weighted means for daily gain tended ( P < .14)
et al. (1996b) fed 12 Hereford × Angus calves ( 6 to 8 to be increased (.92 vs .80 kg/d), with no change in

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1126 GALYEAN ET AL.

DMI, resulting in improved feed:gain ( 9 vs 12.4) with after an IBRV challenge, DMI was decreased 50% in
supplemental vitamin E. Morbidity tended to be less steers fed a control diet with 31 mg of Zn/kg, compared
( P < .14) with vitamin E (48 vs 55%). These five with a 15% decrease in steers supplemented with 90
trials included steers and steers plus bulls, with initial mg of Zn/kg from zinc methionine. Return to
BW ranging from 242 to 272 kg. Percentage of prechallenge DMI occurred 5 d sooner for steers fed
concentrate in diets ranged from 10 to 74. Further zinc methionine than for control steers, and mean
research is needed to more accurately titrate the dose rectal temperature was lower for zinc methionine-
of vitamin E that provides health benefits to newly supplemented steers than for controls on d 7 and 12.
received cattle. In a second experiment (Chirase et al., 1991), steers
Because of possible injection-site reactions, injection fed a control diet with 35 mg of Zn/kg had lower DMI
of vitamin E with some commercial preparations may on d 8 to 12 after an IBRV challenge than those fed a
be less desirable than dietary supplements or zinc methionine-supplemented diet (89 mg of Zn/kg).
drenches (Galyean et al., 1991). For example, Hays et Similarly, on d 1 after an IBRV challenge in a third
al. (1987) reported that injection of 3,000 IU of experiment, steers fed zinc methionine (170.7 mg of
vitamin E (d,l-a-tocopherol) at arrival processing of Zn/kg) had 65.5% greater DMI than controls (95.7 mg
newly received steers, bull calves, and yearlings of Zn/kg), whereas steers supplemented with ZnO
increased ( P < .07) sick days per morbid calf, whereas (163 mg/kg) had intermediate intakes (Chirase et al.,
feeding .9 kg of supplement that supplied 800 IU of 1991). Steers fed zinc methionine regained their
vitamin E per animal increased daily gain ( P < .07) pretrial DMI in 8 d, compared with 11 d for controls
and decreased morbidity and sick days per calf ( P < and 19 d for those fed supplemental ZnO.
.07). Zinc retention became negative during stress
caused by feed and water deprivation and ACTH (80
IU) injections (Nockels et al., 1993). Antibody titers
Trace Minerals against IBRV tended to be greater in steers sup-
plemented with Zn from zinc methionine or ZnO (25
Cole (1993) suggested that, with the exception of mg of supplemental Zn/kg) compared with controls
potassium, actual mineral requirements of stressed (26 mg of Zn/kg), with the greatest titer response for
calves do not seem to be greater than those of zinc methionine (Spears et al., 1991). Zinc methio-
unstressed calves. Nonetheless, concentrations of most nine supplemented to provide 71 mg of Zn/kg of diet
minerals need to be increased in receiving diets to decreased mean rectal temperature compared with a
compensate for low feed intake by stressed calves. In control diet (42 mg/kg), with intermediate responses
addition, several trace minerals, most notably Zn, Cu, for zinc proteinate (71 mg/kg) and ZnSO4 (67 mg/kg)
Cr, and Se, have been identified as possible sup- diets, on d 6 and 7 after an IBRV challenge in cattle
plemental nutrients in receiving diets because of (Blezinger et al., 1992).
potential effects on immune function. Recent informa- Engle et al. (1995) fed one calf from each of five
tion on each of these trace minerals will be reviewed pairs of crossbred heifer calves (initial BW = 202 kg)
in the following sections. a Zn-deficient diet (17 mg/kg), and the other calf was
Effects of Supplemental Zn on Health and Immunity. fed a Zn-adequate diet (40 mg/kg) diet for 28 d.
