CHARMO UNIVERSITY
Medical laboratory science
Antibiotics
PROBIOTICS
Supervisor
Prof.Dr.Karzan Rafiq sadiq
Prepared.
Mohammed Kazim
Mohammed Esmahil
Balen Ali
2023-2024
Introduction
Probiotics are living bacteria and yeasts that people may describe as ‘good’ or
friendly.’ Manufacturers of products containing probiotics may refer to them as
‘live cultures.’ Most probiotics contain microbes that thrive within the body in areas
such as the small intestines and colon. Taking these probiotics may help support a
healthy gut, as they allow the microbes to establish themselves in the body. These
microbes are not harmful and instead play helpful roles in the body, such as aiding
digestion.
A digestive system that lacks these helpful bacteria, or has an overgrowth of harmful
bacteria, is in a state of imbalance called dysbiosis,. This can lead to digestive
system symptoms and increase the risk for other issues.
Probiotics, a term derived from the Greek language meaning "for life," are live
microorganisms that confer various health benefits when ingested in sufficient
quantities. Primarily consisting of beneficial bacteria and yeast, probiotics play a crucial
role in supporting the delicate balance of microflora within the human body, particularly
in the gastrointestinal tract.The human gut is a complex ecosystem teeming with
trillions of microorganisms, collectively known as the microbiota. Probiotics contribute
to this intricate network by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting
the proliferation of harmful ones. This balance is vital for maintaining digestive health,
bolstering the immune system, and even influencing mental wellbeing.
One of the most common sources of probiotics is fermented foods. Yogurt, kefir,
sauerkraut, and kimchi are rich in these beneficial microorganisms. Beyond culinary
delights, probiotics have become a staple in the form of dietary supplements, offering a
convenient way to incorporate these health-promoting organisms into one's daily
routine.The digestive system serves as a frontline defender against pathogens and
toxins, and probiotics act as reinforcements in this defense mechanism. By fortifying
the intestinal lining, probiotics create a barrier that helps prevent harmful substances
from entering the bloodstream. This barrier not only aids in digestion but also
contributes to overall immune system resilience.
Furthermore, probiotics play a crucial role in synthesizing certain vitamins and
promoting nutrient absorption. This symbiotic relationship between the microbiota and
the human body exemplifies the intricate dance of nature, where each partner relies on
the other for optimal functioning.
While probiotics offer a myriad of advantages, it's essential to approach their
consumption with informed choices. The effectiveness of specific strains may vary, and
individual responses can differ. Consulting with healthcare professionals can help tailor
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probiotic choices to individual needs, ensuring a personalized and optimal approach to
enhancing health.
probiotics stand as microscopic allies in the journey toward holistic wellbeing. From
supporting digestive health to influencing the intricate dance of the gutbrain axis, these
beneficial microorganisms contribute to the delicate balance that defines a healthy
human ecosystem. As our understanding of probiotics deepens, so too does our
appreciation for the profound impact these tiny organisms have on our overall health
and vitality.
Are prebiotics the same as probiotics?
No, prebiotics aren’t the same as probiotics. Prebiotics are nondigestible food components
that selectively stimulate the growth or activity of desirable microorganisms.
What are synbiotics?
Synbiotics are products that combine probiotics and prebiotics .
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Types of Probiotics
The most commonly consumed probiotics are species of two main genera.
Bifidobacteria: This genus of bacteria is commonly used in foods and
supplements. They’re thought to:
• support the immune system
• limit the growth of harmful bacteria in the intestine • help
break down lactose into nutrients the body can use
❖ Bifidobacterium genus, :
(B) bifidum
B. longum
B. breve
B. animalis
Lactobacillus: This genus of bacteria produces lactase, the enzyme that breaks
down lactose, or milk sugar. These bacteria also produce lactic acid. Lactic acid
helps control the population of bad bacteria. It also serves as muscle fuel and
increases the body’s absorption of minerals. Lactobacillus bacteria are found
naturally in the:
❖ mouth
❖ small intestine
❖ vagina
❖ Commons strains of
Lactobacillus include:
• Lactobacillus (L) salivarius
• L. acidophilus
• L. paracasei
• L. fermentium
• L. brevis
• L. casei
• L. Sakei
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Mechanisms of action
1. Probiotics perform their function by competing with pathogens for nutrients
and receptors for binding thereby making their survival and adherence to gut
mucosa difficult.
2.Probiotics produce anti-microbial substances which inhibit pathogens growth.
3. Probiotics promote epithelial barrier function by enhancing mucus production
and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins which prevents the
translocation of pathogens from intestine into the blood.
4.Probiotics regulate immunity of the host by modulating maturation and function
of dendritic cells subsequently increasing the activity of T cells which play
important role in immune homeostasis.
5.Probiotics also regulate the production of neurotransmitters including serotonin,
dopamine and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA).
