HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

PHARMACOLOGY 1. HIPPOCRATES (460-325BC)

Introduction to Pharmacology: -Father of Medicine
-Develop aspirin
Pharmacology is the study of the actions,
mechanisms, uses and adverse effects of
drugs. 2. THEOPHRASTUS (380 BC)
-“Father of Pharmacology”
“Pharma”- drugs , “logos”
Pharmacology is the study of the actions, 3. AVICENNA (980-1027)
mechanisms, uses and adverse effects of -“Canon of Medicine”
drugs -Galenic Medicine
History of Pharmacology
“Poisons in Small doses are the
From the beginnings of time, pharmacology
best medicine” – William
has had a place in human history in all
Withering (1759)
cultures. The initial primitive pharmacology
knowledge developed from experiences on
which plants when eaten were safe and Drug Evaluation & Regulation
which were toxic. In such a fashion a The sale and use of drugs are
catalogue of good and bad evolved and was regulated in almost all countries by
passed down through oral traditions. The governmental agencies. In the United
story of pharmacology is an evolution from States, regulation is by the Food and
the historic herbal traditions of many Drug Administration (FDA). New
cultures through to definition of active drugs are developed in industrial or
principles and refinement of action based on academic laboratories. Before a new
chemical synthesis and a strong drug can be approved for regular
understanding of physiology and protein therapeutic use in humans, a series
structure. The pharmacology story is played of animal and experimental human
at many levels but has as its underpinning studies must be carried out.
the definition of pharmacology as a science Before receiving the approval of the
with theories and principles discovered and FDA< drugs must pass the several
accepted by rigorous investigation. stages, Preclinical trials and stages
1,2,3 studies,
:All drugs derived from plant
:All drugs are plant based  Preclinical trials
:ancient discovere that extracts from -tested on laboratory animals
plants and animals had medicinal effect. for a main purpose
:Kuhaon ang enzyme and make it synthetic
1. determine whether they
to become effective have the presumed effects in
living tissue
2. evaluate any adverse
effects
 10. Drug misuse- improper use of
medications
 Phase1 11. Drug Abuse- inappropriate intake of
-use human volunteer to test substance ex. Cocaine- local anesthesia
12. Drug Dependence- persons reliance on
the drug, might be paid or need to take a drug
2 types
 Phase 2 1. Physiological Dependence- due to
-to try the drug in patients biochemical changes in the body
2. Psychological Dependence-
who have the disease that the
emotional reliance on a drug
drug is meant to treat 13. Drug Habituation- mild form of
- patient are informed of the psychological dependence
risks and fully monitored 14. Illicit Drug- Street drug that are those
sold illegally
15. Dose- aim to give a patient a dose of the
 Phase 3 drug without causing harmful side
- Use of drug in a vast effects
clinical market 16. Therapeutic Index- measure tha danger
 Phase 4 of poisoning
17. Bioavailability- a drug dose that reach
-prescribers are obligated to
the peak of the serum, depending on the
report to the FDA any drug route
unexpected adverse effects 18. Tolerance- decreasing response to a
repetitive drug disease
FDA Approval process can take 5-6 years
CONCEPTS OF PHARMACOLOGY

TERMINOLOGIES PHARMACOKINETICS- the study of the time

course of drug absorption, distribution,
1. Pharmacology- studies the effect of the metabolism, and excretion. The movement of the
drugs on the body drug through the body
2. Pharmacopeias- total of authorized
PHARMACODYNAMICS- effect of drug on the
drugs within the country
body
3. Medication- substance administered for
diagnostic cure PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS- clinical using of a
4. Prescription- written description for the drug/use of drug/ purpose of drug
preparation of and the administration of PHARMACOGNOSY-study of natural (plant or
the drug animal)
5. Therapeutic effect- primary effect
intended that is the reason the drug is Ex: serpentina for diabetes side effect depression
prescribed Synthetic drug- gisundog ang compound para
6. Side effect- secondary effect of the drug makuha ang same effect
7. Drug toxicity- harmful effect of the drug
on an organism TOXICOLOGY- side effect of the drug
8. Drug Allergy- immunological reaction to
a drug *provide skin test
9. Drug Interaction- administration of one
drug before or after or both drug
 DRUG CLASSIFICATION
NAME OF DRUGS Pharmacologic Classification- group of
Generic Name- given for the drug to being active moieties that share scientifically
official name documented properties and is defined on
the basis of any combination of three
Ex:
PARACETAMOL attributes of the active moiety:
(Ibuprofen)
-Generic name  Mechanism of Action (MOA)
Official Name- name under which it is under  Physiologic Effect (PE)
publication  Chemical Structure (CS)
Chemical Name- Name by which the chemists
The pharmacological effect is the lowering of
knows it the blood pressure.
Trademark/Brandname- name given by the drug Ex: Penicillins, Beta blockers, antibiotics
manufacturer
Therapeutic Classification- may not have
NDC Number- National Drug code number used similar chemical makeup.
to identify a specific drug
They help protect you from severe side
effects and drug interactions.