Potentially low Zn concentrations for grazing cattle Plasma Zn, feed efficiency, and phytohemagglutinin
were noted by Corah et al. (1996), who surveyed ( PHA) skin-swelling response were less ( P < .05) in
forage samples from 327 cooperators in 18 states. Only Zn-deficient calves. In a second experiment,
2.5% of samples were adequate in Zn content relative 208-kg crossbred heifers were fed a Zn-adequate diet
to NRC (1996) requirements for beef cattle, whereas for 30 d (40 mg of Zn/kg) and then allotted to either
63.4% were considered deficient and 34.1% were control (40 mg of Zn/kg) or Zn-deficient groups (17
considered marginal. Hence, Zn deficiencies may be mg/kg). After 21 d of depletion, the 17 mg/kg diets
common in practice. Readers are referred to Cole were supplemented with either zinc lysine, zinc
(1995), Galyean et al. (1995a), Greene (1995), and methionine, or ZnSO4 to bring the total Zn concentra-
Spears (1995) for additional information on Zn tion up to 40 mg/kg. Zinc depletion decreased gain ( P
supplementation practices and requirements of < .05) by an average of 45.6% and increased ( P < .05)
ruminants. Effects of Zn on immune function in feed:gain by 97.5%. The cell-mediated skin swelling
nonruminants have been reviewed by Keen and response to PHA was decreased ( P < .05) by Zn
Gershwin (1990), and Suttle and Jones (1989) depletion, but no differences were noted in plasma and
reviewed the possible involvement of Zn in immune liver Zn with Zn depletion. Differences in gain, intake,
function of ruminants. and feed:gain were not evident after 22 d of Zn
Zinc supplementation may be needed for stressed repletion.
calves with a propensity to succumb to BRD, and Kegley and Spears (1994) reported that sup-
source of Zn has been important in some studies but plemental zinc methionine increased ( P < .06) in vitro
not in others. Chirase et al. (1991) reported that 3 d unstimulated lymphocyte blastogenic response com-

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 CATTLE NUTRITION AND HEALTH 1127
pared with ZnO in lambs that were subjected to tion. With 27.6 mg of Zn/kg in a corn-cottonseed hull/
weaning and transport stress and fed a diet with 25 isolated soy protein-based diet, supplemental Zn (25
mg of supplemental Zn/kg. No differences in Zn source mg/kg as zinc methionine or ZnO) did not alter the
were evident in lymphocyte blastogenesis with PHA or immune response either before or after lambs were
pokeweed mitogen ( PWM) stimulation. Lambs fed subjected to stress (Gengelbach et al., 1992). Diets
supplemental zinc methionine had smaller ( P < .08) that were adequate (40 mg of supplemental Zn/kg),
welt diameters than those fed supplemental ZnO at marginal ( 5 mg of supplemental Zn/kg), or deficient
46, 56, and 70 h after intradermal injection with PHA, in Zn influenced the immune response of growing
but treatments did not differ before these times. lambs (Droke and Spears, 1993); however, using the
Kegley et al. (1997a) used Angus crossbred heifers same dietary Zn concentrations, Droke et al. (1993)
(176.4 kg initial BW) that were transported for 7 h simulated stress with .2 mg of dexamethasone and
and then assigned to control (no supplemental Zn), reported that lymphocyte blastogenesis in response to
ZnSO4 (360 mg of Zn/d), or Zn amino acid complex PHA, concanavalin A ( ConA) , and PWM was not
(360 mg of Zn/d) treatment groups while grazing affected by treatments. Kincaid et al. (1997) used 40
fescue pasture (plus ad libitum access to ber- Holstein heifer calves that were assigned to treat-
mudagrass hay) to evaluate performance and health ments at 6 wk of age to evaluate Zn level and source
responses. Serum Zn did not differ among treatments effects on growth and immune function. A calf starter
on d 28 and 56, nor did differential white blood cell was fed that provided four Zn treatments: 1 ) control
counts on d 28. Cell-mediated immunity measured by at 60 mg of Zn/kg; 2 ) zinc methionine and zinc lysine
an intradermal injection of PHA on d 70 was greater added to supply 150 mg of supplemental Zn/kg; 3 ) zinc
( P < .07) in heifers fed both sources of supplemental methionine and zinc lysine added to supply 300 mg of
Zn than in controls 24 h after injection. In buffalo supplemental Zn/kg; and 4 ) ZnO added to supply 300
calves supplemented with 1,500 IU of dl-a-tocopherol mg of supplemental Zn/kg. Actual concentrations of Zn
and(or) 7 g of ZnO per animal on a weekly basis averaged 65, 238, 400, and 340 mg/kg for the four
during an 18-wk trial, Mohamed et al. (1995) treatments, respectively. Feed intakes and BW gains
reported that vitamin E and(or) Zn supplementation did not differ among treatments. Treatments did not
increased the lymphocyte blastogenic response to PHA affect lymphocyte blastogenesis (control, ConA, PHA,
and that the interaction between vitamin E and Zn and PWM), lymphocyte interleukin-2 production,
was positive. lymphocyte cytotoxicity, or phagocytic and intracellu-
In a field study, Galyean et al. (1995b) fed newly lar killing ability of neutrophils, leading the authors
weaned steers four diets :1) 65% concentrate basal to conclude that the Zn treatments did not affect in
receiving diet supplemented with 30 mg of Zn/kg from
vitro measurements of immune response.
