LITERATURE REVIEW
Kumar Amit et. al. (2010), - Mobile communications systems revolutionized the way people
communicate, joining together communications and mobility. A long way in a remarkably short
time has been achieved in the history of wireless. Evolution of wireless access technologies is
about to reach its fourth generation (4G). Looking past, wireless access technologies have
followed different evolutionary paths aimed at unified target: performance and efficiency in high
mobile environment. The first generation (1G) has fulfilled the basic mobile voice, while the
second generation (2G) has introduced capacity and coverage. This is followed by the third
generation (3G), which has quest for data at higher speeds to open the gates for truly “mobile
broadband” experience, which will be further realized by the fourth generation (4G). The Fourth
generation (4G) will provide access to wide range of telecommunication services, including
advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed networks, which are increasingly
packet based, along with a support for low to high mobility applications and wide range of data
rates, in accordance with service demands in multiuser environment. This paper provides a high
level overview of the evolution of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks from 1G to 4G.
Ghassan A. Abed, Ismail Mahamod and Jumari Kasmiran. (2012), - The era of new wireless
communications is upon us. Eventually it will penetrate into our daily life and change the way
we live just like many technological innovations who’s original. research came from the life
needs. To achieve these requirements, the society of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)
is presently evolving Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE Advanced) as a development of the
standard of LTE. The goal of this generation is to produce specifications for a new radio-access
technology geared to higher data rates, low latency and greater spectral efficiency
Patil C.S., Karhe R. R., and Aher M.A. (2012), - A comprehensive list of references is
reported and comparisons of various methods such as 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G are reported. Wireless
communications networks have become much more pervasive than anyone could have imagined.
The wide spread success of cellular has led to the development of newer wireless systems and
standards for many other types of tele-communication traffic besides mobile voice telephone
calls.
Nowadays, a rapid growth in mobile technology has satisfied the customer needs to a great
extent but it is still developing to a great height which makes the people’s life easier.
M. Naresh, M. Mahender and R. Rajesh. (2012), - Heterogeneous wireless Mesh networks
will be dominant in the next-generation wireless networks with the integration of various
wireless access networks. The deployment of various wireless technologies (2G, 3G, WLAN,
WMAN, etc.) in combination with the evolution of Mobile Terminals (MTs) with multiple
network interfaces and the development of IP-based applications (non-real-time or real-time) has
allowed the user to have access to IP services anywhere at any time from any network. One
revolutionary step, driven by this universal wireless access, is the fourth Generation (4G) of
wireless communications. This next-generation of wireless systems represents a heterogeneous
environment with different access networks technologies that differ in bandwidth, latency or
cost. In this kind of environment, mobility management is the essential issue that supports the
roaming of users from one system to another. Handover management, and Path restoration are
one of the mobility management components, controls the change of the MT’s point of
attachment during active communication.
Chen - Chih Yung, et. al. (2012), - Advances in cellular technology has increased the demand
of accessing the Internet dramatically. Cellular technology not only enables mobility, but also
allows redundant connectivity using multiple wireless paths to improve availability, reliability,
and performance. Multiple paths enable the potential to shift traffic from broken or congested
paths to higher-quality ones as traffic characteristics dynamically change, particularly during
movement. However, little work has been done to date studying cellular networks or their
suitability.
Shukla Sapna, et. al. (2013), - Mobile communication is continuously one of the hottest areas
that are developing at a booming speed, with advanced techniques emerging in all the fields of
mobile and wireless communications. A cellular network or mobile network is a radio network
distributed overland areas called cells, each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver,
known as a cell site or base station. In a cellular network, each cell uses a different set of
frequencies from neighbouring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed bandwidth
within each cell.
Alaoui El Sara, et. al. (2012), - In the near future, current mobile communication networks will
converge towards an All-IP network in order to provide richer applications, stronger customer
satisfaction, and further return on investment for the industry. However, such a convergence
induces a strong level of complexity when handling interoperability between different operators
and different handset vendors. In this context, the 3GPP consortium is working on the
standardization of the convergence, and IMS is emerging as the internationally agreed upon
standard that is multi-operator and multi-vendor. In this paper, we shed further light on the
subtleties of IMS, and we delineate a blueprint for the implementation of a real-world IMS test
bed. An open source Presence Server is deployed as well. The operation of the IMS test bed and
the Presence Server are checked to assess their conformance with 3GPP standards. A simple
third party application is developed on top the IMS test bed to further assess its operation.
