jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;;g mwpKfk;.

jfty;fis ntt;NtW NjitfSf;fhf gy;Y}lf tbtpy; Nrfupf;f, ,izf;f, cUthf;f kw;Wk;

Nrkpf;f kdpjd;; nfhz;Ls;s jpwd;fs;> td;nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; nkd;nghUl;fs; vd;gitNa jfty;
njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; MFk;.
td;nghUs; - gy;NtW tifahd fzpdpfs;> mtw;wpd; ghfq;fs;, tiyaikg;G rhjdq;fs; kw;Wk;
mtw;iw ,izf;Fk; $Wfs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
nkd;nghUs; - ,af;f mikg;G nkd;nghUs; (OS), gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs;; (Application Program)
kw;Wk; jfty; njhlu;G Kiwfs; (Communication Protocol) Nghd;w td;nghUis nraw;gLj;j
Njitahd epuy;fs; (Programs) kw;Wk; gbKiwfNs nkd;nghUs; MFk;.
jpwd; - jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;;g (ICT) fUtpfis jpwikahf gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;.
jfty; - jfty; vd;gJ mij ngWgtUf;F Xu; J}z;lyhfTk;, Xu; mh;j;jj;ij toq;FtjhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;. ,J xUth; ghh;g;gJ, Nfl;gJ, czUtJ kw;Wk; xUtUf;nfhUth; njhlh;ghly;
Nkw;nfhs;tJ vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpaJ.
gy;Y}lfk; - jfty;fis Kd;itf;f ghtpf;fg;gLk; vOj;J (Text), fhnzhsp (Video), kw;Wk;
xyp tbtk; (Sound) Nghd;w ntt;NtW tbtq;fshFk;.
r%fk; - gy;NtW epiyfspy; jfty;; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gadhsu;fs;.
NkNy jfty;; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Kf;fpa $Wfs; cs;sd. mLj;J tUk;
mj;jpahaq;fspy; xt;nthd;Wk; tpupthf fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;. ,d;W midtUf;Fk; jfty;;
njhopy;El;gk; gw;wpa Xu; mbg;gil Gupjy; mtrpak;.; ey;y khztu;fshf, cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshf,
Fbkf;fshf, vt;thW jfty;; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; jpwikahd gadhsu;fshf
,Uf;fyhk; vd;gij fw;gpg;gJ jfty;; njhlu;ghly; fy;tpapy; Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;. ,jd;
%yk; gad;ngWgtu;fs; jq;fs; gzpia ntw;wpfukhf nra;af;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.
jfty;; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gad;ghL.

Facilities Examples
Purpose: Communication
e-mail https://mail.jfn.ac.lk – University of Jaffna Official e-mail,
www.gmail.com, www.hotmail.com
Chat Google Talk, Skype, WhatsApp

Voice communication Skype, Yahoo! Messenger, AOL Instant Messenger

Video communication Skype, Google handshake, Viber
Social networking Facebook, Twitter, Linkdn
Sharing creations and ideas Websites, Blogs
Storing and Sharing pictures Flicker, Google Photos
Purpose: News
Web sites www.news.bbc.co.uk, https://news.google.com/,
Social networking Facebook, Google+
Purpose: Learning
Open educational resources https://www.oercommons.org/
e-learning http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z2c82hv/revision, Khan
academy,
Digital documents http://www.slideshare.net/
Digital library http://www.ulib.org/, https://archive.org/details/universallibrary,
http://www.medicalstudent.com/
Purpose: Performing day to day tasks
On-line banking https://www.commercialbk.com/online/2/2/22001.aspx
On-line shopping www.amazon.com, www.ebay.com
On-line booking www.srilankan.com
Purpose: Performing office tasks
Management Information Systems Demo - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7VvINcor_E
Preparing & sharing documents Google docs, Office 365

1
 ml;ltiz 1.1 r%fj;jpy; jfty;; njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gj;jpd; gq;F.
ml;ltiz 1.1y; nfhLf;fg;gl;l vy;yh cjhuzq;fSk; kw;Wk; gpw jfty; njhopy;El;g gzpfs;
vd;gd> ,uz;L ,izf;fg;gl;l njhopy;El;gq;fshd fzpdpj;njhopy;El;gk; kw;Wk; jfty;
njhopy;El;gk; vd;gtw;iw gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd.
fzpdp njhopy;El;gk;
fzpdp vd;gJ cz;ikapy;> juTfisAk;> Gjpa cz;ikfisAk; vz;fisAk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;L
nraw;gLj;jp jpwikahf gaDs;s jfty;fshf khw;wp mikf;fpd;w epuy;fshy;
fl;Lg;gLj;jf;$ba (programmable) gy;NtWtifahd NjitfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jfpd;w xU
,ae;jpukhFk;. ,jd; Nehf;fk; vd;dntdpy; gpur;rpidfisj; jPHg;gijj; Jupjg;gLj;JjYk;
tpisgaidf; $l;LjYkhFk;. XU fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd; my;yJ El;gk;> fzpdp
xd;wpid fl;likj;jy; Nghd;wit fzpdpj; njhopy; El;gk; (Computer Technology) vdg;gLk;.
njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk;
ePz;l J}uq;fSf;F njhlu;ghliy Vw;gLj;jf;$ba njhopy;El;gk; njhly;ghly; my;yJ
njhiyj;njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; vdr;nrhy;yyhk;. Kd;G njhlu;ghly; njhopy;El;gk; vd;gJ
njhiyNgrp tiyaikg;G %ykhd njhlu;;ghliyNa Fwpj;jJ. fzpdp kw;Wk; ,izafz;L
gpbg;gpw;F gpd; njhlu;ghly; vd;gJ fzpdp tiyaikg;gpd; Cld njhlu;ghliyAk;
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.
,e;j ,uz;L njhopy; El;gq;fspd; ,izg;G my;yJ Nru;f;if jfty;njhopy; El;gk; (IT);
vdg;gLk;. ,e;j ,uz;L; njhopy;El;gq;fSk; jkJ tsu;r;rpf;fl;lq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; fle;j
gyEhw;whz;Lfshf rkhe;jukhfNt tsu;rpAw;W te;J fle;j gj;J ,UgJ tUlq;fspy; xd;whf
,izaj;njhlq;fpAs;sd. ,J XU ,Uk xd;W$ly; (digital convergence) MFk;. ,jid>
fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,yj;jpudpay; my;yJ b[pw;wy; tbtpy; gy;NtWgl;l Kiwfspy;
jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; gy njhopy; Jiwfspd; njhopy;El;gr; Nru;f;if vd
tpsf;fyhk;.
juTk; jftYk;
juT vd;gJ vk;NkhL njhlu;Gila njhl;Lzuf;$ba kw;Wk; njhl;Lzu Kbahj tplaq;fs;
rk;ke;jkhd msT kw;Wk; gz;G kjpg;Gf;fspd; njhFg;G MFk;. juT vd;gJ mstplf;$baJ,
Nrfupf;fg;glf;$baJ, mwpf;ifg;gLj;jf;$baJ kw;Wk; Nrkpf;f$baJ. juTfs; Ma;T
nra;ag;gl;L mjd;KbTfs;, tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk; glq;fs; tbtpy; ghu;f;ff;$baJ. Xu; Fwpg;gpl;l
Njitf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd mu;j;jKs;s nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l juNt jftyhFk;.
cjhuzkhf fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;l xU tFg;gpy; khztu;fshy; ngwg;gl;l kjpg;ngz;fis fUj;jpy;
nfhs;f.
Class: 8A Maths Science English
Name Marks Grade Marks Grade Marks Grade
M. Sherly 89 A 78 A 67 B
B. Dinesh 78 B 69 B 70 B
S. Neetha 82 A+ 52 C 38 D
….. …. … … … … …
….. …. … … … … …
No of 128 128 128
Students
Average 65.34 54.35 48.78
ml;ltiz 1.2 xU khjpup kjpg;ngz;jhd;
ghl Mrpupau;fs; me;je;j ghlq;fSf;fhd tpilj;jhs;fis kjpg;gPL nra;J mjw;fhd Gs;spfis
tFg;ghrpupauplk; toq;Ftu;. tFg;ghrpupaUf;F xt;nthU khztDk; ngw;w Gs;spfs; juthFk;.
tFg;ghrpupau; xt;nthUtUk; khztdJ Gs;spfSf;fhd juq;fisf; fzpj;J mij
khztu;fSf;F toq;Ftu;. ,q;Nf fzpf;fg;gl;l juq;fs; jfty;fshf fUjyhk;.
tFg;ghrpupaUf;Nfh my;yJ mjpgUf;Nfh xt;nthU khztDk; jdpg;gl;l tpguq;fs;
gaDs;sitahf ,Uf;fhJ. mtu;fSf;F vj;jid khztu;fs; guPl;irf;F Njhw;wpdhu;fs;
xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fkhd mtu;fsJ ruhrup Gs;spfs; vd;d vd;gNj (ml;ltiz 1.31) kpfTk;
gad;juj;jf;f jftyhf mikAk;. ve;j tFg;gpw;F $ba ftdk; Njit ve;j Mrpupau; ed;whf