ZnO; 2 ) basal + 35 mg of Zn/kg from zinc methionine;
Several recent experiments have involved feeding
3 ) basal + 70 mg of Zn/kg from ZnSO4; and 4 ) basal +
Zn in combination with other trace minerals in an
70 mg of Zn/kg from zinc methionine. Morbidity from
effort to modify performance and(or) immune
BRD during a 42-d receiving and subsequent concen-
response. Clark et al. (1996) allotted 60 heifers based
trate adaptation period was decreased by approxi-
on initial liver Cu status to three treatments (no
mately 52% (average of 22.9 vs 11.1%) for the two 70
supplement, inorganic trace minerals, and organic
mg/kg diets vs the basal and 35 mg/kg diets. Using
complexes of trace minerals). Equal dietary concen-
newly received calves fed a prairie hay-based diet,
trations of Cu (24 mg/kg), Zn (64 mg/kg), Co ( 6 mg/
Johnson et al. (1988) reported that supplementing
kg), and Mn (49 mg/kg) were supplied by the
360 mg of Zn/animal daily as zinc methionine in a 70%
concentrate pellet increased daily gain by 10.7%, organically complexed and inorganic (sulfate forms)
decreased medical treatments per calf by 5.8%, and treatments, and Mo ( 5 mg/kg), S (2,500 mg/kg), and
decreased morbidity (46 vs 51% for zinc methionine Fe (1,000 mg/kg) were fed to all three treatment
and control, respectively) when animals that were groups as antagonists. Grass hay was fed for ad
detected as sick during the first 3 d of the study were libitum consumption until the heifers were moved to
excluded from the analysis. When morbid calves were pasture at 60 d after calving. Differential white blood
considered separately, there was a decrease ( P < .03) cell counts and PHA skin-swelling responses did not
in medical treatments per calf with zinc methionine vs differ ( P > .10) among treatments. George et al.
control (4.45 vs 4.94). When all cattle were considered (1997) shipped heifers (208.6 kg) that had been
in the analysis, daily gain, feed intake, and feed raised on eastern Colorado range and vaccinated only
efficiency did not differ between zinc methionine- with clostridial bacterins 250 km to a research feedlot.
supplemented calves and controls, although average All heifers were vaccinated for viral respiratory
number of medical treatments per calf (3.2 vs 3.7 for pathogens upon arrival. Treatments were a basal 55%
zinc methionine and control, respectively) was concentrate receiving diet with 1 ) supplemental
decreased with supplemental zinc methionine. inorganic trace minerals (106 mg of Zn/kg from ZnO,
Not all experiments have noted positive effects of 58 mg of Mn/kg from MnO, 37 mg of Cu/kg from
Zn supplementation on health and(or) immune func- CuSO4, and 7 mg of Co/kg from CoCO3) ; 2 ) the same

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1128 GALYEAN ET AL.

concentrations of elements supplied in the organic by Mo (Suttle and Jones, 1989), coupled with
form (zinc methionine, manganese methionine, copper potentially low Cu concentrations in forages in many
lysine, and cobalt glucoheptonate); or 3 ) organic areas, has led to increased interest in the role of Cu in
complexes at a 3× level for the first 14 d after arrival, health and immune function of beef cattle.