Escudero-Andreu Gin´es, C.-W. Phan Raphael and J. Parish David. (2012), - The 4th
Generation of mobile communications (4G) has been designed to fulfil strict security
requirements. However, design shortcomings may open the door to threats, casting doubt on the
reliability of the system. Recent publications found critical vulnerabilities, such as breach of user
identity privacy, user location tracking or inability to guarantee privacy and integrity of
communications, proposing amendments without considering fully backward compatibility and
inflicting further menaces.
Kumar Amit, et. al. (2011), - The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
services, such as mobile phones and the Internet, continues to grow worldwide and Trends show
explosive bandwidth growth of the Internet at large and for mobile broadband networks in
particular. This is, consequently, driving the need for continued innovations in wireless data
technologist provide more capacity and higher quality of service.
Jacob Jeeva Susan and Preetha K. G. (2012), - Wireless technologies have been adopted into
the field of communication in the recent past. The fast pace in the growth of advanced wireless
hardware and technologies have caused the evolution and generation of five wireless
communication standards within this short span of time. The fourth generation (4G)
communication standard, which is the most recent of these five, is a promising area for research.
4G systems aim at implementing a global communication network by integrating all existing
telecommunication standards. It modifies the main goal of wireless communication from
“Always Connected” to “Always Best Connected”. Major issues which are delaying the
commercial release of 4G devices include network selection, vertical handoff, billing issues,
jamming and spoofing, location privacy and QoS support.
Chandna Geeta, Bansal Mohit, and Saru Sehgal Saloni. (2012), - Popularity and evolution of
mobile devices like laptops, mobile phones and Personal Digital Assistants (P.D.A.), and the
evolution of fast mobile networks in the last decade, have made it possible to increase the
complexity of mobile applications and services provided to end-users. It is also a spectacular
growth in multimedia communication especially via the World Wide Web. This paper explore
some of the current technology of mobile devices, mobile networks and multimedia systems, and
is based on the exploration outline some issues for design and development of mobile
multimedia systems in 4G Mobile Communication System. Fourth-generation mobile
communication systems will combine standardized streaming with a range of unique services to
provide high-quality content (Multimedia) that meets the specific needs of the rapidly growing
mobile market. By offering higher data-transmission rates up to 20 Mbps more than 3G for wide-
area coverage and local-area coverage, 4G systems will be able to provide high quality streamed
content to the rapidly growing mobile market
Kumaravel K. (2011), - Mobile communication is one of the hottest areas and it is developing
extremely fast in present times, thanks to the advances of technology in all the fields of mobile
and wireless communications. Nowadays the use of 3G mobile communication systems seem to
be the standard, while 4G stands for the next generation of wireless and mobile communications.
This comparative study between 3G & 4G tells about the background and the vision for the 4G.
Khaleel Ahmad, Kumar Sunil and Shekhar Jayant. (2012), - During the last few decades,
mobile communication has developed rapidly. The increasing dependency of people on
telecommunication resources is pushing even more current technological developments in the
mobile world. In Real-time multimedia applications, such as Live TV or live movie,
videoconferencing, VoIP, on-line gaming etc. are exciting applications to the success of 4G.In
today’s Internet these applications are not subject to congestion control, therefore the growth of
popularity of these applications may endanger the stability of the Internet. In this paper, we
propose a novel model to solve the network congestion problem through iterative server.
Kumar B.Kiran, Murthy R.Vishnu, and Srivatsava. (2012), - Consumers demand more from
their technology. Whether it is a television, cellular phone, or refrigerator, the latest technology
purchase must have new features. With the advent of the Internet, the most-wanted feature is
better, faster access to information. Cellular subscribers pay extra on top of their basic bills for
such features as instant messaging, stock quotes, and even Internet access right on their phones.
To support such a powerful system, we need pervasive, high-speed wireless connectivity. A
number of technologies currently exist to provide users with high-speed digital wireless
connectivity; Bluetooth and 802.11 are examples. These two standards provide very high-speed
network connections over short distances, typically in the tens of meters.
Kumar Arun, Suman and Renu. (2013), - For better performance we have to make 3G as IP
based which will allow higher data transmission rate. We have to use only packet switching so
that we can achieve higher internet speed eliminating circuit switching which makes internet
speed slow. To have the better performance we have to use OFDM technology with QPSK and
16 QAM modulation rather than simple QAM modulation technology. The 3G should be
integrated with the IP based technology so that it can have the tremendous data transmission and
support VoIP as well. We have to increase the band width of the 3G networks by using
technology such as orthogonal frequency division.