2
nraw;gLfpwhu; vd;gtw;iw jPu;khdpg;gjw;F tFg;GfSf;fpilNa xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fkhd ju
guk;gy; (glk;1.1) kpfTk; gads;sjhf mikAk;. ,it jfty;fSf;fhd rpwe;j
cjhuzq;fshFk;.

Class No of Average Marks

Students Maths Science English
8A 128 65.34 54.35 48.78
8B 130 59.94 51.23 43.34
8C 129 61.34 50.12 44.23
9A …. …. … ….
9B …. …. … ….
ml;ltiz 1.3 xt;nthU ghlj;jpw;Fkhd tFg;G ruhrupfs;.

glk; 1.1 juk; 8 ,Ue;J khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; fzpj ghlj;jpw;fhd ju guk;gy;

juT nrayhf;fk; gy;NtW epiyfspy; eilngWfpwJ. xu; epiyapy; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l juthf
fUjg;gLtJ, kw;wa epiyf;F %y juthf mikfpd;wJ. NkNy ruhrupg;Gs;spfs; kw;Wk;
Gs;spfSf;fhd juq;fis fzpg;gpLtjw;F Gs;spfNs %y juthf mikfpwJ.
tFg;Gf;fSf;fpilNaahd ju guk;giy fzpg;gjw;F (glk;1.1) KjyhtJ epiyapy; fzpf;fg;gl;l
juq;fNs %y juthf mikfpwJ.
jdpg;gl;l fzpdpapd; (PC) gFjpfs;
Xu; jdpg;gl;l fzzp gpd;tUk; gpujhd $Wfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ

a. System unit Main component of a computer

housing CPU, Memory, Hard disk and
power supply unit.
b. Keyboard
c. Mouse
Input devices
d. Web cam
e. Mic
f. Monitor
g. Printer Output devices
h. Speaker
ml;ltiz 1.4: xU nghJthd fzpdpapd; ghfq;fs;
cs;sPl;L rhjdq;fs; : fzpdp nrayhf;fj;jpw;F Njitahd juT kw;Wk; epuy;fisAk; kw;Wk;
fzpdpapd; nraw;ghl;il fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fl;lisfisAk; cs;sPL nra;tjw;Fk; gad;gLk;.

3
 tpirg;gyif (Keyboard) kw;Wk; mouse vd;gd nghJthf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cs;sPl;L
rhjdq;fshFk;. mNj Nghy; xypthq;fp> webcam;> gl;ilf;FwpaPl;L thrpg;ghd (bar code reader);>
tUb (scaner) > Joy stick Nghd;w ,d;Dk; gy cs;sPl;L rhjdq;fSk; cs;sd.

glk; 1.2: rhjhuz fzpdpapd; ghfq;fs;

ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fs; : fzpdpapd; ngWNgWfs; kw;Wk; fzpdpapd; epiy rk;ge;jkhd
jfty;fis gadhsu;fSf;F njuptpf;Fk; rhjdq;fshFk;. fhl;rpj;jpiu kw;Wk; mr;Rg;nghwp
vd;gd nghJthd ,uz;L ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fshFk;.
mikg;G myF: Xu; jdpg;gl;l fzpdpapd; Kf;fpa$W mikg;G myfhFk;. ,J nrayp (processor
)> epidtfk; (RAM, ROM)> fpuhgpf;]; ml;il> xyp ml;il> tiyaikg;G ml;il kw;Wk;
,d;Dk; gy $Wfisf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,e;j midj;J $WfSk; jha;g;gyif (Motherboard)
vdg;gLk; ,yj;jpudpay; gyifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. NkYk; mikg;G myF> td;jl;Lf;fs;
(Hard Disk) kw;Wk; CD/DVD ,af;fpfs; Nghd;w Nrkpg;G rhjdq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mikg;G
myF fzpdpapd; midj;J ghfq;Sf;Fkhd kpd;id toq;Fk; kpd;toq;fp (Power supply)
myFld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
PC xd;wpd; jw;Nghija tptuf;Fwpg;G : fzpdp vd;gJ FWfpa fhyj;jpy;
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; rhjdkhFk;. MWKjy; gd;dpuz;L khjfhyq;fspy; Gjpa my;yJ
Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;l (upgraded) $Wfs; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLk;. kpf mz;ikafhyq;fspy; jfty;
njhopy;El;gj;jpd; Nghf;fpd;gb Kf;fpa Nkk;gLj;jy;fs; ,y;yhky; xU fzpdpia ehd;F
Mz;Lfs; ghtpf;ff;f$bathW thq;Ftjw;fhd MNyhridfis toq;Ftjw;fhf fPo;tUk;
tptuf;Fwpg;G jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
Component Specification Description
Monitor 19 inch LED Backlit Monitor, Diagonal length of the monitor is 19”. Monitor is
native resolution 1920 x 1080 made up of an LCD panel, backlit with LED.
Operating System Windows 10 Pro 64-bit OS Windows 10 is the latest OS from Microsoft
Micro Processor/ Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4460 Processor can do 3.2 x 230 operations in a
CPU processor quad-core [3.2GHz, second. Cache is a extremely fast memory built
6MB Shared Cache] inside the microprocessor
Graphics/GPU Intel Integrated Graphic [VGA, Graphics chip is inbuilt on the motherboard with
HDMI] VGA & HDMI connectors
RAM 8GB DDR3-1600 DIMM (2x4GB) DDR3 - Double Data Rate version 3, 1600 -
RAM Rated Frequency, Dual inline Memory module
Hard Drive 1TB 7200 RPM SATA 6G 3.5 1 TB = 1024 GB, Disk rotates 7200 revolutions
Hard Drive per minute, Data transfer rate is 6GB/s
Networking WLAN 802.11 b/g/n Wireless LAN, data transfer rate up to 54 GB/s
ml;ltiz 1.5:jw;Nghija PC xd;wpd; tptuf;Fwpg;G.

4
fzpdpapd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW.
fzpdp vd;w thu;j;ij fzpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; xUtiu Fwpg;gjw;F Muk;gj;jpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpapy; ,Ue;J fzpdp vd;w thu;j;ij fzpj;jy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Xu; ,ae;jpuj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLtjw;fhf gad;gLfpd;wJ. fzpdpapd; tuyhW Abacus,
Slide rule kw;Wk; Astrolabe Nghd;w fzpj;jy; fUtpfspy; ,Ue;J Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ.

Slide rule : efu;j;jf;$ba Abucus : ngUf;fy;> Astrolabe : R+upad; kw;Wk;

kj;jpa fPyj;ij nfhz;l tFj;jy;> $l;ly;> el;rj;jpuq;fspd; epiyfis
mbkl;lk;. ,jpy; klf;if fopj;jy;> tu;f;f%yk; fzpg;gpLtjw;F
Kiw msTj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; fd%yk; Nghd;w gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Xu; thdpay;
Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kpf fzpg;Gfis kpf Ntfkhf cgfuzk;. thdpay; kw;Wk;
tpiuthf fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;s topefu;Tfspy; (fly;>
Nkw;nfhs;tjl;F> Fwpg;ghf cgNahfpf;fg;gl;lJ. Nghf;Ftuj;J) cs;s
ngUf;fy; kw;Wk; gpur;ridfis jPu;g;gjw;F
tFj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;s gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ghtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
glk; 1.3: Muk;g fzpdp fUtpfs;.

Jzp kPJ ntt;NtW tbtq;fis (Pattern) mr;rpl> tbtikj;j Jhu;g;GUf;fis (Template) khw;wp
khw;wp gad;gLj;Jk; [Tsp jwpfs; Nghd;w rhjdq;fs; Vw;fdNt ghtidapy; ,Ue;jd. ,jpy;
,Ue;Nj fzpdpfspy; ntt;NtW epuy;fis (Programs) gad;gLj;jp ntt;NtW Ntiyfisr;
nra;tjw;fhd fUJNfhs; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Castle Clock Nghd;w cgfuzq;fs; fzpj;jy;fis
Nkw;nfhs;tJld; ntt;NtW Ntiyfisr; nra;tjw;F Vw;wthW rPu;gLj;jg;gl;ld. 16 k;
E}w;whz;lstpy; fzpj;jy;fis Nkw;nfhs;s nghwpapay; fzpghd;fs; cUtf;fg;gl;ld.
1837y; rhu;s;]; gNg[; vd;gtu; “gFg;gha;Tg; nghwp” vd;wiof;fg;gLk; Kw;wpYk; epuyhf;fjpd;
%yk; nraw;glf;$ba ,ae;jputpay; fzpdpf;fhd fUj;JUthf;fj;ijAk; tbtikg;igAk;
nfhLj;jhu;. ,t;tpae;jpuq;fs; ju;f;f uPjpahd fzpj;jy;fiyAk;> Nkyjpfkhf jhdpaq;fp
fzpj;jy;fisAk;> epuyhf;fj;ijAk; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$bajhf tbtikf;fg;gl;lJ. mdhy; gNg[;
jdJ tbtikig Xu; njhopw;glf;$ba xU ,ae;jpukhf G+u;j;jpahf;ftpy;iy. gy ,ae;jpuq;fs;
gFg;gha;TnghwpfSf;F xj;jjhf cUthf;fg;gl;ld> mdhy; mit midj;Jk; gw;rf;fuq;fd;
kw;Wk; fg;gpfspy; ,Ue;J fzpg;Gfis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fshfNt ,Ue;Js;sd.
1904y; ntw;wplf;Foha; ,U Kidaq;fs; (vacume tube diods) fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpd; b[pl;ly;
fzpdpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,ae;jpu fUtpfis tpl Mapuk; klq;F Ntfkhf Mspfis jpwe;J
%lf;$bajhf ,e;j ,yj;jpudpay; ntw;wplf;Foha;fs; mike;Js;sd. ”clossus”
vd;wiof;fg;gl;l fzpdpfis cUthf;f ,e;j ntw;wplf;Foha;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,uz;lhk;
cyfg;Nghupy; n[u;kdpau;fshy; cUthf;fg;gl;l “Enigma” vdg;gLk; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; rq;Nfj
FwpaPLfis fz;Lgpbg;gjw;fhf gpupj;jhdpauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lNj ,e;j clossus fzpdpahFk;.
gpd; ehl;fspy; ENIAC, ENIVAC” Nghd;w rf;jptha;e;j fzpdpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.
ntw;wplf;Foha; nraw;gl mjpf rf;jp Njitg;gLtJld; mit mjpf ntg;gj;ijAk; ntsptpl;ld.
mj;Jld; mit mbf;fb gOjilaf;$bad. 1926y; KjyhtJ Fiwflj;jp jpuhd;rp\;l;lu;
(Transistor) fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ntw;wplf;Foha; nra;j mNj Ntiyia jpuhd;rp\;l;lu;fSk;
gyklq;F Ntfj;jpy; nra;jd. Mdhy; mit cUtj;jpy; rpwpajhfTk; mNjNeuk; Fiwe;j
ntg;gj;ij ntsptpLtdthfTk; ,Ue;jd. jpuhd;rp\;l;lu; I gad;gLj;jp 1954y; IBM epWtdk;
IBM650 vd;w fzpdpia Kjd;Kjyhf kpfg;ngUkstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;jJ.
xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wf;fs; 1958y; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ljd; %yk; rpwpa rf;jp tha;e;j fzpdpfs;
cUthf;Ftjw;F topNaw;wg;gl;lJ. vtUk; thq;ff;$ba tpiyapy; “Micro Instrumentation and
Telemetry System” epWtdj;jhy;> 1975y;> Altair 8800 vd;w fzpdp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 1978y; ];Bgd;
n[hg;]; kw;Wk; ];hPt; nthzpaf; MfpNahh; ,ize;J “Apple” vd;wiof;fg;gl;l jdpg;gl;l
fzpdpia cUthf;fpdu;. ,J fhl;r;rpj;jpiu, tpirg;gyif, kw;Wk; jl;LNrkpg;ghd;fSld;
,d;Ws;s fzpdpfisg;Nghy; mike;jpUe;jJ.