then switched to 1× for the remainder of the Serum Cu concentrations have been reported to
42-d trial. Treatments did not affect gain, DMI, or increase with market and transit stress and after
feed:gain over the 42-d trial. Although calves already inoculation with IBRV (Orr et al., 1990; Stabel et al.,
had a titer to parainfluenza virus-3 ( PI-3) on arrival, 1993). Chirase et al. (1991) reported that serum Cu
the secondary PI-3 antibody titer response on d 14 and concentration was numerically greater on d 7 vs 0 and
28 after arrival vaccination was increased by organi- decreased by d 28 to concentrations lower than those
cally complexed minerals ( P < .01; ranking of 3× > 1× on d 7 after a challenge with IBRV in beef steers
organic > inorganic). Skin swelling response to PHA supplemented with zinc methionine or ZnO. Chirase et
on d 21 after arrival was greater for 3× vs inorganic at al. (1994) reported that calves injected with 120 mg of
12 ( P < .05) and 24 h ( P < .01) after PHA, with 3× > copper glycinate 11 d before shipping had 30 and 6.9%
1× > inorganic ( P < .01) at 48 h after PHA. For IBR lower DMI and BW change, respectively, after a
titers, 1× organic was greater than inorganic ( P < .01) challenge with IBRV than calves not injected with Cu.
at d 14 after vaccination, but 3× did not differ from the Differences in Cu retention as a result of Cu source
other two treatments. At d 28, the IBR titer was have been noted under simulated stress in beef calves
greater for 1× organic ( P < .05) than for the other two (Nockels et al., 1993).
treatments. Calves fed the 3× treatment had a 17.2% Scottish Blackface Hill sheep, a breed that is
decrease ( P < .05) in the incidence of BRD compared naturally susceptible to Cu deficiency, and a genetic
with the other two treatments. line selected for low plasma Cu produced lambs that
Angus and Simmental steer calves that were newly were vulnerable to microbial infections when pasture
weaned were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design by Engle management practices (liming and reseeding) lo-
et al. (1997). Factors were 0 or .15% supplemental P wered Cu status (Suttle and Jones, 1989). Copper
and inorganic (sulfate) or inorganic + organically supplementation was protective against infection;
complexed (proteinate) trace minerals. Copper, Mn, however, infected lambs were exceedingly Cu-defi-
and Zn were supplemented to a basal diet of corn cient, even compared with contemporaries in the
silage at levels of 10, 25, and 25 mg/kg, respectively. genetic line. In addition, pasture management
For the organically complexed treatments, 50% of Cu changes increased pasture Mo and S contents, which
and Mn and 66% of Zn were derived from proteinates, could have triggered effects of thiomolybdates, with
with the remainder from sulfates. Two days after supplemental Cu simply protecting against thiomolyb-
weaning, calves were challenged with IBRV. Rectal dates. Peripheral blood granulocytes from Cu-deficient
temperature was not affected by treatment. Total sheep had a decreased ability to kill engulfed Candida
immunoglobulin titers to porcine red blood cells were albicans, and proliferative responses to antigens were
greater ( P < .05) with no added P for Angus calves, lower in the hypocupremic, low-Cu-genotype lambs
but cell-mediated response to PHA was not affected by (PHA, ConA, and PWM antigens), with enhanced
treatment or breed. Serum Cu, P, and Zn concentra- proliferative responses as a result of Cu supplementa-
tions were not affected by treatment. tion. Suttle and Jones (1989) noted, however, that
Although experiments with combinations of trace other workers have not shown lymphocyte responses
minerals provide valuable information on various in sheep depleted of Cu with tetrathiomolybdate.
commercial products, they provide little insight into Boyne and Arthur (1986) evaluated the phagocytic
the health or immune system effects of specific ability of neutrophils from cattle fed adequate Cu or
minerals and possible interactions among minerals. from Cu-deficient cattle (induced by Fe or Mo) and a
Additional research with individual trace minerals or feed-restricted control (80% of ad libitum). Neutrophil
with factorial arrangements of multiple minerals that phagocytic activity was less ( P < .05) for Fe and Mo
allow testing of main effects and interactions is groups than for the control, but it was also less for
needed. feed restriction. The Fe and Mo groups had lower ( P <
Effects of Copper on Health and Immunity. The .001) phagocytic activity ( C. albicans ingested/100
concentration of Cu recommended by NRC (1996) for neutrophils) than either the control or feed-restriction
beef cattle is 10 mg/kg of diet, with a maximum groups.
tolerable level of 100 mg/kg; however, in practice, Stabel et al. (1993) reported that Cu concentra-
tolerance levels depend on interactions of Cu with tions were decreased in liver, spleen, thymus, and
other minerals (Underwood, 1977). A recent survey of lung by Cu deficiency, and they suggested that Cu-
forage samples in 18 states (Corah et al., 1996) deficient animals are at a greater risk than nondefi-
indicated that more than half the samples collected cient animals for infection. However, Stabel et al.