Pushpendra Kr. Verma and Dr. Jayant Shekhar. (2012), - The era of new wireless
communications is upon us. Eventually it will penetrate into our daily life and change the way
we live just like many technological innovations whose original research came from the military
needs. In this paper, we investigate future wireless network especially in the hostile military
environment. By combining two hottest wireless network topics, 4G (the fourth generation of
cellular communication systems) and MANET (the Mobile Ad-hoc Network), we explore
potentials as well as foreseeable challenges to the wireless communications in the future battle
field
Kale Hema, Dethe C.G. and Mushrif M.M. (2012), - The Multi-Carrier Code Division
Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is becoming a very attractive multiple access technique for high-
rate data transmission in the future wireless communication systems. This paper is focused on
reviewing different sub-carrier selection techniques for MC-CDMA system. It has been seen that
appropriate subcarrier selection technique can significantly improve BER performance,
Throughput performance, System capacity, Speed and it results in higher spectrum efficiency as
well as reduced power consumption at mobile terminal.
Gopu M. and Khanna Dr. Ritesh. (2012), - A new approach based on multicarrier modulation
(MCM) with OFDM, to accomplish the goals of 4G. MCM [1] is a form of multicarrier system
and a derivative of frequency-division multiplexing. MCM is a baseband process that uses
parallel equal bandwidth sub channels to transmit information. Normally implemented with Fast
Fourier transform (FFT) techniques, MCM's advantages include better performance in the inter
symbol interference (ISI) environment, and avoidance of single-frequency interferers.
Gopu M. and Khanna Dr. Ritesh. (2012), - A method to improve the spectral utilization in
Multi-hop Relay (MMR) networks. Co-channel interference is considered as a parameter to
analyze the performance of MMR (IEEE 802.16j) based relay networks. Frequency reuse
technique is a way to improve the spectral utilization. Since the same frequency band is used by
Relay stations and Base Station, co-channel interference within a cell becomes a major problem.
This degrades the uniform Quality of Service (QoS) within the cell. As an effective way to
analyze the co-channel interference, signals are retransmitted again by the transmitting stations.
From the simulation results it is observed that when the number of mobile stations is increased,
signal to interference ratio (SIR) is improved.
ASHIHO L.S. (2003), - Though 3G has still not been implemented fully, the attention has
already turned to the next generation of mobile communications, i.e. 4G. Presently, NTT
DoCoMo and Hewlett-Packard are on their agenda to make it available by the year 2006. 4G is
being developed to provide data transfer speeds up to 50 times more than of 3G
Silaj Sindi, Turab Thahirally Murtaza and Wang Jun. (2012), - This Major Qualifying
Project involves the design, implementation and testing of input and output matching circuits for
an RF Low Noise Amplifier for an operating frequency spectrum between 3300MHz and
3600MHz. Based upon the request of our project sponsor, the report reflects a design approach
emphasizing computer simulations, using Agilent’s ADS software. The simulations are
subsequently employed to develop a physical circuit. This circuit is then refined through testing
and tuning.
Oludare FAGBOHUN Olumuyiwa. (2014), - The fifth generation wireless 5G development
initiative is based upon 4G, which at present is struggling to meet its performance goals. The
comparison between 3G and 4G wireless communication systems in relation to its architecture,
speed, frequency band, switching design basis and forward error correction is studied, and were
discovered that their performances are still unable to solve the unending problems of poor
coverage, bad interconnectivity, poor quality of service and flexibility. An ideal 5G model to
accommodate the challenges and shortfalls of 3G and 4G deployments is discussed as well as the
significant system improvements on the earlier wireless technologies.
Chen Yung-Chih et. al. (2012), - Cellular networks offer an intriguing opportunity for
deployment in the military theatre. They can provide broad, long-range coverage and potentially
high quality mobile connectivity for the war fighter, using relatively inexpensive standardized
industrial components. Cellular technology not only enables mobility, but also allows redundant
connectivity using multiple wireless paths to improve availability, reliability, and performance.
Multiple paths enable the potential to shift traffic from broken or congested paths to higher-
quality ones as traffic characteristics dynamically change, particularly during movement.
However, little work has been done to date studying cellular networks or their suitability as a
hybrid network
Bhalla Mudit Ratana and Bhalla Anand Vardhan. (2010), - Wireless communication is the
transfer of information over a distance without the use of enhanced electrical conductors or
"wires”. The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or
long (thousands or millions of kilo meters for radio communications). When the context is clear,
the term is often shortened to "wireless". It encompasses various types of fixed, mobile, and
portable two-way radios, cellular telephones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), and wireless
networking. In this paper we will throw light on the evolution and development of various
generations of mobile wireless technology along with their significance and advantages of one
over the other
Kumar S.Venkata Krishna and T.V Poornima. (2014), - Mobile wireless technology is
developing in rapid speed with advanced techniques. It is an emerging technology in all the
fields of mobile communication such as internet access, location based services, video
conferencing system, mobile financial services, mobile entertainment services etc. The users can
use these applications at anytime and anywhere through mobile communication. The aim of this
survey is to compare the challenges and issues that are involved in each generation and explained
how the improvements have been made successfully in mobile communication from earlier
generation to modern generation.