5
fzpdpapd; tiffs;
fzpdpfs; gy;NtW tbtq;fspYk; msTfspYk; cUthFtJld;, mit vkJ md;whl tho;tpy;
gy;NtW nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd. nghJthf fzpdpfis mtw;wpd; msT kw;Wk; tY
vd;gtw;wpw;Nfw;gNth my;yJ mtw;wpd; njhopw;ghl;bw;Nfw;gNth tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
Types of Computers
Classes by Size and Classes by function
Computing Power
Personal computers Workstations
Minicomputers Servers
Mainframe computers Embedded computers
Supercomputers Information Appliances

ml;ltiz 1.6 : fzpdpapd; tiffs;

fzpdp msT kw;Wk; mit nfhz;Ls;s tYtpw;Nfw;g gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1. jdpg;gl;l fzpdpfs; (Micro Computers or Personal Computers)
jdpg;gl;l fzpdpfNs $Ljyhf cw;g;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;LtdthfTk; cgNahfpf;fg;gLtdthfTk;
,Uf;fpd;wd. Nkirf;fzpdpfs; my;yJ jdpg;gl;l fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; kbf;fzpdpfs; Mfpatit
,e;j tiff;FupajhFk;. ,it midj;Jf;fzpg;gPl;Lg;gzpfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba Xu; Ez;
nraypia (Micro Processor) nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. Nkyjpf jftYf;F “jdpg;gl;l fzpdpapd;
ghfq;fs;” vd;w gFjpiag; ghu;f;fTk;.
jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopy; El;g tsu;r;rpAld; NkYk; gy jdpg;gl;l fzpdp rhjdq;fs;;
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jdpggl;l b[pw;wy; cjtpahsu; (PDA); vd;gJ mt;thwhd xu; rhjdkhFk;.
jw;NghJ ngUksthNdhu; Fwpg;Gg;Gj;jf fzpdpfs; (Notebook) (rpwpastpyhd kbf;fzpdpfs;)
kw;Wk; Nlg;nyw; fzpdpfis (,izf;fg;gl;l epiyahd tpirg;gyif my;yhj Fwpg;Gg;Gj;jf
fzpdpfis xj;jit) cgNahfpf;fpd;wdu;. Nlg;nyw;fs; gpujhd cs;spl;L kw;Wk; ntspapl;L
rhjdkhf njhLjpiuiaf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ifalf;f njhiyNgrpfs; kw;Wk; fzpdpfspd; jpwid
cs;slf;fpajhf> jw;NghJ ];khl; miyNgrpfs; (Smart phone) cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
jdpg;gl;l fzpdpfs; kw;Wk; kbf;fzpdpfs; Nghd;Nw ];khl; miyNgrpfSk; kw;Wk; Nlg;nyl;
fzpdpfSk; Ez;nrayp (Micro processor), epidtfk;(Memory) kw;Wk; Nrkpg;gfk; (Storage)
Nghd;wtw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,t;tif fzpdpfis ,af;Ftjw;F mjDs; ,af;f mikg;G
nkd;nghUs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mj;Jld; mit Apps vd miof;fg;gLk; gy;NtW gad;ghlL
nkd;nghUl;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf Google fz;zhb mg;gps; fbfhuk; kw;Wk;
LG capu;g;gl;b Nghd;w mzpaf;$ba rhjdq;fSk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;LtUfpd;wd. ,it
midj;ijAk; jdpg;gl;l fzpdp vd;w tifapd; fPo; cs;slf;fyhk;. ml;ltiz 1.7y; rpy
jdpg;gl;l fzpdpr;rhjdq;fisAk; mtw;wpy; ghtpf;fg;gLk; Ez;nraypfs; kw;Wk; ,af;f
mikg;Gf;fisAk; fhzyhk;.
,e;j tiff; fzpdpfs; jdpg;gl;ltu; thq;f$ba tpiyapy; jdpg;gl;l ghtidf;fhf
cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. jdpg;gl;l egh;fs; jq;fsJ mYtyfk; rk;ke;jkhd Ntiyfis
nra;tjw;F> nrhe;j eltbf;iffis xOq;fikj;J gjptpLtjw;F> njhlu;ghlYf;F> rKf
eltbf;iffSf;F kw;Wk; nghOJ Nghf;fpw;F vd Xu; b[pw;wy; Njhodhf> ,t;tif fzpdpfs;
Mfptpl;ld.
Type of device Popular brands Micro processor Operating system
Desktop computer Dell, HP, Lenova, Acer Intel, AMD Windows, Linux
Desktop computer Apple Power PC, Intel Mac OS
Laptop Dell, HP, Toshiba, Sony Intel, AMD Windows, Linux
Laptop Apple Motorola, Power PC, Intel Mac OS
Notebook Samsung, Dell, Toshiba Intel Windows
Notebook Apple Intel Mac OS
Tablet Google Nvidia Tegra X1 Android
Tablet Microsoft Intel Windows
Tablet Samsung, HP, HTC, Lenova Snapdragon Android

6
 Tablet Apple Apple A8 iOS
Smart phone Samsung Snapdragon Android
Smart phone Apple Apple A9 iOS
ml;ltiz 1.7 : jdpg;gl;l fzpdp ghfq;fSf;fpilapyhd XH xg;gPL.

glk; 1.4: ntt;NtW jdpg;gl;l fzpdp rhjdq;fs;