were marginal to deficient in Cu. Evidence of impaired (1993) failed to observe a consistent immune
immune function in sheep with Cu deficiency induced response with Holstein calves fed a semipurified diet

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 CATTLE NUTRITION AND HEALTH 1129
(1.5 mg of Cu/kg) supplemented with 0 or 10 mg of than Mo-supplemented calves at weaning, and Cu-
Cu/kg of diet in the form of CuSO4. Saker et al. supplemented calves tended ( P = .11) to have higher
(1994) fed weaned calves (275 kg) a basal corn TNF 5 d after IRBV inoculation than calves given Mo
silage/soybean meal diet or the basal diet plus either or Fe. Plasma Cu was greater ( P < .01) at weaning in
copper lysine or CuSO4. Average daily Cu intake for Cu calves than in the other three groups, and
the three groups was 43 (basal), 97 (copper lysine), ceruloplasmin absorbance was greater ( P < .01) for
and 104 mg (CuSO 4) . Copper lysine-supplemented Cu-supplemented calves than for the other three
calves had increased plasma Cu concentrations ( P < groups at weaning and 5 d after the IBRV challenge.
.05), monocyte phagocytic activity ( P < .05), and On d 5 after IBRV, plasma Cu concentration was
monocyte oxidative burst measurements ( P < .10) greater ( P < .05) for Cu-supplemented calves than for
compared with calves fed the basal diet. Dill et al. other groups, least ( P < .05) for calves given Mo, and
(1990) reported that humoral immune response did intermediate for control and Fe-supplemented calves.
not increase with 3.25 mL of injectable ZnO suspen- The authors suggested that dietary level of Mo and Cu
sion, Cu ( 2 mL of Moly-Cu), or Se ( 1 mL of Mu-Se/ can alter body temperature and feed intake responses
90.8 kg of BW) + Cu in steers fed diets deficient in to disease by affecting TNF, and possibly other
these minerals. In a subsequent study, however, Dill cytokines. In a follow-up study on immune function,
et al. (1991) reported increased humoral immune Ward et al. (1997) used 38 bred heifers that were fed
response to Cu ( 2 mL of Moly-Cu) in steers fed diets corn silage-based diets from the last third of gestation
deficient or marginal in Cu. until their calves were weaned. Treatments were the
Arthington et al. (1995) allotted 12 Angus × same as those applied by Gengelbach et al. (1997).
Hereford heifers (183.6 kg) on the basis of initial liver Secondary antibody response was greater ( P < .10) in
Cu concentrations to either control (fed a basal diet control calves than in calves from dams supplemented
supplemented to provide 10 mg of Cu/kg) or Mo- with Mo on d 7, 14, 21, and 28 after challenge with
supplemented groups (fed the same basal diet but porcine red blood cells, whereas response in Cu-
with sodium molybdate [Cu:Mo ratio = 1:2.5] and S supplemented calves was lower on d 14 and 21, and
[.3%] added). Diets were fed for 120 d, at which time the response in calves given Fe did not differ from that
Mo-supplemented heifers were Cu-deficient (286 vs 49 in controls. Calves from dams fed supplemental Cu
mg of Cu/kg of liver). Neutrophils were isolated before had lower PHA-induced skinfold responses at all
and 48 h after s.c. injection of Freund’s complete sampling times than controls, but calves given Fe or
adjuvant as an inflammatory stressor. Copper defi- Mo did not differ from controls. In a second experi-
ciency induced by Mo and S did not affect in vitro or in ment, 18 Holstein bull calves were fed commercial
vivo measurements of neutrophil chemotaxis. milk replacer low in Cu for 49 d then were fed for 126
Gengelbach et al. (1997) assigned 38 2-yr-old d a semipurified diet that contained 1.1 mg of Cu/kg,
heifers to one of four treatments during the last third supplemented with either 5 mg of Mo/kg or 10 mg of
of gestation. The basal diet (4.5 mg of Cu/kg) was Cu/kg. Lymphocyte viability did not differ among
corn silage with either 1 ) no supplemental Cu, Fe, or treatments, nor did lymphocyte blastogenic responses.