Saxena Pratishruti and Kumar Dr. Sanjay. (2014), - Subscribers now a day’s look for
appropriate package including all the advance features as they are becoming aware of the mobile
phone technology transformation. This drives the main intention of the cell phone giants to
search for the new technology to outperform their competitors. The main purpose behind the
fifth generation of wireless networks (5G) is planned to design the best network in the world
which is beyond limitations and bug free than earlier generations, 5G technology will change the
way most high bandwidth user access their Mobile Radio Communication (MRC), and this gives
their users an edge over earlier generation networks. This paper represents the great evolution
from 1G to 4G yield 5G, Introduction to 5G, The need for 5G,Advantages of 5G,Exceptional
applications, Quality of services(QoS), 5G network architecture - The Master Core as well as
hardware/software for the 5G Master Core Technology.
Kaur Maninder Jeet, Uddin Moin and K Verma Harsh. (2012), - There is a rapid
advancement in wireless communication technology providing the network services anywhere
and anytime. 4G communication systems are being developed to solve the various problems the
current communication systems (3G, 2.5G) are facing.4G will be an intelligent technology that
will reduce the number of different technologies to a single global standard. Cognitive Radio
(CR) is the key enabling technology for next generation networks. Cognitive Radio techniques
provide the capability to use or share the spectrum in an opportunistic manner.
Mustaqim Muhammed, Khan Khalid and Usman Muhammed. (2012), - The higher peak
data rates for mobile user are in demand. Audio/Video streaming, online conferences and social
media services are becoming the necessity of life. In order to fulfil the sheer amount of data need
of users, robust and efficient wireless technology is needed. LTE-Advanced, which is based on
Rel-10 of ITU is the solution for future mobile wireless networks. It is the promising technology
for future wireless broadband network based on Rel-8 of Long term Evolution (LTE). The paper
provides a higher level overview of LTE-Advanced, which includes carrier aggregation for
efficient spectrum use, MIMO techniques for multiple signal transmissions and receptions,
relaying and heterogeneous deployment strategy. LTE-Advanced system will be the NXGN
wireless technology for years to come.
Bansal Kajali. (2013), - 3G is the third generation of wireless technologies. This comes with
enhancements over previous wireless technologies, as high-speed transmission, advanced
multimedia access and. 3G is mostly used with mobile phones and handsets as a means to
connect the phone to the Internet or other IP networks in order to make voice and video calls,
download and upload data and to surf the net. 3G is the successor of 2G and 1G standards. The
3G networks handle the majority of all data transfers for cellular service providers.
Hirani Priti K. (2014), - Demand of Wireless data services are constantly growing with
increasing usage of Internet services. 4G is a term used to refer to the next wave of high speed
mobile technology that will be used to replace the current 3G network. 4G technology provides
high speed mobile broadband Internet Access. For example Laptop with 4G modem, Smart
phones, Tablets & other hand held devices. It also gives a suitable platform for connecting for
high data devices such as gaming consoles like XBOX, Play station, High Definition video
streaming like Net flux and Audio Video conferencing. It provides customer high speed data
network. 4G technologies is an integrated and global network that provides a comprehensive IP
where voice, data and multimedia access can be given at high speeds to users on “Anytime,
Anywhere”. 4G technologies give the best business solution to the wireless and mobile industries
of CDMA WLAN, GPRS, WCDMA, and OFDM. The aim of this paper is to highlight the
evolution of 4G technology, its benefits and security issue.
Chakraborty Aditi. (2013), - The word wide revolution in mobile is changing our lives in term
of the way we work, learn and interact. In the past few decades, mobile wireless technologies
have experience 4 or 5 generations of technology revolution and evolution, namely from 0G to
4G.Current research in mobile wireless technology [1] concentrates on advance implementation
of 4G technology and 5G technology. In this paper, we review architecture and functionality of
Third generation (3G) mobile technology and compare it with various existing generations of
mobile wireless technology vis-à-vis in terms of their portals, performance, advantages and
disadvantages. The paper throws light on the evolution and development of 3G mobile wireless
technologies along with its speed, connected devices, components and related protocols. We also
review the world wide used of 3G technology now and in feature along with others technologies.