As a result of this mechanism, our body has developed a strong immune system
against the infection and can overcome it
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Sources of Probiotics
Food
Fermented foods are made through
the growth and metabolic activity of
a variety of live microbial cultures.
Many of these foods are rich sources
of live and potentially beneficial
microbes. Some fermented foods,
such as sourdough bread and most
commercial pickles, are processed
after they are
fermented and do not contain live cultures in the form in which they are
consumed. Many commercial yogurts, another type of fermented food,
contain probiotic microorganisms, such as Lactobacillus bulgaricus and
Streptococcus thermophilus.
The live microorganisms used to make many fermented foods, including
yogurt, typically survive well in the product throughout its shelf life.
However, they usually do not survive transit through the stomach and
might not resist degradation in the small intestine by hydrolytic enzymes
and bile salts and, therefore, might not reach the distal gut ,However,
legitimate probiotic strains contained in yogurt or other foods do survive
intestinal transit.
Fermented foods that contain live cultures but do not typically contain
proven probiotic microorganisms include many cheeses, kimchi (a Korean
fermented cabbage dish), kombucha (a fermented tea), sauerkraut
(fermented cabbage), miso (a fermented soybeanbased paste), pickles, and
raw unfiltered apple cider vinegar made from fermented apple sugars
Certain unfermented foods, such as milks, juices, smoothies, cereals,
nutrition bars, and infant and toddler formulas, have added
microorganisms. Whether these foods are truly probiotics depends on the
microorganism levels they contain when they are eaten, whether they
survive intestinal transit, and whether their specific species and strains
have health effects.
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Probiotics and Health
The potential health benefits of probiotics are the
focus of a great deal of scientific research. This
section focuses on research on the use of
probiotics to prevent or treat seven health
conditions: atopic dermatitis, pediatric acute
infectious diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea
(AAD), inflammatory bowel disease, irritable
bowel syndrome, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
Antibiotics are another common cause of acute-onset diarrhea. Antibiotic
treatment often disturbs the intestinal microbiome and, by decreasing
microbial diversity, can lead to a loss of microbial metabolism (resulting in
osmotic diarrhea due to excessive fluid in the intestine), loss of colonization
resistance (resulting in increased numbers of infections by other pathogens),
and increased intestinal motility. Individuals receiving inpatient care are at
significantly greater risk of developing AAD than individuals receiving
outpatient care. Similarly, children younger than 2 years and seniors older than
65 years are at greater risk of developing AAD than other children and adults.
Some antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin and penicillin) are associated with AAD
more often than others .
Meta-analyses indicate that the use of any of a few species .However, the
benefits of probiotic use to prevent AAD depend on the type of antibiotic
that caused the AAD, the strain(s) of probiotic used, the life stage of the
user (child, younger adult, or older adult), and whether the user is receiving
inpatient or outpatient care. Positive associations between intakes of
probiotics and reduced risk of AAD have been found in children and adults
age 18 to 64 years but not in adults age 65 years and older . Obesity
The gut microbiota play an important role in nutrient and energy
extraction from food. Research in mice suggests that the gut microbiota
affect not only use of energy from the diet, but also energy expenditure
and storage within the host ]. Whether these effects translate to humans is
unknown.
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Side effects of Prebiotics
1. Gas
The most common side effects of prebiotics are gas. They increase bacteria
activity in the gut which can cause more gas production. Gas is produced when
the digestive system does not break and absorb the food completely.
2. Bloating
Bloating occurs in the abdominal
area when it is filled with gas. The
increased prebiotic activity builds in
more gas than usual.
3. Constipation
Prebiotics leads to healthy bowel
movements. But if a person is not
having enough water and fiber in
their food, then it is a sign of
constipation.
4. Nausea
Too much intake or “high dose” of
prebiotics can result in instability in
the intestine. This may lead to nausea and abdominal pain.
These side effects are rare include:
• sepsis
• endocardiatitis
• abscess in the liver
• fungal overgrowth
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Which Probiotic Is Best for You
Probiotics may help:
Relieve constipation. Probiotics can help soften stools so they’re easier to move.
Diarrhea. Good bacteria in probiotics combats the bad and may help make your
bouts shorter.
Improve IBS.Certain strains of probiotics work better than others for this
condition. Ask your doctor which is right for you.
Support brain health.Your gut is
often called your “second brain”
because it makes some of the same
neurotransmitters that
regulate moods. When your
gut is happy, you feel happy. When
your gut is sluggish, your brain
doesn’t work as well.
Improve heart health.Gut bacteria
produces chemicals that affect your
blood pressure. Boost
immunity.Probiotics warn your
immune system when bad bacteria may become a disease.
Best Probiotic Rich Foods
1-Yogurt/ Dahi
This dairy product is the most popular entry on our list. It Commonly known as
“Dahi ” and is very easily available in the market. This popular sour tasting
delicacy is popular amongst millions of people.