2. Mini Computer (FWq; fzpdpfs;)

FWq;fzpdpfs; gy gadu;fs; cgNahfpf;f $bajhfTk;, mstpy; kw;Wk; fzpg;gPl;L tYtpy;
jdpg;gl;l fzpdpfis tpl cau;e;jjhfTk;, Main Frame fzpdpfis tpl FiwthdjhfTk;
cs;sd. gy gadu; fzpdp mikg;Gf;fs; E}w;Wf;fzf;fhd gadu;;fs; xNu Neuj;jpy;
ghtpf;ff;$ba jpwd;fs; nfhz;lit. ,q;F gadu;fs; Dump Terminal ClhfNth my;yJ
tiyaikg;G fzpdpfSlhfNth (Network Computers) gpujhd fzpdpAld; ,izf;fg;gl
KbAk;. Dump Terminal vd;gJ cs;sPL kw;Wk; ntspaPl;L rhjdq;fis kl;Lk; nfhz;Ls;s>
gpujhd fzpdpf;Fk; gadUf;Fk; xu; ,ilKfkhf Nritahw;WtjhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
tiyaikg;Gf; fzpdp vd;gJ nghJthf Xu; rhjhuz jdpg;gl;l fzpdp Nghd;wJ. ,J
tiyaikg;gpD}lhf gpujhd fzpdpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
mjpf tpiy kw;Wk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l Nkk;gLj;jy; trjpfs; Nghd;witNa FWk;fzpdpfspy;
cs;s gpujhd FiwghlhFk;. ,jdhy; ,ilg;gl;l epWtdq;fSf;F FWq;fzpdpapYk; ghu;f;f
tiyaikg;Gf;fSld; $ba jdpg;gl;l fzpdpfs; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,g;Nghnjy;yhk; gy
epWtdq;fs; Solaris, Linux, RreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD kw;Wk; Windows Server OS Nghd;w ,af;f
mikg;Gf;fshy; ,af;fg;gLfpd;w Nrit toq;Fdu;fis (Serves) nfhz;l kypthd jdpg;gl;l
fzpdp tiyaikg;Gf;fisNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. IBM, HP vd jw;NghJ xU rpy epWtdq;fNs
jdpAupk FWq;fzpdpfis jahupf;fpd;wdu;. IBM epWtdj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l kpfg;gpe;jpa
FWq;fzpdpfs; (IBM Power System) ngupa cw;gj;jp MiyfspYk;> juT Nkyhz;ik kw;Wk;
jfty;njhlu;G ,izaj;jsq;fspy; nray;Kiwia fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; gad;gLfpd;wd.
Mac mini kw;Wk; HP mini Nghd;w kpfr;rpwpa epiwAk; nfhz;Lnry;yj;jf;fJkhd Nkir kw;Wk;
kbf;fzpdpfSk; FWq;fzpdpfs; vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,it FWq;fzpdp
tifapy; mlq;fhjit.

glk; 1.5: Xu; Gjpa FWq;fzpdp

7
 3. Main Frame fzpdp
Main Frame fzpdpfs; mjpfsthd juTfis kpf tpiuthf nrayhf;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;lit
,f;fzpdpfs; muR> tq;fp kw;Wk; nghJepWtdq;fspy; cgNahfg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;wpd;
nfhs;ssT MIPS (tpdhbf;F kpy;ypad; fl;lisfs;) My; msf;fg;gLfpwJ. mj;Jld; xNu
Neuj;jpy; kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd gadu;fis ifahsf;$bajhfTk; cs;sd.
,izaj;jsj;jpDlhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; tzpf nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; gzg;gupkhw;wk;
Nghd;wtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F> ,yj;jpudpay; tzpfk; kw;Wk; ,yj;jpudpy; tpahghuk; Nghd;wd
,j;jifa fzpdpfis cgNahfpf;fpd;wd. tq;fp epWtdq;fs; gq;F juF epWtdq;fs;> fhg;gpl;L
Kftu; kw;Wk; Portune 500 Nghd;w mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; epWtdq;fs;> jfty;fis gupkhw Main
Frame fzpdpfis gad;gLj;Jk; rpytw;wpw;F cjhuzq;fshFk;. Main Frame fzpdpfs;
ehLKOtJk; Rfhjhu Nritfis toq;FtjpYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Nghu; kw;Wk; ehl;bd; vy;iyfis ghJfhj;J itf;Fk; gzpfspYk; ,f;fzpdpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. MAjg;gilfspd; midj;J fpisfSk; jiu> fg;gy; kw;Wk;
tpkhdq;fspilNa jfty; njhlu;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> thdpiy vjpu;T$wy; GPS I
gad;gLj;jp %Nyhgha ,;lq;fis fz;fhzpg;gjw;Fk; ,t;tif fzpdpfs; gd;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Main Frame fzpdpfs; XU ehl;;bd; csTj;Jiw kw;Wk; csT Kaw;rpfs; tpidj;jpwDld;
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjtpGupfpd;wd.
Muhl;rpfSf;F Njitahd tpku;rd juTfis Nrkpj;J itg;gjw;fhf nghJ kw;Wk; jdpahu;
E}yfq;fspYk;> fy;Y}upfspYk; kw;Wk; gy;fiyfofq;fspYk; Main Frame fzpdpfs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fzpdpfis gad;gLj;jp mnkupf;f fhq;fpu]; E}yfj;jpy;
1800k;Mz;bypUe;jhd xypg;gjpT> efUk; glq;fs>; mr;Rg;gjpg;Gfs;> tiuglq;fs; kw;Wk;
Mtzq;fs; guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;wd> vtUk; ,izajpD}L ,jid mDfyhk;. khztu;fspd;
juq;fs;> gl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; efy;fspd; tpguq;fis Nrkpj;J itf;f cau;fy;tp epWtdq;fs;
,f;fzpdpfis gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

glk; 1.6: IBMZ fzpdp xu; rl;lf;fzpdp

4. kPf;fzpdp (Super Computer)

thdpiy Kddwptpg;G> jput ,af;ftpay; mZghtidfs; jj;Jthu;j;j ,aw;gpay; kw;Wk;
rpf;fyhd mwptpay; fzpg;Gf;fs; Nghd;w jPtpu vz; fzpg;gPLfisf; nfhz;l Ntiyfis
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F kPf;fzpdpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fzpg;gPl;Lj;jpwidg; nghWj;jtiuapy;
mjhtJ fzpg;gPl;L Ntfj;jpy; kPf;fzpdpfNs Kd;dpiyapy; cs;sd. ,f;fzpdpfspd;
nray;Ntfk; FLOPS vd;w myfpdhy; mstplg;glfpd;wJ.