Mo; 2 ) 600 mg of Fe/kg; 3 ) 5 mg of Mo/kg; or 4 ) 10 mg Skinfold responses at 12 and 24 h after PHA were
of Cu/kg. Calves were allowed to consume their dam’s increased by Cu vs control, and at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h for
diets and were weaned at an average age of 184 d. Mo vs control ( P < .05). The authors concluded that
Superoxide dismutase ( SOD) activity was less ( P < Cu deficiency and Cu deficiency coupled with high Mo
.06) for Mo-supplemented than for control or Cu- and Fe had inconsistent effects on immune function
supplemented calves at 170 d of age; SOD activity also and suggested that Cu deficiency may not affect
was less ( P < .06) for Fe-supplemented than for specific immune function in calves.
control calves at 170 d of age, but SOD activity in Limited natural BRD challenge or field studies
calves given Fe did not differ from that in calves given have been conducted with supplemental Cu. Galyean
Mo or Cu. Two days after weaning, calves were given et al. (1995b) reported that supplemental copper
IBRV intranasally, followed in 5 d by intratracheal lysine ( 5 mg of added Cu/kg) fed during the receiving
inoculation of Pasteurella hemolytica. Calves in the Fe period had a negative effect on daily gain ( P < .02)
and Cu groups had lower ( P < .06) feed intakes and and DMI ( P < .09) during the subsequent growing
greater body temperatures following IBRV than the and finishing period. Nonetheless, adding copper
control and Mo-supplemented calves, which the lysine to the receiving diet tended ( P < .17) to
authors interpreted as evidence of an improved decrease the percentage of morbid steers (13.9%)
immune response in the groups given Cu and Fe, compared with the control diet (20.1%) that was
perhaps mediated by cytokines. Conversely, decreased formulated to supply 3.25 mg of supplemental Cu/kg
DMI and increased rectal temperature could be viewed from CuO. Brazle and Stokka (1994) observed that
as having a potentially negative effect on health and fewer calves required treatment for sickness between
performance. Copper-supplemented calves had greater 29 to 56 d when administered a Cu-Zn-Vitamin E
plasma tumor necrosis factor ( TNF) concentrations drench at arrival (250 mg of Cu from CuSO4, 650 mg

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1130 GALYEAN ET AL.

of Zn from ZnO, and 400 IU of vitamin E). Wright et response to P. hemolytica vaccination. Although in-
al. (1996) allotted 72 Hereford × Angus calves to four creases in serum IgG titers to P. hemolytica were
treatments: 1 ) basal diet (control); 2 ) basal + 500 IU noted with the combination of vitamin E and Se at
of vitamin E + .3 mg of Se/kg; 3 ) basal + 10 mg of Cu/ various times after vaccination in four of the five
kg; and 4 ) basal + 10 mg of Cu/kg + 500 IU of vitamin trials, performance and health were not affected by
E + .3 mg of Se/kg. Calves were separated from cows treatments.
for 47 d before weaning and fed .91 kg/d of the Wright et al. (1997) used 80 Hereford × Angus
respective diets. At weaning, calves were shipped 290 calves to evaluate Se and vitamin E combinations. The
km and held overnight before a receiving period. Liver treatments were as follows: 1 ) basal diet only; 2 )
Cu was increased at weaning ( P < .05) by the Cu + basal + .3 mg of Se/kg; 3 ) basal + .3 mg of Se/kg + 500
vitamin E + Se treatment. Treatments did not affect IU of vitamin E; 4 ) basal + .3 mg of Se/kg + 1,000 IU
haptoglobin concentrations, and neither plasma of vitamin E; and 5 ) basal + .3 mg of Se/kg + 1,500 IU
ceruloplasmin nor lymphocyte proliferative responses of vitamin E. The basal diet was 60% rolled corn, 25%
differed among treatments. Weight gain during the rolled oats, 10% soybean meal, and 5% molasses (as-
receiving period was greater ( P < .10) by calves given fed basis). Calves were temporarily separated from
supplemental vitamin E and Se. their dams for 53 d before weaning and fed their
Effects of Selenium on Health and Immunity. assigned dietary treatments. All calves were vacci-
Regional deficiencies of Se have been recognized for nated 17 d before weaning. At weaning, calves were
some time (NRC, 1996). Dargatz and Ross (1996) revaccinated and shipped 418 km to a commercial
surveyed whole blood Se concentrations in cows and feedlot. Antibody titers to IBR and BVD were not
heifers from 253 cow-calf operations in 18 states. affected by treatment, and treatments did not affect
Overall, 7.8% of the samples were severely deficient, serum haptoglobin concentrations. Moreover, treat-
and 10.4% were marginally deficient. Among regions, ments did not affect pre- or postweaning gain or
cattle from southeastern states (AL, FL, GA, KY, MS, transit shrink. The authors concluded that prewean-
TN, and VA) were more likely to be deficient (18.6%) ing vitamin E and(or) Se supplementation did not
or marginal (23.8%) in Se. Corah et al. (1996) influence postweaning performance, stress responses,
reported that 19.7% of the forage samples they or vaccination responses in beef calves with adequate
surveyed from 18 states were adequate in Se content, vitamin E status.