Benefits:
H. pylori infections : Bifidobacterium and
lactobacillus found in it might prevent
H. pylori infections in the stomach.
In Women : Eating yogurt might help prevent
Candida (Vaginal infections) infection in
females.
Osteoporosis : High vitamin C content of it can help in preventing the onset of
osteoporosis.
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2- Pickles/ Achaar
Pickles are one of the great sources of probiotics, they add taste to our food but also
come with many health benefits. Easy to make and easy to get , now that’s
versatility!
Benfit's:
Antioxidant boost : Eating pickles can your antioxidant intake in the body as it’s
enriched with vitamin c and vitamin K .
Muscle cramps : Eating it can help with sore and cramped muscles as vitamin K
in it prevents formation of blood clots.
3-Paneer/ Cottage Cheese
A popular variety of cheese in India is one of the probiotic Indian foods that are
readily available in the market. It can be fried, mixed in salads, or made into a
delicious toast. Have your pick!
Benefits:
Urinary tract health: Paneer can help prevent urinary tract infections.
Prevent yeast infection: Probiotics found in paneer can help prevent yeast
infection in females.
Other food:Tempeh-Miso-Natto-Kimchi
Best Probiotic Drinks:
1-(Buttermilk)
2-Cultured milk
3-Apple Cider Vinegar
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COVID-19 and probiotics
Some researchers propose that improving the gut microbiome via probiotic
supplementation and diet may be a strategy to fight and treat an infection with the
novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. This infection can cause COVID-19.
COVID-19 is known to damage the body’s immune defense through a “cytokine
storm” of excessive inflammatory cytokines. This is believed to be the main
cause of deteriorating health and even death .
Because intestinal flora have been shown to strengthen the immune system and
fight inflammation, researchers think probiotic supplements may help speed
recovery from coronavirus by inhibiting or limiting this “cytokine storm” .
Also, people with COVID-19 have reported gastrointestinal symptoms, such as
diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and loss of appetite .
Some researchers theorize that probiotics could help prevent the coronavirus by
blocking the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) receptor where the
SARSCoV-2 pathogen enters the body to invade gastrointestinal cells .
Another proposed link between COVID-19 and probiotics involves what is called
the “gut-lung axis.” This is a system of communication and interaction between
the gut and lung tissues, which occurs via microorganisms of the human
microbiome .
Imbalances of the intestinal flora are known to be related to lung diseases and
respiratory tract infections. Researchers suggest that correcting those imbalances
may promote optimum lung health, which might help guard against pathogens
like SARS-CoV-2 .
Other research suggests that probiotic supplementation may promote antiviral
activity in general to improve immune, pulmonary, and anti-inflammatory
response that might help clear the SARS-CoV-2 infection .
One study advises caution, suggesting that not all probiotic strains will exert the
same effects. It questions whether probiotic supplementation can alter the content
of the gut microbiome enough to combat COVID-19 .
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Dosage
Probiotics are measured in colony-forming units (CFU), which represent the number of
live bacteria per dose.In order to reap their benefits, you need to take in large doses of
probiotics. Experts suggest probiotic supplements should contain a minimum
concentration of 106 (1,000,000) viable CFU per gram to have beneficial effects on the
body. Make sure the viable CFU is also guaranteed throughout the product's shelf-life.
Dosing depends on the condition or symptom you intend to treat, but evidence suggests
that a minimum daily dose of 108–1011 (100,00,000-100,000,000,000) CFU is
necessary to obtain health benefits from probiotic supplements
How to Use Them Safely
The FDA regulates probiotics like foods, not like medications. Unlike drug
companies, makers of probiotic supplements don't have to show their products
are safe or that they work.
Ask your doctor if taking probiotics is a good idea for you. In general, probiotic
foods and supplements are thought to be safe for most people, though some
people with immune system problems or other serious health conditions shouldn't
take them.
In some cases, mild side effects might include an upset stomach, diarrhea, gas,
and bloating for the first couple of days after you start taking them. They may
also trigger allergic reactions. Stop taking them and talk to your doctor if you
have problems.
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Summary Points
o Probiotics and probiotics foods can prevent gastrointestinal
disturbances and improve the well-being of the organism by
reinforcing its natural defenses.
o The main functions carried out by the gut microbiota are involved in
the mechanism of action of probiotics ; the understanding of these
functions helps explain the implication of probiotics on host health.
o Scientific progress has been made on the effects of probiotics on
immune response; the anticancer activity of probiotics in colorectal
neoplasm; and the therapeutic use of probiotics in patients with
constipation.
o A protective role is played by table olives on probiotic strains since
the vegetable carrier helps probiotics to display their abilities in the
GI tract.
o Technological aspects have been solved for the development of
probiotic olives by cooperative actions between research institutions
and Food industries.
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References
1. https://biothrivesciences.com/
2. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/
3. https://ods.od.nih.gov/
4. https://www.webmd.com/
5. https://www.wellcurve.in
6. https://gradeonenutrition.com/
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