8
Processor 32000 Intel Xeon CPUs, 48000 Intel Xeon Phis, 4096 FT CPUs

Cores 3,120,000
Speed RMAX 33,862.7 TFLOPS, RPEAK 54,902.4 TFLOPS
Memory 1 PB in total
Interconnect Proprietary high-speed interconnection network TH Express 2
Storage Global shared parallel storage system, 12.4 PB
Cabinets 170 Cabinets in total
Site National Super Computer Center in Guangzhou, China
glk;
1.7:Tianhe -2 (Milk Way-2) jw;Nghja Ntfkhd kPf;fzpdpfs;

fzpdpfspd; njhopw;ghl;bw;Nfw;g mtw;iw gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;

1. jdpg;gl;l fzpdp (PC) kw;Wk; gzpkidf;fzpdp (workstation)
jdpg;gl;l fzpdpfNs nghJthf ghtidapy; cs;sd. ml;ltiz 1.7y;gl;bayplg;gl;lthW ,J
gy;NtW tifapy; cs;sd. ,J Nkirf;fzpdp> midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa xU fzpdp>
kbf;fzpdp> rpwpa fzpdp kw;Wk; nlg;nyl; Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sJ.
gzpkidf;fzpdpfs; vd;gJ jdpg;gl;l fzpdpfspYk; ghu;f;f mjpfsT epidtfj;ijAk; kw;Wk;
Nrkpg;gfj;ijAk; nfhz;l xu; gadUf;F kl;Lk; Nrit toq;ff;$ba fzpdp MFk;.
2. Nrit toq;fp (Server)
Nrittoq;fp vd;gJ Nrit toq;Ftjw;F mu;g;gzpf;fg;gl;l xu; fzpdpia Fwpf;Fk;.
cjhuzkhf gadh;fSf;F ,yj;jpudpay; mQ;ry; Nritia toq;Fk; fzpdp nkapy; Nrit
toq;fp (Mail Server) vdg;gLk;. ,izaj;jsq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; fzpdp ntg; Nrit toq;fp
(Web Server) vdg;gLk;. Nrit toq;Fk; fzpdpfs; ehspy; ,Ugj;jpehd;F kzpj;jpahyq;fSk;
thuj;jpy; VO ehl;fSk; ,aq;FgitahFk;. ,izaj;Jld; my;yJ tiyaikg;Gf;fSld;
,izg;gjd; %yk; Nrit toq;fpf; fzpdpapdJ Nritapid ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.
cjhuzj;jpw;F vq;fsJ fzpdpapYs;s ,iza cyhtpapy; Xh; ,izaj;js Kfthpia
jl;lr;R nra;Ak; NghJ cz;ikapy; ehq;fs; mt;tpizaj;jsj;ij nfhz;Ls;s Nrit
toq;fpAld; ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;Nwhk;. www.jfn.ac.lk vd;gJ aho; gy;fiyf;fof ,iza
KftupahFk;. ,J “192.248.56.21” vd;w IP Kftupia nfhz;l fzpdpapy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Xh; Nrit toq;fpf; fzpdpahdJ xNu Neuj;jpy; Mapuf;fzf;fhd gadu;fSf;F Nrit
toq;f$baJ. Nrittoq;fpfshf FWq;fzpdpfNsh my;yJ Main Frame fzpdpfNsh
ghtpf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy; mit xNu Nju;tpy; kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd gadu;fSf;F Nrit
toq;f;$bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. jdpg;gl;l ghtidf; fzpdpfisf; $l nghUj;jkhd mikg;G
nkd;nghUis ghtpg;gjd; %yk; Nrit toq;fpfshf cgNahfpf;fyhk;.

9
 Rack Mounting Server Desk top server
glk; 1.8: Nrit toq;fpfs;

3. gjpf;fg;gl;l fzpdp (Embedded Computers)

Xh; ,ae;jpuj;jpd; my;yJ rhjdj;jpd; Xh; gFjpahf fhzg;gLk; fzpdp gjpf;fg;gl;l fzpdp
vdg;gLk;. ,f;fzpdp Xu; Fwpf;fg;gl;l cgfuzj;ijNah my;yJ rhjdj;ijNah nraw;gLj;j
mjd; epue;ju epidtfj;jpy; Nrkpf;fg;gl;l epuy;fis nraw;gLj;Jk; ,g;Nghnjy;yhk; ,g;
gjpf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfs; vy;yh etPd rhjdq;fspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. etPd thfdq;fs; mjd;
nraw;ghLfis fl;Lg;gLj;j gy;NtW gjpf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ryit ,ae;jpuk,;
LCD njhiyf;fhl;rp, DVD nraw;gLj;jp, Fsph;rhjdg;ngl;b Nghd;w ,d;Dk; gy tPl;L
cgfuzq;fs; gjpf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. gjpf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfspy; ghtpf;fg;gLk;
nraypfs; (CPU) Fwpg;gpl;l gpuNahfj;jpw;F Njitahd fzpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
NghJkhdjhfTk;, Ntfk; Fiwe;jjhfTk;, kypthdjhfTk; cs;sJ. ,it cs;sPLfis
ngWtjpYk; ntspaPLfis mspg;gjpYk; rhjhuz fzpdpfspypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wd. ntg;gk;,
mKf;fk,; xsp Nghd;w cs;sPLfs; czupfs; (senssors) %yk; toq;fg;gLk;. ntspaPLfs;
rhjdq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; Kidg;gpfSf;fhd (Actuator) fl;Lg;ghl;L rkp;f;iQfshf cs;sd.
Adaptive cruise control
Antilock braking
Electronic throttle
Engine control
Steering Wheel control
Transmission control
Driver status detection
Parking assistant
Night vision
Blind spot detection
glk; 1.9: Xu; fhupy; ghtpf;fg;gLk; gjpf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; gzpfs; rpy
xg;gil: xt;nthU tif fzpdpapdJk; 5 nraw;ghLfisj; je;J RUf;fkhf tpgupf;f.

4. jfty; cgfuzq;fs;(IA)
ghl;Lf;Nfl;ly (mp3 player);> Gifg;glnkLj;jy; kw;Wk; tuptbt jpUj;jy; (Text Editing) Nghd;w
Fwpg;gpl;l Ntiyfis kl;Lk; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd cgfuzq;fs; ,e;j tifapy; mlq;Fk;.
bapw;wy; jfty; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
fzpdpapdJ Flip-flop vdg;gLk; mbg;gil ,yj;jpudpay; Rw;wpy; jftiy Nrkpj;J itf;fpwJ.
,e;j Flip-flopy; on epiy off epiy vd ,uz;L epiyfis Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. 1 Flip-flopy;
Nrkpf;fg;gLk; jfty; 1bit vdg;gLk;;. jfty;fs; ahTk; xu; njhlu;rpahd bit fspy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.
xt;nthU bitk; mjw;F nghUj;jkhd on my;yJ off epiyf;F nfhz;L tug;gLk;. on epiy 1MYk;
off epiy 0 MYk; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. jfty;fshd ciu> vz;fs;> epwk;> xyp Nghd;wit 1, 0 I
ghtpj;J ,Uk tbtpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk;. ,g;gFjp b[pw;wy; fzpdpfs; vt;thW
jfty;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij tpgupf;fpwJ.