Generic- barato Branded- mahal

Parkinson’s Disease- lack of dopamine
READ A DRUG LABEL Teratogenesis- congenital malformations
produced in an embryo or fetus

ROUTE ADMINISTRATION
1. Oral - Administration to or by
way of the mouth, most
common, convenient route
2. Sublingual- drug placed under the
tongue -not swallow but kept in
mouth-
3. Buccal- drug placed to the cheeks
– drug kept in mouth not swallow-
Soure of Drug
4. Rectal- suppository,
Plants- such as digitalis Administration to the rectum
PARENTERAL ROUTES- Drugs w/
Human and Animals- such as
needles
epinephrine,insulin
5. Subcutaneous (SQ)- below the
skin - 45 °
6. Intramuscular (IM)- into the
muscle - 90 °
 7. Intradermal (ID)- into the dermal 6. Right Documentation - Make sure
layer of the skin -shallow (10-15 °) to write the time and any remarks on
8. Intravenous(IV)- directly into the the chart correctly
bloodstream through the vein 7. Right History and Assessment-
9. Inhalation- apply drug directly Secure a copy of the client’s history
unto lungs to drug interactions and allergies
Topical Route-drops applied 8. Drug approach and Right to
locally to the skin Refuse - Give the client enough
autonomy to refuse the medication
Opthalmic route- loal conditions
after thoroughly explaining the
of the eye
effects
9. Right Drug-Drug Interaction and
Evaluation- Review any medications
previously given or the diet of the
patient that can yield a bad
interaction to the drug to be given.
Check also the expiry date of the
medication being given.
10. Right Education and
Information.- Provide enough
knowledge to the patient of what drug
10 Rights of Drug Administration he/she would be taking and what are the
expected therapeutic and side effects.
1. Right Drug.- check and verify if it’s
the right name and form. Beware of PHARMACOLOGY BASICS
look-alike and sound-alike
medication names.
1. Pharmacokinetics- The activity
2. Right Patient- Ask the name of the
of drugs in the body over a
client and check his/her ID band
period of time, including the
before giving the medication. Even if
processes by which drugs are
you know that patient’s name, you
absorbed, distributed in the
still need to ask just to verify.
body, localized in the tissues, and
3. Right Dose- Check the medication excreted.
sheet and the doctor’s order before
2. Pharmacodynamics- study of
medicating. Be aware of the
the effect of the drugs in the
difference between an adult and a
body
pediatric dose.
3. Pharmacognosy- study of the
4. Right Route- Check the order if it’s origin. the study of medicines or
oral, IV, SQ, IM, etc.. crude drugs produced from
5. Right Time and Frequency - Check natural sources such as plants,
the order for when it would be given microbes, and animals.
and when was the last time it was 4. Pharmacotherapeutics- the
given. use of drugs for the prevention,
 treatment, diagnosis, and *by binding to receptors on or within
modification of normal functions body cells drugs can:
5. Toxicology- side effect
-mimic or block the action of chemical
messengers
LIFE CYCLE OF A DRUG
Absorption- movement of a AGONIST DRUGS- mimic or support the
substance drug
Distribution- transport ANTAGONIST DRUG- compete to block
Digestion/metabolism- the action of endogenous messengers
biotransformation/converting
COMMON DRUG RELATIONSHIP
drug to
Excretion- removed from the Addition- the combined effect of two
body drugs equals the sum of effect e

Slow Absorption- oral, sublingual, Of each drug taken alone

transdermal, rectal Antagonism- the action of one drug
Fast Absorption- Parenterally, inhalation negates the action of a second drug