44.3% were deficient, 19.3% were marginal, and 16.7% Readers are referred to Suttle and Jones (1989)
were high relative to established requirements. and Turner and Finch (1991) for additional informa-
Reffett et al. (1988) evaluated the effects of Se tion on the potential effects of Se on health and
deficiency on the primary and secondary humoral immune function in ruminants. In their review, Suttle
immune response in Holstein calves. For an and Jones (1989) concluded that there is little
84-d period, Se-deficient calves were fed a diet with convincing evidence that Se deficiency affects
.03 mg of Se/kg, whereas Se-adequate calves were fed resistance to infection in ruminants.
a diet that contained .2 mg of Se/kg. All calves were Effects of Chromium on Health and Immunity.
then challenged with an intranasal IBRV inoculation Although no Cr requirement has been established for
on d 0 and 35 of a 70-d experimental period. Serum beef cattle, NRC (1996) suggested that results of
antibody titers did not differ between treatments 14 d recent experiments indicate supplemental Cr may be
after the challenge but were greater in Se-adequate needed in some situations. Interest in the potential
calves than in Se-deficient calves 14 d after the second health or immune system effects of Cr in beef cattle
IBRV challenge on d 35. Reffett Stabel et al. (1989) was stimulated by the report by Chang and Mowat
compared the immune response of newly weaned (1992) that gain by feeder calves during a
calves from dams fed either Se-deficient or Se- 28-d receiving period was increased by feeding .4 mg
adequate diets, with or without an intratracheal of supplemental Cr/kg from high-Cr yeast when calves
inoculation with P. hemolytica 3 d after weaning and were not medicated with long-acting oxytetracycline
transport. Titers to P. hemolytica were lower ( P < .05) ( LAOTC) on arrival. In that experiment, however,
in calves from Se-adequate dams than in calves from gain was not affected by Cr when calves were
Se-deficient dams, and Se status did not affect weight medicated with LAOTC on arrival, the LAOTC × Cr
gains during the study or body temperature after the interaction was not significant, and supplemental Cr
challenge. had no effect on morbidity. Moonsie-Shageer and
Experiments reported in the beef cattle literature Mowat (1993) followed this initial study with addi-
often involve combined Se and vitamin E supplemen- tional research in which either 0, .2, .5, or 1 mg of Cr/
tation because of the interrelationship of these two kg from a high-Cr yeast product was supplemented to
nutrients. Droke and Loerch (1989) conducted five corn silage-based receiving diets for stressed feeder
trials with steers new to the feedlot environment to calves. Daily gain during a 30-d receiving period was
evaluate one or two i.m. injections of Se and(or) increased ( P < .05) for the .2 and 1 mg/kg levels vs
vitamin E on performance, health, and antibody unsupplemented controls, and morbidity was

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 CATTLE NUTRITION AND HEALTH 1131
decreased ( P < .05) from 52.4% for controls to 14.3% than that of unshipped steers after IRBV inoculation.
for the .2 mg of Cr/kg level; however, morbidity did not Serum total IgG was decreased ( P < .10) by Cr before
differ from controls for the .5 and 1 mg/kg levels. and after shipping, but Cr did not affect serum glucose
Results of subsequent research on the effects of Cr concentrations. Supplemental Cr did not affect rectal
supplementation on health and(or) immune function temperature after the IBRV challenge or the antibody
of cattle have been variable. Lindell et al. (1994) response to either IBRV or porcine red blood cells;
conducted two experiments to evaluate either 0 or 4 however, shipping decreased the IgG response to
mg/animal daily of Cr (yeast form) and revaccination porcine red blood cells. The authors concluded that
(with or without a modified-live viral vaccine) on supplemental Cr did not affect the immune responses
performance and health of British crossbred calves. In measured.