10
 Unit Equivalent to
Bit Bit is the basic storage unit of a digital device
Byte A group of 8 bits is called a byte
Kilobyte(KB) = 1024 bytes = 8 x 210 bits = 210 bytes
Megabyte (MB) = 1024 Kilobytes = 230 bytes
Gigabyte (GB) = 1024 Megabytes = 240 bytes
Terabyte (TB) = 1024 Gigabytes = 250 bytes
Petabyte (PB) = 1024 Terabytes = 260 bytes
Exabyte (EB) = 1024 Petabytes = 270 bytes
ml;ltid 1.8 Nrkpg;G myFfs;
vz;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jy;
vz;fs; ,Uk tbtpy; (mb ,uz;lhf nfhz;l vz;fs;) gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLk.; gjpd;k
,yf;fq;fs; 0,1,………9 vd gj;J ,yf;fq;fis nfhz;Ls;sd. ,Uk ,yf;fq;fs; 0,1 vd ,uz;L
,yf;fq;fis khj;jpuNk nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
103 102 101 100 23 22 21 20
0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1
1000 x 0 + 100 x 0 + 10 x 1 + 1 x 1 = 11 8 x 1 + 4 x 0 + 2 x 1 + 1 x 1 = 11
glk; 1.10:gjpd;k kw;Wk; ,Uk vz; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;.
gjpd;k Neu;epiw vz;fs; ,yFthf ,Uk vz;fshf khw;wg;gl;L Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. ,Uk fzpj
nraw;ghLfis gad;gLj;jp vz;fspy; fzpj;jy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. Nkw;gb fzpj
nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ngwg;gl;l ,Uk vz; tpisTfs; NjitNaw;gLk; NghJ gjpd;k vz;fshf
khw;wg;gLk;. nka; vz;fs; kpjitg;Gs;sp gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; %yk; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;.

glk; 1.11: gjpd;k vz;fis ,Uk vz;fshfkhw;Wk; Kiw

vOj;Jf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jy;
kdpju;fshy; jfty;fs; tuptbtk; vz;fs; kw;Wk; mitay;yhj vOj;Jf;fs; %yk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLk;. xt;nthU vOj;jpw;Fk; Xu; FwpaPl;il toq;FtNj vOj;Jf;fis fzpdpapy;
gpujpepjpj;JtgLj;Jtjw;fhd Xu; vspa topKiwahFk;. mj;Jld; mt;ntz; FwpaPl;il ,Uk
tbtpy; fzpdpapy; Nrkpf;f KbAk;. cyfshtpa uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rpy
FwpaPl;Lj;jpl;lq;fs; cs;sd.
EBCDIC - ,J IBM epWtdj;jhy; 1962k; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Xu; 8bit FwpaPl;Lj;jpl;lkhFk;.
,J gutyhf ngupa IBM fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. jdpg;gl;l fzpdpfs; kw;Wk;
Macintosh fzpdpfspy; ASCII FwpaPl;Lj;jpl;lk; ghtpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ASCII - ,J gutyhf jdpg;gl;l fzpdpfspy; ghtpf;fg;gLk; Xu; 7bit FwpaPl;Lj;jpl;lkhFk;. 1963k;
Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ASCII FwpaPl;Lj;jpl;ljpy; Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fs; (Capital + Small)>

11
vz;fs;> Mq;fpyk; my;yhj vOj;Jf;fs;> tiufiy FwpaPLfs;> kw;Wk; fzpjf;FwpaPLfs;.
Nghd;wtw;wpw;F 0 njhlf;fk; 127 ,w;fpilapy; cs;s vz;fs; xJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
Character Code Description Character Code Character Code Character Code
NUL 0 null Space 32 @ 64 ` 96
SOH 1 start of header ! 33 A 65 a 97
STX 2 start of text " 34 B 66 b 98
ETX 3 end of text # 35 C 67 c 99
EOT 4 end of transmission $ 36 D 68 d 100
ENQ 5 enquiry % 37 E 69 e 101
ACK 6 acknowledge & 38 F 70 f 102
BEL 7 bell ' 39 G 71 g 103
BS 8 backspace ( 40 H 72 h 104
HT 9 horizontal tab ) 41 I 73 i 105
LF 10 line feed * 42 J 74 j 106
VT 11 vertical tab + 43 K 75 k 107
FF 12 form feed , 44 L 76 l 108
CR 13 enter / carriage return - 45 M 77 m 109
SO 14 shift out . 46 N 78 n 110
SI 15 shift in / 47 O 79 o 111
DLE 16 data link escape 0 48 P 80 p 112
DC1 17 device control 1 1 49 Q 81 q 113
DC2 18 device control 2 2 50 R 82 r 114
DC3 19 device control 3 3 51 S 83 s 115
DC4 20 device control 4 4 52 T 84 t 116
NAK 21 negative acknowledge 5 53 U 85 u 117
SYN 22 synchronize 6 54 V 86 v 118
ETB 23 end of trans. block 7 55 W 87 w 119
CAN 24 cancel 8 56 X 88 x 120
EM 25 end of medium 9 57 Y 89 y 121
SUB 26 substitute : 58 Z 90 z 122
ESC 27 escape ; 59 [ 91 { 123
FS 28 file separator < 60 \ 92 | 124
GS 29 group separator = 61 ] 93 } 125
RS 30 record separator > 62 ^ 94 ~ 126
US 31 unit separator ? 63 _ 95 DEL 127

ml;ltiz 1.9: ASCII vOj;Jf; FwpaPL UNICODE - ,JTk; ASCII I g; Nghy;

UNICODE - vOj;Jf;fis KO vz;fshf Fwpf;Fk;. xu; epakf;FwpaPlhFk;. UNICODE 16 bit

FwpaPl;Lj;jpl;lkhFk;. mjhtJ 65000 ,w;F Nkw;gl;l vOj;Jf;fSf;F FwpaPLfis toq;ff;$ba
xu; FwpaPl;Lj;jpl;lkhFk;. fpNuf;f nkhop> rPd nkhop> jkpo; kw;Wk; ag;ghd;nkhop Nghd;w kw;Wk;
gy nkhopfspy; cs;s vOj;Jf;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;j ,f;FwpaPl;Lj;jpl;lk; kpfTk;
gads;sjhFk;.