Drug Actions Potentiation- effect occurs within a drug

increases or prolongs their action of
*Drugs work by a variety chemical
another drug and the total effect is
mechanism
greater than the sum of each drug used
*Drugs can be used to restore and alone
maintain homeostasis
Synergism- joint action of drugs in w/c
MESSENGERS AND RECEPTORS their combined effect is more intense or
-messengers communicate through the longer in duration
action of chemical messengers, which
they produce and send into extracellular
BIOAVAILABILITY- a drug dose that reach
fluids.
the peak of your serum depending on the
Chemical Messengers: Histamine, drug route
prostaglandin
High bioavailability- fast absorption, no
Messengers- recognize and communicate liver metabolism
with target cell via receptor
Why do we need to know bioavailability?
Receptors- receptor site may have
-to determine correct route of
specifity, respond only to certain
administration
messengers
-to determine correct dosage
MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION
DRUG CALCULATION
-Drugs act like chemical messengers to
perform their specific actions in the body D/H x Q = x
EX: 750 MG ( Doctors order) X1tab= 1.5 TAB Beta1- cardio, heart, -INC. heartrate
500 MG – STOCK Beta2- pulmonary,lungs, Bronchodilation,
(salbutamol-asthma)
PREVENTING MEDICATION ERROR
Alpha and beta adrenergic Agonist- they
*careful calculations,double checking mimic or support the neurotransmitter
math and checking with other registered
-stimulates alpha1,beta1,beta 2
nurse may prevent medication error
*epi- shock,bronchospasm,glaucoma,cardiac
*infants and young children may receive
arrest
small dosage of calculations
*norepi- shock and cardiac arrest
*Dopamine- drug of choice for shock
*If hypertensive, do not drink neozepsince it
causes increase BP.
Clonidine(Catapres)- stimulates alpha2 agonist
*antihypertensive
INCREASED IN HR= INCREASED IN OXYGEN
NERVOUS SYSTEM DEMAND
Adrenergic- drugs that stimulate the sympathetic
CNS PERIPHERAL NS NS
-they mimic the sympathetic neurotransmitter
PARASYMPATHETIC/cholinergic- they mimic the
SOMATIC AUTONOMIC neurotransmitter acetylcholine
(voluntary) (involuntary) Cholinergic Receptors
SYMPATHETIC
(adrenergic) Muscurinic Nicotinic

*neurotransmitter M1-eyes neuromuscular

(give signal and bind) M2-cardiac

-epinephrine M3-lacrimation

- norepinephrine M4&M5-cognition(IQ)

-dopamine Direct Acting:

PARASYMPATHETIC Decrease HR,BP, Increase Peristalsis

(cholinergic) Acetylcholine-dec. HR,BP meiosis

-acetylcholine Carbachol- miotics(naay glaucoma,eyedrop)

SYMPATHETIC Pilocarpine- constrict ang pupil, inc outflow

Alpha1- vasoconstriction to increase BP Bethanicol-para makaihi,bladder contraction

Alpha2- vasodilation to decrease BP

Indirect acting-increase acetylcholine by blocking pancreas is a long, slender organ located near the
acetylcholinesterase stomachPancreatic islets, clusters of cells
formerly known as the islets of Langerhans,
Edrophonium- given for myasthenia gravis-muscle
secrete glucagon and insulin. Glucagon plays an
weakness
important role in blood glucose regulation
Physostigmine- maintenance for Myastenia G. because low blood glucose levels stimulate its
Neostigmine release. elevated blood glucose levels stimulate
the release of insulin.
Pyridostigmine-given for POST OR
Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose into
Drugs for Alzheimers skeletal and adipose body cells.
Bonepezil,Rivastigmine,Galantimine Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease
CHOLINERGIC ADVERSE EFFECT affecting the beta cells of the pancreas. Does not
release insulin. synthetic insulin must be
Diarrhea, Urination, Miosis/Muscle weakness, administered by injection or infusion
Bronchorrhea,Bradycardia,Emisis,Lacrimation,Sali
vation&sweating Types of Insulin

Trihexyphenidyl&Benztropine- drug given for Rapid Acting: Lispro, Aspart,Glulisine

Parkinson’s disease -mealtime insulin, act very quickly
OTHER DRUGS: Short Acting- taken before meals
Food poisoning-muscarine Intermediate Acting- Absorbed most slowly and
Pilocarpine, dry mouth, eye rdop for glaucoma last longer.Often combined with rapid/short
insulin
Edrophonium-drug for tensilon test(myasthenia
gravis) Long Acting-absorbed slowly,used to control
blood sugar overnight, while fasting and between
DRUGS AFFECTING REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM meals- -Glargine&Detemir- SC only
Female sex hormones both can be used to Adverse Reaction To Insulin
replace missing hormones or to decrease the
release of endogenous hormones. The female sex Lipodystrophy at the site of the injection.When
hormones include estrogen and progesterone. often injecting the same site, the skin may shrink
or thicken
Estrogens- Used for hormone replacement
therapy (HRT) in small doses when ovarian Type 2 Diabetes- cells donot response to the
activity is blocked or absent. insulin produce

Antiestrogen-unovulontary infertility ORAL Agents- Metformin, sulfonylureas,

Meglitinides ,Acarbose, Thiazolidinediones
PCOS- given estrogen
Progestins- Prevent follicle maturation and
ovulation as well as uterine contraction.
Mifepristone& misoprostol- drug for abortion,
abort by bleeding
Estrogen- hormone replacement
Progesterone-support pregnancy

ANTIDIABETIC DRUGS
Arrythmic Drugs- for irregular rhythms

JEAHAN JAYNE ABALO BSN2A

ST JOHNPAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO
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