the first experiment with 224-kg calves, supplemental Holstein bull calves 6 to 8 wk of age (average BW =
Cr did not affect performance but decreased morbidity 84 kg) were fed diets supplemented with either no Cr
( P = .04) from 34.4 to 21.6%. In the second or 3 mg/d of Cr from a high-Cr yeast product for 53 d
experiment, supplemental Cr did not affect the ability (Arthington et al., 1997). After d 53, jugular blood
of calves to withstand an intranasal IBR challenge. samples were collected every 4 h for 24 h, and each
Ward et al. (1995) used 32 Suffolk lambs (31 kg) in a calf was given an intranasal inoculation of IBRV,
2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Factors were 80 or 100% followed by collection of blood samples every 4 h for
of CP requirements, with or without .4 mg of Cr/kg as the next 6 d. Rectal temperatures were increased ( P <
chromium tripicolinate. In lambs fed adequate CP, the .05) for 5 d after inoculation, but Cr did not affect the
lymphocyte blastogenic response to PHA was in- response. Treatment with Cr did not affect ACTH,
creased when Cr was fed, but not in lambs fed cortisol, or plasma tumor necrosis factor-a. No differ-
inadequate CP (interaction, P < .01). In contrast to ences were noted in daily excretion of Cu and Zn in
PHA, PWM decreased the blastogenic response by 15% the urine as a result of treatment, or in lymphocyte
in lambs fed Cr ( P < .01), indicating the sensitivity of proliferative responses to mitogens or neutrophil
in vitro blastogenic assays to the mitogen(s) used. bactericidal function. Ceruloplasmin and fibrinogen
Kegley and Spears (1995) assigned Angus and were not affected by treatment or viral inoculation.
Angus crossbred steers (215 kg initial BW) obtained
from feeder calf sales to four treatments: control; .4
mg of supplemental Cr/kg from CrCl3; high-Cr yeast; Implications
and Cr-nicotinic acid complex in corn silage-based
diets. Steers consumed diets ad libitum for 56 d, with Bovine respiratory disease negatively affects beef
cattle performance and cattle feeding economics.
no effects of treatments on performance. On d 52, PHA
Because current diagnostic methods are subjective and
skinfold response was greater in the group given high-
potentially inaccurate, improved methods of diagnosis
Cr yeast than in other three groups ( P < .10) for 8 h
under field conditions are needed. Additional research
after PHA injection. Lymphocyte blastogenic response
is needed on the effects of concentrate/protein level on
to PHA was greater ( P < .05) in steers supplemented
immune function of beef cattle. The most appropriate
with Cr-nicotinic acid than in steers given CrCl 3.
conditions for supplementation of B vitamins and the
Clearance of an i.v. infusion of glucose tended ( P <
dose titration response with vitamin E for receiving
.11) to be faster from 15 to 45 min after infusion in
diets need to be defined. Supplemental zinc, copper,
the steers fed the Cr-nicotinic acid diet. The increase
selenium, and chromium have altered immune func-
in insulin in response to glucose infusion was greater tion measurements and decreased respiratory disease
15 and 30 min after infusion in steers fed supplemen- morbidity under field conditions in some cases, but the
tal Cr-nicotinic acid than in those fed the other two Cr results have been inconsistent. Nutritionists should
sources, and insulin in controls was lower than that in formulate diets for newly received, stressed beef cattle
steers fed Cr-nicotinic acid at 30 min. The authors to compensate for decreased feed intake and known
concluded that Cr-nicotinic acid and high-Cr yeast nutrient deficiencies. However, nutrient fortification
may affect immune response and that Cr-nicotinic acid beyond compensation for these factors, especially with
affects insulin-related functions. Kegley et al. (1997b) trace minerals, should be considered carefully.
fed 48 Angus crossbred steers (initial BW = 263 kg)
90% corn silage diets with either control or .4 mg of
supplemental Cr/kg (as a Cr-nicotinic acid complex). Literature Cited
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steers were inoculated with IBRV intranasally. The an inflammatory stressor. J. Anim. Sci. 73(Suppl. 1):266
DMI ( d 57 to 80) of shipped steers was less ( P < .07) (Abstr.).

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