epwq;fis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jy;

,aw;ifapNy epwk;> xyp> ntg;gk; Nghd;w gy;NtW ngsjpftpay; fhuzpfs; ntt;NtW

njhlu;rpahd gbepiyfspy; Kbtpd;wp fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzj;jpw;F ePy epwj;ij
vLj;Jf;nfhz;lhy; mlu;ePyk; ntspu;ePyk; Royal ePyk; thdePyk; kw;Wk; ntspwpaePyk; vd gy

12
Kbtpy;yhj vz;zw;w ePyepw epoy;fs; cs;sJ. Mdhy; fzpdp b[pw;wy; cgfuzkhifahy;
mJ ve;j xU ,ay;igAk; jdpj;jdp vz;fspNyNa Nrkpf;Fk;. MfNt fzpdp Fwpg;gpl;l
vz;zpf;ifahd ePyepw epoy;fisNa gpujpepJj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;.

glk; 1.12 njhlu;rpahd kw;Wk; jdpj;jpaq;Fk; ePyepw epoy;fs;.

glk; 1.12y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW fzpdpapd; epwq;fs; jdpj;jdp epoy;fshf fUjg;gLk;. xt;nthU
epoYf;Fk; xt;nthU ,yf;fk; nfhLf;fg;gLk;. nghJthf xu; jdp mbg;gil epwkhdJ 256
epoy;fshy; gpujpepJj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;.

,aw;ifapNyNa epw xspfs; %d;W mbg;gil epwq;fis rptg;G> gr;ir kw;Wk; ePyepwj;jpd;
Nru;itahf cs;sd. xt;nthU mbg;gil epwjpdJk; ntt;NtW epoy;fis fyg;gjd; %yk;
ve;j xU epwj;ijAk; cUthf;f KbAk;. bIpw;wy; cgfuzq;fspy; xt;nthU mbg;gil epwKk;
256 tpj;jpahrkhd epoy;fshy; gpujpepJj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;. (tof;fkhf 0 ntspu; epwj;jpw;Fk; 225
mlu;epwj;jpw;Fk;). Xu; epwj;ij fzpdpapy; Nrkpg;gjw;F> me;j epwj;ij cUthf;Ftjw;Fkhd
%d;W mbg;gil epwq;fspdJk; epoy; ngWkhdq;fs; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F RGB
epwj;jpl;lj;jpy; Royal ePyk; (65,105,255) vd;w ngWkhdj;jpdhy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk;. ,J RGB Kk;ik
vdg;gLtJld; ,ij Nrkpf;f 24 bit Nrkpg;G ,lk; Njitg;gLk;.

Glk; 1.13: ntt;NtW rptg;G kw;Wk; gr;ir epoy;fis fye;J cUthf;fg;gl;l ntt;NtW
kQ;rs; epw epoy;fs;.
Xu; glj;ij Nrkpf;f mjid rpwpa Gs;spfshfg; gpupf;fNtz;Lk;. xt;nthU Gs;spAk; xu; jdp
epwj;ij nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;. gpujpepJj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; glj;jpd; njspT mJ nfhz;Ls;s
Gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;ifapYk;> mbg;gil epwq;fspy; ghtpf;fg;gLk; epoy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapYk;
jq;fpapUf;Fk;. xu; rJumq;Fyj;jpy; cs;s Gs;spfspd; vz;zpf;ifNa mg;glj;jpd; gpupjpwd;
(resolution); vdg;gLk;. xt;nthU mbg;gil epwj;jpYk; 256 ntt;NtW epoy;fs; ghtpf;fg;gl;lhy;
glj;jpYs;s xt;nthU Gs;spiaAk; Nrkpf;f 24 bit Njitg;gLk;. ,J 24bit epw ntsp vdg;gLk;.
Nkyjpf jftYf;F http://www.csfieldguide.org.nz/DataRepresentation.html Ig; ghu;f;f.

glk; 1.14 ntt;NtW gpupjpwd;fspy; cs;s Xu; glk;.

13
 glk; 1.15 ntt;NtW epwntspfspy; Nrkp;f;fg;gLk; glq;fspy; xg;gPL.
epwj;jpl;lq;fs;

gutyhf b[pw;wy; rhjdq;fspy; ghtpf;fg;gLk; ,U epwj;jpl;lq;fs; cs;sd. fhl;rpj;jpiufspy;

RGB epwj;jpl;lKk; mr;rpLjypy; CMYK epwj;jpl;lKk; gad;glj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

RGB Xu; xspf;fw;iwfspd; Nru;f;if njhlu;ghd epwj;jpl;lkhFk;. vy;yh epwq;fSk; ,UspypUe;J

Muk;gkhfp ntt;NtW epw xspfspd; Nru;f;ifahf fl;Gy epwq;fs; cUthFk;. rptg;G, gr;ir,
ePyk; Mfpa %d;W epwq;fspYk; KO gpufhrj;Jld; nrYj;Jk; NghJ nts;is epwk; cUthFk;.
b[pw;wy; fhl;rpj;jpiufspy; RGB epwj;jpl;lk; ghtpf;fg;gLfpwJ. glj;jpDs;s xt;nthU rpwpa
Gs;spAk; Xu; pixel vd miof;fg;gLk;. Xu; pixel y; rptg;G, gr;ir, ePyk vd;gtw;iw fhl;Ltjw;F 3
Jiz pixel fs; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;j %d;W Jiz pixel fs; cUthf;fg;gLk; epwq;fs; Nru;j;J Xu;
Nru;j;jp epwkhf fhl;rpjUk;.

CMYK vd;gJ Xu; xsp njwpj;JtUk; epwj;jpl;lkhFk;. fljhrpapy; (nts;is) njhlq;fp ntt;NtW
epw ikfs; fyf;fg;gl;L xspj;njwpg;gpd; %yk; epwk; fhl;rpapaspf;Fk;. kapy; ePyk; (cyan), fU
ePyk; (magenta), kw;Wk; kQ;rs; Mfpa %d;W ikfSk; cr;r mstpy; fyf;fg;gLk; NghJ fWg;G
epwk; ngwg;gLk;. ,t;thW cUthFk; fWg;G J}a fWg;G my;y vdNt jdpf;fWg;G epwkhf (K)
mr;rbj;jypy; ghtpf;fg;gLk;.

glk; 1.16: RGB kw;Wk; CMYK epwj;jpl;lq;fs;.

Xg;gil: b[pw;wy; rhjdq;fspy; vt;thW tPbNah Nrkpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd tpsf;Ff.

14